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The Battle of Sirmium or Battle of Zemun (Hungarian: zimonyi csata) was fought on July 8, 1167 between the Byzantine Empire (also known as Eastern Roman Empire), and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Byzantines achieved a decisive victory, forcing the Hungarians to sue for peace on Byzantine terms. The Komnenian restoration is the term used by Byzantinists to describe the military, financial and territorial recovery of the Byzantine Empire under the Komnenian dynasty, from the accession of Alexios I Komnenos in 1081, to the death of Manuel I Komnenos in 1180. ...
Painting of Manuel I Comnenus File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund Absalon fortifies Copenhagen William Marshal, the greatest knight that...
Ruins of Sirmium Julian solidus, ca. ...
Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian language 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Establishment - Formation 9th century - First unified state c. ...
Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople. ...
The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Slavic for yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ...
Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian language 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Establishment - Formation 9th century - First unified state c. ...
Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...
Location in Serbia General Information Mayor Tomislav Bogunović (DS) Land area 367 km² (municipality) Population (2002 census) 6,087 (16,268 municipality) Population density (2002) 44. ...
Ruins of Sirmium Julian solidus, ca. ...
Location in Serbia General Information Mayor or municipality president Gordana Pop-Lazić Land area 153,56km² Population (2002 census) 145,751 (152,950 municipality) Population density (2002) 996 per km² Coordinates [1] Area code +381 11 Subdivisions 4 settlements in the municipality License plate code BG Time zone UTC+1...
is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund Absalon fortifies Copenhagen William Marshal, the greatest knight that...
It has been suggested that Eastern Roman Empire be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Byzantine Empire. ...
The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ...
Background
During the 1150s and 1160s, the Kingdom of Hungary had been expanding its territory and influence, with a view to annexing the region around Dalmatia and Croatia. This was the cause of some tension with the Byzantine Empire, centred on Constantinople, which viewed Hungarian expansion as a potential threat to Byzantine dominance in the Balkans. The Byzantine emperors launched invasions against Kingdom of Hungary and regularly aided pretenders for the throne. The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ...
Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ...
Map of Constantinople. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Manuel I Komnenos also found a diplomatic, dynastic way to bind the Kingdom of Hungary to the empire. In 1163, under the terms of an existing peace treaty, king Stephen III's younger brother Béla was sent to Constantinople to be raised under the personal tutelage of the emperor himself. As Manuel’s relative (Manuel's mother was Hungarian princess) and the fiance of his daughter, Béla became a despot (a newly created title for him) and in 1165 he was named as a heir to the throne, taking the name Alexius. Since he was also the heir to the Hungarian throne, a union between the two states was a distant possibility. But in 1167 king Stephen refused to give Manuel the former Byzantine territories now ruled by Béla's duchy, leading to the war that ended with the Battle of Sirmium. Manuel I Komnenos, or Comnenus, (Greek: Μανουήλ Α Κομνηνός, ManouÄ“l I KomnÄ“nos), November 28, 1118 – September 24, 1180), was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and the Mediterranean. ...
Stephen III or better István III (Hungarian: ), (1147–March 4, 1172), king of Hungary from 1162 to 1172. ...
Béla III of Hungary (Hungarian , Slovak: Belo III), born in 1148, was King of Kingdom of Hungary circa 1172-1196. ...
Despotism is government by a singular authority, either a single person or tightly knit group, which rules with absolute power. ...
In 1167 Manuel appointed Andronikos Kontostephanos to the command of his field army, with orders to bring the Hungarian army to battle.
The Battle During the early summer of 1167, the Byzantine army under Andronikos managed to lure a combined Hungarian force to battle near Sirmium. According to Byzantine Historian John Haldon (who refers to the Byzantines as Romans, in deference to their status as the continuation of the eastern Roman Empire), the disposition of the two opposing armies was thus: It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Byzantine Empire. ...
"Kontostephanos drew up his forces in three divisions, as usual, at some distance from the river Sava, to his rear. The main battle line was shielded by a screen of horse archers - Turks and Cumans - and some western mercenary knights, who had made up the vanguard of the army. The centre, which had constituted the rearguard on the march, was commanded by Kontostephanos himself, and consisted of the imperial guards units, including the Varangians and Hetaireiai, units of Italian mercenaries from Lombardy (probably lancers) and a unit of 500 armored Serbian allied infantry, as well as the Wallachian Cavalry. On the left wing, which had been the second division on the march, were the regular Roman and allied units arrayed in four taxiarchies or 'brigades', and on the right - the third division on the march - were placed the elite Roman units and German mercenaries, together with some Turkish units. Behind each wing division, and following standard Roman practice, were placed units to cover the Roman flanks or to outflank the enemy and take him in the rear should the opportunity arise; and behind the centre was drawn up the reserve, three taxiarchies of infantry and archers, with a number of heavily armoured Turks, probably infantry also. Varangian Guardsmen, an illumination from the 11th century chronicle of John Skylitzes. ...
Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia, Lombard: Lumbardìa) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ...
Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian language 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Establishment - Formation 9th century - First unified state c. ...
Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...
It has been suggested that Eastern Roman Empire be merged into this article or section. ...
"The Hungarian commander drew his army up in three divisions in a single broad battle line. Although the Byzantine sources say that he mixed infantry and cavalry without distinction, this most probably reflects a battle order with infantry drawn up in the centre and behind the cavalry, upon which the Hungarians clearly relied for the effectiveness of their attack." In fact contemporary Hungarian armies lacked infantry. The Byzantine sources probably referred servants and other camp followers as infantry. Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, bicycles, or other means. ...
French Republican Guard - May 8, 2005 celebrations Cavalry (from French cavalerie) were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat. ...
"The battle commenced with the Roman light-armed troops skirmishing forward to harry the opposing lines with arrows and persuade them to mount a charge, before which they were to retire. This was successful, and the whole Hungarian line surged forward. The Roman left wing, with the exception of two brigades, was immediately pushed back and broke in feigned rout towards the river, where it quicly reformed. In the centre and on the Roman right the charge was held. The Roman right then counter-charged, and at the same time the regrouped Roman left-wing units also charged, smashing into the Hungarians who were pinned by the two taxarchies which had not withdrawn. Kontostephanos now counter-attacked in the centre and ordered forward the infantry reserve along the whole front, driving the Hungarian forces back. The enemy divisions then began to break up in disorder and the whole Hungarian army turned to flight."
Aftermath The Hungarians sued for peace on Byzantine terms. According to Michael Angold, they had to "accept Byzantine control of Dalmatia and Croatia, as well as the Fruška Gora; they agreed to provide hostages for good behavious; to pay Byzantium a tribute and supply troops." The Battle of Sirmium completed Manuel's drive to secure his northern frontier. Michael Angold is Professor Emeritus of Byzantine History and Honorary Fellow in the University of Edinburgh. ...
Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ...
Fruška Gora (Фрушка гора) is a mountain in Srem/Srijem. ...
When Manuel's own son was born, Béla was deprived of the title despot and his position as heir to the imperial throne. In 1172 Stephen III died and Béla, with the help of emperor Manuel, seized the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary. Béla had to swear that he would never harm Manuel and he remained loyal to the Empire until Manuel's death, but then he conquered the lands held by the Byzantines.
Footnotes - ^ John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus
John Cinnamus (12th century) was a Byzantine historian. ...
Bibliography - John Haldon - The Byzantine Wars
- Michael Angold - The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204
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