The Battle of Xiaoting (猇亭之戰), also known as the Battle of Yiling (夷陵之戰), is a battle in 222 during the Three Kingdoms period in China. It was fought between Shu Han and Eastern Wu in the plains of Yiling. The decisive battle here halted Liu Bei's invasion of Wu and eventually led to his death. The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Events June 26 - Roman Emperor Elagabalus adopts Alexander Severus as his heir. ... This article is about the year 222. ... Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌; pinyin: Yíchāng) is a city in the Hubei province of China. ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The territories of Eastern Wu (in green), AD 262 Capital Jianye Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 222 - 252 Sun Quan  - 252 - 258 Sun Liang  - 258 - 264 Sun Xiu  - 264 - 280 Sun Hao Historical era Three Kingdoms  - Establishment 222  - Sun Quan declares himself emperor 229  - Conquest of Wu by Jin... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Combatants Yellow Turbans Han Dynasty Commanders Zhang Jiao Zhang Bao Zhang Liang He Jin Huangfu Song Lu Zhi Zhu Jun Dong Zhuo Cao Cao Strength 360,000 Various Casualties Unknown Unknown The Yellow Turban Rebellion, sometimes also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a... Combatants Anti-Dong Zhuo Coalition Dong Zhuo Commanders Yuan Shao Dong Zhuo The Campaign against Dong Zhuo (董卓討伐戰) in 190 was initiated by a coalition of regional officials hoping to end Chancellor Dong Zhuos influence in the ailing Han court in China. ... The Battle of Jie Bridge (Chinese: 界橋之戰, pinyin: Jièqiáo zhi zhàn) was a military engagement fought between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan in 191, at the beginning of the civil wars in China leading up to the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... Combatants Sun Jian Liu Biao Commanders Sun Jian†, Sun Ce Liu Biao Three Kingdoms Yellow Turbans – Dong Zhuo – Jieqiao – Xiangyang – Yan Province - Wancheng – Xiapi – Yijing – Guandu – Bowang – Xiakou – Changban – Red Cliffs – Tong Pass – Chengdu – Hefei – Ruxu – Mt. ... Combatants Cao Cao Lü Bu Commanders Cao Cao Lü Bu The Battle of Yan Province was a battle between Cao Cao and Lü Bu during the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period in 194 A.D that lasted for at least one hundred days. ... Combatants Zhang Xiu Cao Cao Commanders Zhang Xiu Cao Cao The Battle of Wancheng (宛城之戰) was a historical battle fought in the later years of the Han Dynasty between the warlords Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu in 197. ... Combatants Cao Cao, Liu Bei Lü Bu Commanders Cao Cao, Liu Bei Lü Bu The Battle of Xiapi (下邳之戰) occurred in the winter of 198 between the forces of Lü Bu against the forces of Liu Bei and Cao Cao in the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Combatants Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan Heishan bandits Commanders Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan† Zhang Yan The Battle of Yijing (易京之戰) took part shortly before the fall of the Han Empire in China, which began the era known as the Three Kingdoms. ... The Battle of Guandu (官渡之戰) was a battle in Chinese history. ... Combatants Liu Bei Cao Cao Commanders Liu Bei Xiahou Dun The Battle of Bowang (博望之戰), more famously known as the Battle of Bowang Slope (博望坡之戰), was a battle fought near Fangcheng, Henan between the forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... Combatants Sun Quan Huang Zu Commanders Sun Quan Huang Zu† Three Kingdoms Yellow Turbans – Dong Zhuo – Jieqiao – Wancheng – Xiapi – Yijing – Guandu – Bowang – Xiakou – Changban – Red Cliffs – Tong Pass – Chengdu – Hefei – Mount Dingjun – Fancheng – Xiaoting – Southern Campaign – Shiting – Northern Expeditions (Jieting – Wuzhang Plains) The Battle of Xiakou was fought between Sun... Combatants Cao Cao Liu Bei Commanders Cao Cao Liu Bei Strength 5,000 elite cavalry advance guard 2,000 infantry 100,000 mostly unarmed civilians Casualties Unknown, minimal Unknown The Battle of Changban (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city of Jingmen in Hubei Province[1... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... Combatants Cao Cao Coalition of Guanxi forces Commanders Cao Cao Ma Chao Han Sui Hou Xuan Cheng Yin Yang Qiu Li Kan† Zhang Heng† Liang Xing Cheng Yi† Ma Wan† Strength  ? 100,000 Three Kingdoms Yellow Turbans – Dong Zhuo – Jieqiao – Wancheng – Xiapi – Yijing – Guandu – Bowang – Xiakou – Changban – Red Cliffs – Tong... Combatants Liu Bei Liu Zhang Commanders Liu Bei Liu Zhang The Battle of Chengdu was a campaign that took place in 214 A.D. during the Three Kingdoms period in China between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Cao Wei Eastern Wu Commanders Cao Cao Sun Quan The Battle of Ruxu (濡須之戰) was fought between the warlords Sun Quan and Cao Cao in 217, during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... Combatants Cao Wei Shu Han Commanders Xiahou Yuan† Liu Bei The Battle of Mount Dingjun (定軍山之戰) took place in year 219, during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Eastern Wu Shu Han Commanders Lü Meng Guan Yu† Lü Mengs invasion of Jing Province was fought in 219 between Shu Han and Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... Combatants Shu Han Shu rebels Nanman Commanders Zhuge Liang Yong Kai Zhu Bao Gao Ding Meng Huo Zhuge Liangs Southern Campaign (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as Battle of Nanzhong (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), refers to the military campaign led by the Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han against the southern rebels... Combatants Cao Wei Shu Han Qiang Commanders Cao Zhen Sima Yi Zhuge Liang† Zhuge Liangs Northern Expeditions (諸葛亮北伐) were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A.D. 228 to 234. ... Combatants Eastern Wu Cao Wei Commanders Lu Xun Cao Xiu The Battle of Shiting (石亭之戰) was a battle between the kingdoms of Wei and Wu in the Three Kingdoms period of China in the year 228. ... Combatants Cao Wei Shu Han Commanders Deng Ai Sima Shi Sima Yi Jiang Wei For at least fifteen years, from 247 to 262 A.D., Jiang Wei launched nine invasions against Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period in China, but each had to be abandoned due to the inadequate... This article is about the year 222. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The territories of Eastern Wu (in green), AD 262 Capital Jianye Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 222 - 252 Sun Quan  - 252 - 258 Sun Liang  - 258 - 264 Sun Xiu  - 264 - 280 Sun Hao Historical era Three Kingdoms  - Establishment 222  - Sun Quan declares himself emperor 229  - Conquest of Wu by Jin... Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌; pinyin: Yíchāng) is a city in the Hubei province of China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

