Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Part of Scottish Civil War and English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell in the Battle of Worcester
Date 3 September 1651 Location Worcester, England Result English Parliamentry victory
Combatants
English Parlimentry forces loyal to Oliver Cromwell	English and Scottish Royalists loyal to King Charles II
Strength
31,000	less than 16,000
Casualties
200	3,000 killed, more than 10,000 prisoners

The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester, England and was the final battle of the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell and the Parliamentarians defeated the Royalist, predominantly Scottish, forces of King Charles II. The 16,000 Royalist forces were overwhelmed by the 28,000 strong "New Model Army" of Cromwell. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ... Map of Scotland The Scottish Civil War The Scottish Civil War of 1644-47 was part of wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the Bishops Wars, the English Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. ... The English Civil War consisted of a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads) and Royalists (known as Cavaliers) between 1642 and 1651. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The city of Worcester (pronounced Wuh-ster) is the county town of Worcestershire in England; the river Severn runs through the middle, with the citys large Worcester Cathedral overlooking the river. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England, Scotland and Ireland into a republican Commonwealth and for the brutal war exercised in his conquest of Ireland. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... Cromwell at Dunbar, Andrew Carrick Gow The Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650) was a battle of the Third English Civil War. ... The Battle of Inverkeithing [1] (20 July 1651) was a battle in the Third English Civil War. ... Combatants Scottish Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops Scottish Covenanters Commanders James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll and David Leslie Strength Fluctuating, 2000-4000 troops at any one time over 30,000 troops, but many based in England and Ireland Casualties Total of 28... Battle of Tippermuir Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date September 1, 1644 Place Perth, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Tippermuir (September 1, 1644) was the first battle James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose fought for the king during the Scottish Civil War. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date September 13, 1644 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Aberdeen was an engagement in the Scottish Civil War which took place between Royalist and Covenanter forces outside the city of Aberdeen on September 13, 1644. ... Combatants Royalist Irish and Highland Scots Scots Covenanters Commanders Lord Montrose Alasdair MacColla Sir Thomas Ogilvie Duncan Campbell of Auchinbreck Strength 1500 3000 Casualties 8? 1500 The Battle of Inverlochy (February 2, 1645) was a battle of the Scottish Civil War in which Montrose routed the pursuing forces of the... Battle of Auldearn Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date May 9, 1645 Place Auldearn, Nairnshire Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Auldearn was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War, which took place on May 9, 1645, near the village of Auldearn in Nairnshire. ... After the storming of Newcastle in October 1644 General Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven returned with part of the Scottish army into Cumberland and besieged Carlisle. ... The Battle of Alford was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War, which took place near the village of Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on July 2, 1645. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date August 15, 1645 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Kilsyth was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War which took place on August 15, 1645. ... The Battle of Philiphaugh was fought on September 13th, 1645 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and took place outside the town of Philiphaugh near Selkirk in Scotland between the armies of the Royalist Marquis of Montrose, and the Covenanter army of General Leslie. ... The Battle of Mauchline Muir was an encounter in June 1648 between Presbyterian rebels opposed to the Engagement and loyal forces acting for the government of Scotland, headed at the time by James Duke of Hamilton. ... See Battle of Preston (1715) for the battle of the Jacobite Rising. ... Combatants Scottish Parliment & the Earl of Lanerick Rebel Forces of the Marquis of Argyll Commanders Sir George Munro MacKenzie Strength unknown around 1000 soldiers Casualties unknown 200 dead & 400 captured. ... The Battle of Invercarron took place in 1650 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... Combatants Scottish Argyll Government including clans Munro, Ross and Sutherland Royalist supporters: Danish & German mercenaries, Orcadian infantry. ... Cromwell at Dunbar, Andrew Carrick Gow The Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650) was a battle of the Third English Civil War. ... The Battle of Inverkeithing [1] (20 July 1651) was a battle in the Third English Civil War. ... The Battle of Dalnaspidal was a battle during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and one of the last engagements of the Scottish Civil War, bringing an end to the Royalist rising of 1651 to 1654. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... The city of Worcester (pronounced Wuh-ster) is the county town of Worcestershire in England; the river Severn runs through the middle, with the citys large Worcester Cathedral overlooking the river. ... The English Civil War consisted of a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads) and Royalists (known as Cavaliers) between 1642 and 1651. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England, Scotland and Ireland into a republican Commonwealth and for the brutal war exercised in his conquest of Ireland. ... The English parliament in front of the King, c. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). ... This article is about the country. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ...

