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The Battle of Surabaya was fought between pro-Independence Indonesian soldiers and militia against British and the Netherlands troops as a part of Indonesian National Revolution. The peak of the battle was in November 1945. Despite fierce resistance, British troops managed to conquer Surabaya on behalf of the Netherlands. Considered an heroic effort by Indonesians, the battle helped galvanise Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence. 10 November is celebrated annually as Heroes Day (Hari Pahlawan). To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
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Surabaya (formerly Soerabaja) is Indonesias second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. ...
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Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...
Surabaya (formerly Soerabaja) is Indonesias second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. ...
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Sutomo (October 3, 1920 - October 7, 1981; also known as Bung Tomo) is best known for his role as an Indonesian military leader during the Indonesian War of Independence against the Netherlands. ...
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Background
Hotel Yamato incident. The youth of newly independent country tore off the blue stripe of the Dutch flag, changing it into Indonesian flag. In a prelude to the Battle of Surabaya, on September 19, 1945, a group of Dutch internees supported by the Japanese raised the Dutch flag outside the Hotel Yamato (formerly Hotel Oranje) in Surabaya, East Java. This provoked Nationalist Indonesian militia, who overran the Dutch and Japanese, and tore off the blue part of the Dutch flag, changing it into Indonesian flag.[2] The leader of the Dutch group, Mr Pluegman, was killed because of mass anger.[2] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
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Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of the Netherlands, with its three equal horizontal bands coloured red (top), white and blue is the oldest tricolour still in use today. ...
Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of Indonesia, which is known as Sang Merah Putih in Indonesian, is based on the flag of the 13th century Majapahit empire. ...
Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of the Netherlands, with its three equal horizontal bands coloured red (top), white and blue, was not the countrys first flag. ...
Surabaya (formerly Soerabaja) is Indonesias second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. ...
East Java (Indonesian: Jawa Timur) is a province of Indonesia. ...
Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of the Netherlands, with its three equal horizontal bands coloured red (top), white and blue is the oldest tricolour still in use today. ...
Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of Indonesia, which is known as Sang Merah Putih in Indonesian, is based on the flag of the Majapahit empire, back in the 13th century. ...
On October 25, 1945, the United Kingdom sent in 6,000 lightly armed British-India troops from the 49th Indian Infantry Brigade, 23rd Division, led by Brigadier A. W. S. Mallaby to take over Surabaya from the Japanese and soon found itself in conflict with the Republic of Indonesia (RI) troops and militia.
British forces brought in a small Dutch military contingent which it termed the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA). The British became worried about the increasing boldness and apparent strength of the nationalists, who attacked demoralized Japanese garrisons across the archipelago with rudimentary weapons such as bamboo spears in order to seize their arms. The main goals of British troops in Surabaya were the seizing of weapons from Japanese troops and Indonesian militia, taking care of former prisoner of war (POW), and sending the remaining Japanese troops back to Japan. The Japanese troops surrendered their weapons, but more than 20,000 Indonesian troops and several thousand militia refused to hand over their weapons.
On October 26, 1945, Brigadier A. W. S Mallaby reached an agreement with Mr Suryo, the Republic of Indonesia's governor of East Java that the British would not ask Indonesian troops/militia to hand over their weapons. An apparent misunderstanding about the agreement between British troops in Jakarta (led by Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison) and Mallaby's troops in Surabaya was to have have serious ramifications. General Sir Alexander Frank Philip Christison (November 17, 1893 - December 21, 1993) was a major British military figure of the Second World War. ...
Combatants Initially British troops were 6,000-strong light-armed Indian soldiers from 49th Infantry Brigade of the 23rd Division. When the battle reached its peak, British sent additional troops which consisted of 24,000 fully-armed soldiers from the 5th Division, 24 Sherman tanks, 24 armed aircrafts, 2 cruisers and 3 destroyers.[1] The British Armys 5th Division is currently in charge of the majority of regiments in Wales, the West Midlands and South West England. ...
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Indonesian forces consisted of 20,000 soldiers from the newly-formed Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR; People's Security Troops) and estimated 100,000-120,000 irregulars. TKR was formed by the former members of Peta, a semi-military organization during Japanese occupation. The irregulars consisted of pro-Independence mob, armed with rifles, swords, and spears. Some of their weapons were taken from the demoralized Japanese troops. [3]
The battle
Scene of the battle in Surabaya where Mallaby was murdered. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 435 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (600 × 826 pixel, file size: 186 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 435 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (600 × 826 pixel, file size: 186 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Beginning On October 27, 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya urging all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons. The leader of Indonesian troops and militia was angered, seeing it as a breaking of the agreement reached with Mallaby earlier. On October 28, 1945, they attacked British troops in Surabaya killing more than 200 ill-prepared British troops. On 30 October, in desperation the British flew Sukarno (president of RI), Mohammad Hatta (the vice president of RI), and Amir Syarifuddin Harahap (the minister of information of Indonesia) into the Surabaya. The three were seen as the only Indonesian leaders likely able to quell fighting between Republican and British Indian forces in which the British Brigade were hopelessly outnumbered and facing annihilation. A peace fire was negotiated with Maj. Gen. Hawthorn (the commander of British 23rd division) and Brig. Mallaby and immediately adhered to. Fighting, however, soon recommenced after confused communications and mistrust between the two sides, leading to the famed Battle of Surabaya.[4] Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ...