Background

Liu Bei, enraged at the execution of his sworn brother Guan Yu at the hands of the Kingdom of Wu in 219, led an attack force to the plains of Yiling. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it was dramatized by Luo Guanzhong to be 750,000 soldiers. Days before the Shu Kingdom mobilized its forces to attack Wu, Zhang Fei, the other sworn brother of Liu Bei, was assassinated by his own subordinates in retribution for treating them unfairly. The fact that these conspirators fled to Wu further enraged Liu Bei, who attacked Wu blindly against his officers' advice. The ablest of Shu's generals and the best troops were committed to this one campaign of retribution, with the exception of Zhuge Liang, who was left in charge of the domestic affairs of Shu, and Zhao Yun, who was ordered to look after logistics. This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Guan (關) Guan Yu (關羽) (160–219) was a general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... This article is about the year 219. ... Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌; pinyin: Yíchāng) is a city in the Hubei province of China. ... For other uses, see Romance of the Three Kingdoms (disambiguation). ... Luo Guanzhong (Traditional Chinese: 羅貫中, Wade Giles: Lo Kuan-chung) was a 14th century Chinese author attributed with writing Romance of the Three Kingdoms and editing Outlaws of the Marsh, two of the most revered adventure epics in Chinese literature. ... Zhāng Fēi (張飛, c. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was a major military general during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and during the Three Kingdoms era of China. ...

The battle

Contrary to the dramatization of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms in which Kingdom of Shu had an impressive 750,000 strong army and enjoyed five to one numerical advantage over Kingdom of Wu, the actual number of troops Kingdom of Shu could gather was far less inferior in real life: the total number Shu troops deployed in this battle was just barely over 40,000 and in contrast, Kingdom of Wu gathered a total of more than 160,000 troops and enjoyed nearly four to one numerical advantage over Kingdom of Shu. The insufficient number of troops was one of the reasons that doomed Liu Bei's attempt to retake Jingzhou, and eventually caused his downfall and death. For other uses, see Romance of the Three Kingdoms (disambiguation). ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

Order of battle

Kingdom of Shu: Liu Bei's plan was to be carried out in several fronts and stages, with the vanguard force of Shu tasked to strike deep into the enemy territory at Yidao (夷道) while the naval force was to take Yiling (夷陵) at the shore of Yangtze River. Huang Quan's job was to guard the flank of the attacking force from possible attacks from the Kingdom of Wei. Additionally, Zhao Yun was stationed at Jiangzhou (江州) as backup, while Zhuge Liang stayed behind at Chengdu to help Liu Shan to take care of domestic affairs. An order of battle (often abbreviated as ORBAT, OOB, or OB) is an organizational tool used by military intelligence to list and analyze enemy military units. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: འབ; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it more accessible to a general audience, this article may require cleanup. ... The Kingdom of Wei (ch. ... Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was a major military general during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and during the Three Kingdoms era of China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... Not to be confused with Chengde. ... Liu Shan, (commonly mispronounced as Liu Chan[1]), (207 – 271) was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