Invasion of England

The king was aided by Scottish allies and was attempting to regain the throne that had been lost when his father Charles I was executed. The commander of the Scots, Sir David Leslie, supported the plan of fighting in Scotland, where royal support was strongest. Charles, however, insisted on making war in England. He calculated that Cromwell's campaign north of the River Forth would allow the main Scottish Royalist army which was south of the Forth to steal the march on the Roundhead New Model Army in a race to London. He hoped, to rally not merely the old faithful Royalists, but also the overwhelming numerical strength of the English Presbyterians to his standard. He calculated that his alliance with the Scottish Presbyterian Covenanters and his signing of the Solemn League and Covenant would encourage English Presbyterians to support him against the English Independent faction which had grown in power over the last few years. The Royalist army was kept well in hand, no excesses were allowed, and in a week the Royalists covered 150 miles in marked contrast to the duke of Hamilton's ill-fated expedition of 1648. On 8 August the troops were given a well-earned rest between Penrith and Kendal. Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... David Leslie, Lord Newark (c. ... This article is about the country. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem specific to England — the United Kingdom anthem is God Save the Queen. ... The River Forth meanders over fertile farmlands near Stirling The River Forth, 47 km (29 miles) long, is the major river draining the eastern part of the central belt of Scotland. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... James VI of Scotland (James I of England) was opposed by the Covenanters in his attempt to bring the Anglican Church into Scotland The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century. ... The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians. ... James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton by Daniel Mytens. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Statistics Population: 14,756 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NY515305 Administration District: Eden Shire county: Cumbria Region: North West England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Cumbria Historic county: Cumberland Services Police force: Cumbria Constabulary Fire and rescue: {{{Fire}}} Ambulance: North West Post office and telephone... For the 1832-1918 Parliamentary constituency, see Kendal (UK Parliament constituency). ...

But the Royalists were mistaken in supposing that the enemy was taken aback by their new move. Everything had been foreseen both by Cromwell and by the Council of State in Westminster. The latter had called out the greater part of the militia on August 7. Lieutenant-General Charles Fleetwood began to draw together the midland contingents at Banbury, the London trained bands turned out for field service no fewer than 14,000 strong. Every suspected Royalist was closely watched, and the magazines of arms in the country-houses of the gentry were for the most part removed into the strong places. On his part Cromwell had quietly made his preparations. Perth passed into his hands on August 2, and he brought back his army to Leith by August 5. Thence he dispatched Lieutenant-General John Lambert with a cavalry corps to harass the invaders. Major-General Thomas Harrison was already at Newcastle picking the best of the county mounted-troops to add to his own regulars. On August 9, Charles was at Kendal, Lambert hovering in his rear, and Harrison marching swiftly to bar his way at the Mersey. Thomas Fairfax emerged for a moment from his retirement to organize the Yorkshire levies, and the best of these as well as of the Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire militias were directed upon Warrington, which Harrison reached on August 15, a few hours in front of Charles's advanced guard. Lambert too, slipping round the left flank of the enemy, joined Harrison, and the English fell back (August 16), slowly and without letting themselves be drawn into a fight, along the London road. Thomas Colboure mainly led the battle, as he was the Kings most trustworthy man. He was classed as the Kings 'favouirite'. Unfortunately, Thomas died, leaving behind a child and a wife. His wife was Kathleen Cross(maiden name), and a child who was named after Thomas himself. The English Council of State was first appointed by the Rump Parliament on 14 February 1649 after the execution of King Charles I. It was abolished on 25 April 1660 by the Convention Parliament just before the Restoration Charless execution on 30 January was delayed for several hours so... Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Charles Fleetwood (died 4 October 1692), English Parliamentary soldier and politician, third son of Sir Miles Fleetwood of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, and of Anne, daughter of Nicholas Luke of Woodend, Bedfordshire, was admitted into Grays Inn on 30 November 1638. ... , The modern Castle Quay Shopping Centre in Banbury alongside the Oxford Canal, with Banbury Museum in the background. ... Perth (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a royal burgh in central Scotland. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Water of Leith looking upriver from the docks, with the old buildings along Leith Shore including The Kings Wark and The Old Ship Hotel and Kings Landing. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... John Lambert (1619 - 1684) served as an English Parliamentary general in the English Civil War. ... Thomas Harrison (1606 - October 14, 1660) was a Puritan soldier and later a leader of the Fifth monarchy men. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the 1832-1918 Parliamentary constituency, see Kendal (UK Parliament constituency). ... The River Mersey is a river in the north west of England. ... Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (January 17, 1612 - November 12, 1671), parliamentary general and commander-in-chief during the English Civil War, the eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron Fairfax of Cameron, was born at Denton, near Otley, Yorkshire. ... Look up Yorkshire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... Cheshire (or, archaically, the County of Chester)[1] is a county in North West England. ... Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Worcester campaign