Mohammad Hatta Mohammad Hatta (born August 12, 1902, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); died March 14, 1980, Jakarta) was Indonesias first vice president, after being the countrys Prime Minister. ...
Death of Brigadier Mallaby Brigadier Mallaby was killed in Surabaya on 30 October 1945 under unclear circumstances that remain debated today. His death was a significant turning point and catalyst for the battle to come. Brigadier Mallaby spread the news about the new agreement to his troops around Surabaya. When his car approached the British troops post on Internatio building near the Jembatan Merah ("Red Bridge"), his car was surrounded by Indonesian Republican militia. Fearing that their commander was about to be attacked by the militia, the British troops in the Internatio building, led by Major Venu K. Gopal, fired into the air to disperse the Indonesian militia.[3] The militia, thinking that British were taking hostile action, fired back at the British troops.[3]
Captain R.C. Smith who was in the stationary car reports that a young republican shot and killed Mallaby after a short conversation. Smith then reports throwing a grenade from the car in the direction of where he thought the shooter was hiding. Although he is not sure whether it hit its target, the explosion caused the back seat of the car to ignite.[3] Other accounts, according to the same source,[3] stated that it was the explosion and not a shooter that killed Mallaby. Regardless of the exact details of his death, it was followed by a British order for Indonesian surrender and then on 10 November by a large British retaliatory attack.
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Sutomo (October 3, 1920 - October 7, 1981; also known as Bung Tomo) is best known for his role as an Indonesian military leader during the Indonesian War of Independence against the Netherlands. ...
Surabaya (formerly Soerabaja) is Indonesias second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. ...
The major battle Lt. Gen. Sir Philip Christison was angered when he heard that Brig. Mallaby was killed in Surabaya. He then sent additional 24,000 fully armed Indian 5th Division troops led by Major General E. C. Mansergh, with 21 M4 Sherman tanks, 2 cruisers and 3 destroyers to conquer Surabaya.
On November 9, 1945, British issued an ultimatum for Indonesian troops and militia to surrender all their weapons, or Surabaya will be attacked from land, sea, and air. Indonesians regarded this as a humiliation of their nation's dignity, and refused the ultimatum. As the result, British troops began to bomb Surabaya from air and sea on 10 November. Indonesians, led by Bung Tomo resisted fiercely despite lack of weaponry. Bung Tomo ignited the morale of Indonesian via radios, chanted "Freedom or Death" and "God is Great". The fierce battle in Surabaya went on for 10 days. On November 10, 1945, two British planes were shot down by Indonesian troops. One of the passengers, Brigadier Robert Guy Loder-Symonds was badly injured and passed away on the following day. On November 20, 1945, British troops managed to conquer Surabaya with more than 2,000 casualties[citation needed]. More than 20,000 Indonesian troops, militia and residence of Surabaya were killed during the battle[citation needed]. Most of Surabaya were destroyed during the battle. Sutomo (October 3, 1920 - October 7, 1981; also known as Bung Tomo) is best known for his role as an Indonesian military leader during the Indonesian War of Independence against the Netherlands. ...
Consequences of the battle The battle for Surabaya was the bloodiest single engagement by British troops in the war and demonstrated the determination of the rag-tag nationalist forces. It also made the British reluctant to be sucked into a war it did not need, considering how outstretched their resources in southeast Asia were during the period after the Japanese surrender;[5] within a few years, in fact, Britain openly supported the Republican cause in the United Nations. For the Dutch it removed any doubt that the Republic was not simply a gang of collaborators without popular support. On November 1946, the last British troops left Indonesia. The "Heroes of the 10th of November" statue in Surabaya commemorates this battle. The 10th of November is now commemorated as "Heroes' Day" in Indonesia in memory of the battle.
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Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the equator in South East Asia. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
Surabaya (formerly Soerabaja) is Indonesias second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. ...
External links - Picture of General Mallaby's burnt out car.
- Picture of the Internatio Building scene of the 30 October Incident and Mallaby's Death.
References - ^ a b c d e The Battle for Surabaya, Indonesian Heritage.
- ^ a b Orange / Yamato / Mandarin Majapahit Hotel, Petra Christian University Surabaya
- ^ a b c d e J. G. A. Parrott (October 1975). "Who Killed Brigadier Mallaby?" (pdf). Retrieved on 2006-11-27.
- ^ Reid, Anthony (1973). The Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1950. Melbourne: Longman Pty Ltd, p.52. ISBN 0-582-71046-4.
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, p.217. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
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