• Commander-in-Chief: Liu Bei
• Frontline commander (Da Du, 大督): Feng Xi
• Vanguard: Zhang Nan (张南)
• Naval commander: Wu Ban
• Deputy naval commander: Chen Shi
• Zhenbei (镇北) General: Huang Quan

The total Shu force deployed in Wu was in excess of 40,000, and additional forces were mobilized in Shu, though they did not have the opportunity to participate in the battle. This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... Wu Ban (吳班) an officer under the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms Period of China, and relative to Wu Yi. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it more accessible to a general audience, this article may require cleanup. ...

Kingdom of Wu: Realizing its survival is at stake, Wu was thoroughly prepared and deployed its best commanders to defend important cities, and mobilized the largest concentration of troops available. Though Lu Xun was eventually ordered to take the overall command of Wu troops, this did not happen until the second half of the battle, and Lu Xun was originally deployed as one of the many commanders. The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... Lu Xun (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) or Lu Hsün (Wade-Giles), pen name of Zhou Shuren (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōu Shùrén; Wade-Giles: Chou Shu-jen) (September 25, 1881 – October 19, 1936) is one of the major Chinese writers of the 20th... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ...

• Command-in-Chief: Lu Xun (Second half of the battle)
• Zhengwei (振威) General Pan Zhang defending Zigui (秭归)
• General Lu Yi (陆议) defending at Wu (巫) county
• General Li Yi (李异) defending Ba (巴) Mountain
• General Liu A (刘阿) defending Xing (兴) Mountain
• Naval commander Song Qian (宋谦) defending Zhijiang (枝江)
• Zhengxi (镇西) General Lu Xun defending Yiling (夷陵) (First half of the battle)
• Andong (安东) General Sun Huan defending Yidao (夷道)
• Zhaowu (昭武) General Zhu Ran defending Jiangling (江陵) with the help of general Han Dang
• Jianwu (建武) General Xu Sheng defending Danyang (当阳)
• Suide (绥德) General Zhuge Jin defending Gong'an (公安)
• Jianzhong (建中) General Luo Tong defending Chanling (孱陵)
• Pingwu (平武) General Bu Zhi defending Yiyang with the help of General Xianyu Dan (鲜于丹)
• Sun Quan stationed at Wuchang for support

Each general of Wu usually had around 10,000 troops under his command, and some of them had forces double the usual strength. The total Wu force that participated in the battle totaled in excess of 160,000, thus ensuring the numerical superiority over its enemy. This proved to be one of the important factors in Wu's final victory. For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ... // [edit] Origin & Joining Wu Pan Zhang originated from Fagan in Dongjun (Presently Puyang in Henan Province). ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Zhu Ran (182 - 248) was a military general for the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Xu Sheng (徐盛) (?-?) was a brave Wu general who participated in several battles for Wu. ... ZhÅ«gé Jǐn (諸葛謹) (174 - 241 AD) was a minister of the Kingdom of Wu of China and older brother of the famous Shu strategist Zhuge Liang. ... Luo Tong a vassal under Sun Quan. ... Bu Zhi(步骘), styled Zishan(子山), was a scholar of the kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. ... Not to be confused with Yin yang. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... Wuchang (Chinese: 武昌; pinyin: Wǔchāng) is one of the three towns, together with Hankou and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ...

First stage

Initially, generals of Wu had significantly underestimated enemy's tenacity due to their numerical superiority. As the advancing Shu enemy took regions including Zigui (秭归), Wu (巫) county, Ba (巴) Mountain, and Xing (兴) Mountain, the Wu forces that ventured out their fortifications to engage the enemy were nearly annihilated. The initial defeat of Wu forced Sun Quan to adopt Lu Xun's strategy and name Lu Xun the overall commander. Realizing that Shu forces were mostly infantry, much better in mountainous terrain than the Wu marines, Wu forces continued the stratagem by the Wu commander Lu Xun to sacrifice land in return for time in order to wait for the opportunity to counterattack at the most opportune moment. Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ...