Oliver Cromwell

Cromwell meanwhile, leaving George Monck with the least efficient regiments to carry on the war in Scotland, had reached the river Tyne in seven days, and thence, marching 20 miles a day in extreme heat with the country people carrying their arms and equipment the regulars entered Ferrybridge on the August 19, at which date Lambert, Harrison and the north-western militia were about Congleton. It seemed probable that a great battle would take place between Lichfield and Coventry on or just after August 25, and that Cromwell, Harrison, Lambert and Fleetwood would all take part in it. But the scene and the date of the denouement were changed by the enemy's movements. Shortly after leaving Warrington the young king had resolved to abandon the direct march on London and to make for the Severn valley, where his father had found the most constant and the most numerous adherents in the first war, and which had been the centre of gravity of the English Royalist movement of 1648. Sir Edward Massey, formerly the Parliamentary governor of Gloucester, was now with Charles, and it was hoped that he would induce his fellow Presbyterians to take arms. The military quality of the Welsh border Royalists was well proved, that of the Gloucestershire Presbyterians not less so, and, based on Gloucester and Worcester as his father had been based on Oxford, Charles II. hoped, not unnaturally, to deal with an Independent minority more effectually than Charles I. had done with a Parliamentary majority of the people of England. But even the pure Royalism which now ruled in the invading army could not alter the fact that it was a Scottish army, and it was not an Independent faction but all England that took arms against it. Download high resolution version (529x650, 47 KB)Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper. ... Download high resolution version (529x650, 47 KB)Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper. ... George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... The Tyne looking west and upstream from the Newcastle bank towards the Gateshead Millennium Bridge The Tyne Bridge across the River Tyne between Newcastle and Gateshead. ... , Ferrybridge is a village situated on the A1 in West Yorkshire, England at a historically important crossing of the River Aire. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... , Congleton Town Hall Congleton is a town and civil parish in Cheshire, England, on the banks of the River Dane, and to the west of the Macclesfield Canal. ... , The West Front of Lichfield Cathedral, June 2005 Lichfield (Welsh: Caerlwytgoed) is a small city and civil parish (one of six single parishes with city status in England) in Staffordshire, 110 miles northwest of London and 14 miles north of Birmingham. ... For other places with the same name, see Coventry (disambiguation). ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Severn is the name of a river in the United Kingdom. ... Sir Edward Massey (c. ... Gloucester (pronounced ) is a city and district in the English county of Gloucestershire, close to the Welsh border. ... Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. ...

