The Battle of Tabouk (also called the Battle of Tabuk) is said to have taken place in October AD 630. Tabouk is in present-day northwestern Saudi Arabia. Muhammad, viewed by Muslims as the last prophet of Islam, was, amongst other things, a military leader during the last ten years of his life. ... Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad, Hamza, Ali Amr ibn Hishām† Strength 300-350 <900-1000 Casualties ~70 killed 40-70 captured 14 killed The Battle of Badr (Arabic: ), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz of... The Banu Qaynuqa (also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, Arabic: ) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. ... 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Combatants Muslim Arabs Eastern Roman Empire Christian Arabs Commanders Zayd ibn Harithah † Jafar ibn Abu Talib † Abdullah ibn Rawahah † Khalid ibn al-Walid Heraclius Theodorus Shurahbil ibn Amr al-Ghassani Strength 3,000 (Ibn Qayyim)[4][5] 3,000 (Ibn Hajar)[6][5] 100,000 according to Muslim sources... Combatants Muslims Quraish Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 10,000 unknown Casualties 0 0 Mecca was conquered by the Muslims on the 10th day of Ramadan in the year 630 January AD ( 8 AH) [1] . In 628 the Meccan tribe of Quraish and the Muslim community in Medina... The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 630 CE. Categories: Military stubs | Islam-related stubs ... The Battle of Autas or Auras was an early battle involving Muslim forces, fought in the year 630. ... The Siege of Taif took place in 630 CE, as the Muslims besieged the city of Taif after their victory in the Battle of Hunayn. ... 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The expedition of Tabouk is alleged to have taken place in the 9th year of the Muslim calendar. According to "Ar-Rahīq al-Makhtum", a modern Islamic hagiography of Muhammad written by the Indian Muslim author Saif ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, Heraclius, then Emperor of the Byzantine empire, had decided that reducing the growing Muslim power had become an urgent necessity and the conquest of Arabia should, in his opinion, be achieved before the Muslims became too powerful to conquer and raise troubles and unrest in the adjacent Arab territories. According to the Muslim accounts, the Byzantine Emperor rumored to have mustered a huge army of Byzantine soldiers and pro-Roman Ghassanid tribes to launch a decisive military attack against the Muslims. There is no evidence of any of these claims from any non-Muslim source. Heraclius and his sons Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ... The Ghassanids were Arab Christians that emigrated in 250 CE from Yemen to the Hauran, in southern Syria. ...

Many rumors of the danger threatening Muslim life was carried to Mecca by some Nabateans who traded from Syria to Medina. They carried rumors of Heraclius' preparations and the existence of an enormous army said to number anywhere from 40,000 to several 100,000 besides the Lukham, Judham and other tribes allied to the Byzantines. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans were a trading people of ancient Arabia, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...

Muhammad, deciding that it might be worthwhile and precautionary to investigate the possible danger, announced plans to raise an army for an expedition to Syria. Though in a famine and with not much funds in the treasury, all who could contributed what they could. Eventually they set out. Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...

Muhammad marched northwards to Tabouk. The army that numbered 30,000 fighters was a great one, when compared with the previous armies of Islam. Muslims had never marched with such a great number before.

After arriving at Tabouk and camping there, Muhammad's army was prepared to face the Byzantines. However the Byzantines were not at Tabouk. They stayed there for a number of days and scouted the area but they never came. According to some Muslim scholars, upon learning of Muhammad's march north, the Byzantines and their allies probably withdrew without a fight. However, there is no evidence that the Byzantine Army ever moved to attack the Muslims.

It is sometimes claimed that this expedition brought, in itself, credit to the Muslim forces that had gained military reputation in the remote lands of the Arabian Peninsula.

The only gains achieved by Muhammad's forces were the allegiance and payment of the jizyah tribute by the local tribes. The head of the jizyah, Yahna bin Rawbah came to Muhammad and made peace with him, paying him this tribute Muhammad gave each tribe a letter of guarantee, similar to Yahna's, in which Arab histories claim he said: In Islamic law, jizyah (Arabic: &#1580;&#1586;&#1618;&#1610;&#1577;) is a per capita tax required of adult males of other faiths under Muslim rule in exchange for the protection of the Muslim community. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...

In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.

This is a guarantee of protection from Muhammad to Yahna bin Rawbah and the people of Allah; their ships, their caravans on the land and sea shall have custody of Muhammad , he and whosoever are with him of Ash-Sham people and those of the sea. Whosoever contravenes this treaty, his wealth shall not save him; it shall be the fair prize if him that takes it. Now it should not be lawful to hinder the men from any springs which they have been in the habit of frequenting, nr from any journeys they desire to make, whether by sea or by land.

The strategic long term consequence of the battle was that many Arab tribes now abandoned the Byzantines and joined with Muhammad, enlarging the Muslim state. Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...

Neither side inflicted any casualties on each other, because no battle took place.

See also

• Utendi wa Tambuka, a Swahili narrative poem recounting the battle and surrounding events.

Utend̠i wa Tambuka or Utenzi wa Tambuka[1] (The Story of Tambuka), also known as Kyuo kya Hereḳali (the book of Heraclius), is an epic poem in the Swahili language dated 1728. ...

External links

• The Expedition of Tabuk from Restatement of History of Islam at Al-Islam.org