Charles II

Charles arrived at Worcester on August 22, and spent five days in resting the troops, preparing for further operations, and gathering and arming the few recruits who came in. It is unnecessary to argue that the delay was fatal; it was a necessity of the case foreseen and accepted when the march to Worcester had been decided upon, and had the other course, that of marching on London via Lichfield, been taken the battle would have been fought three days earlier with the same result. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (752x1159, 66 KB) Beschreibung Description: Charles II. of England Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (752x1159, 66 KB) Beschreibung Description: Charles II. of England Source: http://www. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... , The West Front of Lichfield Cathedral, June 2005 Lichfield (Welsh: Caerlwytgoed) is a small city and civil parish (one of six single parishes with city status in England) in Staffordshire, 110 miles northwest of London and 14 miles north of Birmingham. ...

Cromwell, the lord general, had during his march south thrown out successively two flying columns under Colonel Robert Lilburne to deal with the Lancashire Royalists under the Earl of Derby. Lilburne entirely routed an Lancashire detachment of enemy on their way to join the main Royalist army at the Battle of Wigan Lane on August 25 and as affairs turned out Cromwell merely shifted the area of his concentration two marches to the south-west, to Evesham. Early on the August 28, Lambert surprised the passage of the Severn at Upton, 6 miles below Worcester, and in the action which followed Massey was severely wounded. Fleetwood followed Lambert. The enemy was now only 16,000 strong and disheartened by the apathy with which they had been received in districts formerly all their own. Cromwell, for the first and last time in his military career, had a two-to-one numerical superiority. Colonel Robert Lilburne (1613–1665), was the older brother of John Lilburne, the well known Leveller, but unlike his brother who severed his relationship with Oliver Cromwell, Robert Lilburne remained in the army. ... James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby (1607-1651), sometimes styled the Great Earl of Derby, eldest son of William, 6th Earl, and Elizabeth de Vere, daughter of Edward, 17th Earl of Oxford, was born at Knowsley on the 31 January 1607. ... The Battle of Wigan Lane was fought on August 25, 1651 during the Third English Civil War, between Royalists under the command of the Earl of Derby and elements of the New Model Army under the command of Colonel Robert Lilburne. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Location within the British Isles The Market Place in Evesham, circa 1904 Evesham (or the Sham as it is known to its inhabitants) is a middle-sized, rural market town in Worcestershire, England. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Upton-upon-Severn is a town in Worcestershire, England, on the River Severn. ...

On August 30 Cromwell delayed the start of the battle to give time for two pontoon bridges to be constructed one over the Severn and the other over the Teme close to their confluence. The delay allowed Cromwell to launch his attack on September 3 one year to the day since his victory at the Battle of Dunbar.^[1] is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Pontoon bridge across the James River at Richmond, Virginia, 1865. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Cromwell at Dunbar, Andrew Carrick Gow The Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650) was a battle of the Third English Civil War. ...

The battle

Cromwell took his measures deliberately. Lilburne from Lancashire and Major Mercer with the Worcestershire horse were to secure Bewdley Bridge, 20 miles (32 km) north of Worcester and on the enemy's line of retreat.^[2] Fleetwood was to force his way across the Teme and attack St John's, the western suburb of Worcester. While Lambert commanded the Eastern Flank of the Army which would advance and encircle the Eastern walls of Worcester. Cromwell would lead the attack on the southern ramparts of the city. The original definition of a Mercer is a merchant or trader, though its current meaning is more specifically a merchant who deals in textiles. ... Bewdley Bridge Bewdley Bridge is a three-span masonry arch bridge over the River Severn at Bewdley. ... The River Teme rises in mid-Wales south of Newtown, Powys and flows through Ludlow in Shropshire, then between Tenbury Wells, Worcestershire and Burford, Shropshire on its way to join the River Severn south of Worcester. ...

Map Battle of Worcester

The assault started on the morning of September 3 and initially the initiative lay with the Parliamentarians. Fleetwood forced the passage of the Teme over the pontoon bridges against Royalists under the command of Major General Montgomery. Colonel Richard Dean's initial attempts to cross the Powick Bridge (where Prince Rupert of the Rhine had won the Battle of Powick Bridge his first victory in 1642) failed against stubborn resistance by the Royalists (many of whom were battle hardened Scottish Highlanders) commanded by Colonel Keith. By force of arms and numbers the Royalist army was pushed backwards by the New Model Army with Cromwell on the eastern bank of the Severn and Fleetwood on the western sweeping in a semicircle 4 miles long up towards Worcester.^[3] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria (German: Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern), commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 December 1619 – 19 November 1682), soldier, inventor and amateur artist in mezzotint, was a younger son of Frederick V, Elector... The Battle of Powick Bridge, fought on 23 September 1642, was the first major cavalry engagement of the English Civil War and it was a decisive victory for the Royalists who overthrew of the Parliamentary cavalry. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ...

The Royalists contested every hedgerow around Powick meadows and this stubborn resistance on the west bank of the Severn north of the Teme, was becoming a serious problem for the Parliamenterians, so Cromwell led Parliamentary reinforcements from the eastern side of the town over the Severn pontoon bridge to aid Fleetwood. Charles II from his vantage point on top of Worcester cathedral's tower realised that an opportunity to attack the now exposed eastern flank of the Parliamentary army. As the defenders on the Western side of the city retreated in good order into the city (although during this manoeuvre Keith was captured, and Montgomery was badly wounded), Charles ordered two sorties to attack the Parliamentary forces east of the city. The north-eastern sortie through St Martins Gate was commanded by the Duke of Hamilton and attacked the Parlimentry lines at Perry Wood, the south-eastern one through Sidbury Gate was led by Charles II and attacked Red Hill. The Royalist cavalry under the command of David Leslie, that was gathered on Pitchcroft meadow on the northern side of the city did not receive orders to aid the sorties and Leslie choose not to do so under his own initiative. Cromwell seeing the difficulty that his east flank was under rushed back over the Severn pontoon bridge with three brigades of troops to reinforce the flank.^[4][5] A plan of Worcester Cathedral made in 1836. ... Sortie is a term for deployment of one military aircraft or a ship for the purposes of a specific mission, whether alone, or with other aircraft or vessels. ... William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton (1616-1651), succeeded to the dukedom on his brother’s execution in 1649. ...

Although they were pushed back, the Parliamentarians under Lambert were too numerous and experienced to be defeated by such a move and after an hour in which the Parliamentarians initially retreated under the unexpected attack, when reinforced by Cromwell's three brigades, they in turn forced the Royalists to retreat back towards the city.^[5]

The Royalist retreat turned into a rout in which Parliamentarian and Royalist forces intermingled and skirmished up to and into the city. The Royalist position became untenable when the Essex militia stormed and captured Fort Royal, (a redoubt on a small hill to the south-east of Worcester overlooking the Sidbury gate), turning the Royalist guns to fire on Worcester.^[6][7] A rout is a disorderly withdrawal made by a military force following defeat , a collapse of discipline, or poor morale. ... Fort Royal Hill, is in a park in Worcester and the site of the remains of an English Civil War fort. ... A redoubt is a fort or fort system usually consisting of an enclosed defensive emplacement outside a larger fort. ...

The defences of the city were stormed from three different directions as darkness came on, regulars and militia fighting with equal gallantry and the few thousands of the Royalists who escaped during the night were easily captured by Lilburne and Mercer, or by the militia which watched every road in Yorkshire and Lancashire. Even the country people brought in scores of prisoners, for officers and men alike, stunned by the suddenness of the disaster, offered no resistance.^[6][8]

Aftermath

Charles II escaped after many adventures, including one famous incident where he hid from a Parliamentarian patrol in an oak tree in the grounds of Boscobel House. Charles was one of the few men in his army who regained a place of safety; about 3,000 were killed during the battle and a further 10,000 were taken prisoner at Worcester. Most of the rest were captured shortly afterwards as they fled. The Earl of Derby was executed, while the other English prisoners were conscripted into the New Model Army and sent to Ireland. Around 8,000 Scottish prisoners were deported to New England, Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured labourers. Parliamentary casualties numbered in the low hundreds.^[9] The Escape of Charles II from England in 1651 is a key episode in his life. ... The Royal Oak is the name given to the oak tree within which King Charles II of England hid to escape the Roundheads following the Battle of Worcester in 1651. ... Boscobel House, on the Shropshire/Staffordshire border, England, was built around 1632, when landowner John Gifford of White Ladies Priory converted a timber-framed farmhouse into a hunting lodge, Boscobel house became one of the most evocative sites in the English historical imagination. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person, often without any pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials and/or free passage to a new country. ...

After the battle, Cromwell returned to Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire; one of the parliamentarian strongholds and close to the seat of his late cousin; the civil war hero John Hampden. He stayed at the aptly named King's Head Inn, Aylesbury and it was here that he received the thanks of parliament for his final defeat of the royalists. Aylesbury is the county town of Buckinghamshire in south east England. ... Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is one of the home counties in South East England. ... The English parliament in front of the King, c. ... John Hampden John Hampden as depicted in the 1851 Illustrated London Reading Book John Hampden (circa 1595—1643) was an English politician, the eldest son of William Hampden, of Hampden House, Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire, a descendant of a very ancient family of that county, said to have been established... The Kings Head Inn is notable as being one of the oldest public house with a coaching yard in the south of England. ...

The Parliamentary militia were sent home within a week. Cromwell, who had ridiculed "such stuff" six months ago, knew them better now. "Your new raised forces," he wrote to the Rump Parliament, "did perform singular good service, for which they deserve a very high estimation and acknowledgement". Worcester was fought by a "nation in arms", by citizen soldiers who had their hearts in the struggle, and could be trusted not only to fight their hardest but to march their best. Only with such troops would a general dare to place a deep river between the two halves of his army or to send away detachments beforehand to reap the fruits of victory, in certain anticipation of winning the victory with the remainder. The sense of duty, which the raw militia possessed in so high a degree, ensured the arrival and the action of every column at the appointed time and place. The result was, in brief, one of those rare victories in which a pursuit is superfluous a "crowning mercy", as Cromwell called it. The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament immediately following the Long Parliament, after Prides Purge of December 6, 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament hostile to the intentions of the Grandees in the New Model Army to try King Charles I for high treason. ...

Legacy

In early April 1786, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson visited Fort Royal Hill at the battlefield at Worcester. David McCullough wrote in his definitive biography John Adams that Adams was "deeply moved" but disappointed at the locals' lack of knowledge of the battle, giving the townspeople an "impromptu lecture": John Adams, Jr. ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... David McCullough David Gaub McCullough (mə-kŭlə) (born July 7, 1933) is an American historian and bestselling author. ...

See also

• Third English Civil War
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms

The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "Great Rebellion", a publication now in the public domain.
• BBC website Battle of Worcester - timeline
• Royal, Trevor; "Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638-1660"; Pub Abacus 2006; (first published 2004); ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1

Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, which is usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion. ...

Further reading

• Battleground pictures
• Worcestershire CC: Historic Environment and Archaeology Service: The Battle of Worcester
• http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1651-worcester.htm
• http://www.clangarra.com/battle%20-%20worcester.htm

Footnotes

1. ^ Trevor Royal References Page 600
2. ^ Distance and Journey Times from Worcester to the county’s main towns website of Worcestershire county council
3. ^ Battle of Worcester - dawn attack BBC website
4. ^ Battle of Worcester - Cromwell intervenes (1)
5. ^ ^{a b} Battle of Worcester - Charles intervenes BBC website
6. ^ ^{a b} Battle of Worcester - Cromwell intervenes (2) BBC website
7. ^ Fort Royal Hill, where liberty was fought for
8. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition: Great Rebellion
9. ^ Trever Royal References Page 602
10. ^ President John Adams on Oliver Cromwell