By January 222, Wu forces continued to retreat, letting Yiling (夷陵) be taken by Shu marines lead by Wu Ban and Chen Shi while at the same time, Liu Bei moved his headquarters forward to Zigui (秭归). Liu Bei did not stay at his new headquarters for long as Shu forces continued to make significant progress and pushed into the heart of Wu. However, this was just another result of Wu commander Lu Xun's plan to sacrifice land in return for time. By February 222, the vanguard of the Shu force reached deep behind enemy lines at Yidao (夷道) and badly mauled the defending Wu force in engagements outside the city. Sun Huan and his surviving Wu troops retreated behind the city walls and a stalemate was reached. Meanwhile, the main force of Shu led by Liu Bei reached Xiaoting (猇亭), where Lu Xun made his last stand. With Wu forces no longer retreating another stalemate was reached. This article is about the year 222. ... Wu Ban (吳班) an officer under the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms Period of China, and relative to Wu Yi. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ... This article is about the year 222. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ...

As the supply lines from Chengdu grew longer, the Shu troops grew weary. As they advanced into Wu, the terrain became flatter, giving the Wu cavalry and navy a great advantage over the tired Shu infantry. Liu Bei deployed his troops in over 50 camps along the 350 km line from Wuxia (巫峡) to Yiling (夷陵), while his vanguard force was another 150 km further away isolated at Yidao (夷道). The tide turned in favor of Wu. Lu Xun, the competent young strategist who was given command of the Wu forces at the second half of the Battle of Yiling, was well aware that the opportunity was not yet ready, and Wu must continue to wait. This was much to the dismay of most generals of Wu. While many of Wu's older officers questioned putting such a youth in charge, Lu Xun had been hand-picked by the ruler Sun Quan as the successor to previous Wu commander Lu Meng and Lu Xun's strategy was accepted before he reached his new post. Not to be confused with Chengde. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... Lü Meng (178 - 219) was a great general of Wu, from Fupo in Runan. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ...

Since the beginning of March, 222, under Lu Xun's direction, the Wu forces refused to fight anymore in mountainous terrain and stayed in their forts, thus taking away Shu's battlefield advantage. As Shu's supplies dwindled, the summer came on. Summer in those regions was extremely hot that year, and killed off many plants and shrubs, as Yiling was right on the Yangtze River next to a great forest. Liu Bei's forces were camped right outside the forest when Lu Xun reached his command, and soon the summer heat started affecting morale. The morale of Shu troops dropped further when Liu Bei's planned ambush failed: Liu Bei's 8,000+ troops were hiding in valleys under the command of Wu Ban, while the old and weak ones were sent to challenge Wu forces, in the hope of luring Wu forces out of their forts to the ambush. However, Lu Xun was smart enough to ignore the trap and Shu forces only wasted more valuable supplies in the unsuccessful deployment. This article is about the year 222. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ... The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: འབ; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Wu Ban (吳班) an officer under the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms Period of China, and relative to Wu Yi. ... For the 20th century Vernacular Chinese writer, see Lu Xun. ...

Second stage

Lu Xun then adopted a waiting strategy similar to the one Sima Yi would later use against Zhuge Liang during the Northern Campaigns. Since the beginning of March, 222, Liu Bei's men challenged and taunted Lu Xun to send his forces out beyond his walls, but Lu Xun ordered his gates shut and refused to meet the taunts. Heat waves plagued Liu Bei's men during the standoff, and Liu Bei finally had to move his entire army, against Ma Liang's advice, into the forest for shade, in the dead heat of summer. Liu Bei's fatal error was exploited shortly after in July 222 when Lu Xun's saboteurs crept behind Liu Bei's camp through the use of the navy and set the entire Yiling camp on fire. The woods, fueled by dead plants and dry air, erupted into wildfires that could not be put out, and as Liu Bei's men rushed for the water, Wu archers shot them down. Furthermore, when Shu attempted a counterattack, Pan Zhang's forces rushed forward, breaking the lines as they reformed, making retaliation impossible. This article is about the year 222. ... Ma Liang (馬良; style name Jichang 季常; sometimes called Bomei 白眉 White eyebrows) was an advisor to Liu Bei, ruler of the Three Kingdoms state of Shu until his death in 222. ... This article is about the year 222. ... // [edit] Origin & Joining Wu Pan Zhang originated from Fagan in Dongjun (Presently Puyang in Henan Province). ...

A rockslide at Ma'an Hills dealt the final blow when out of the original 50+ Shu camps in the 350 km stretch, over 40 were destroyed. As Liu Bei narrowly escaped with his life to Baidicheng (White Emperor City) with less than a thousand men, the remaining surviving camps were forced be set ablaze by retreating Shu troops themselves in order to deter the pursuing Wu army. The isolated vanguard of Shu force at Yidao (夷道) 150 km further away from Yiling (夷陵) also completely perished at the same time while Shu commander Huang Quan with his surviving force of 318 calvaries at the northern shore were forced to surrender to Kingdom of Wei as they were cut off. Most of capable Shu commanders were killed in the battle. Only Wu Ban and Chen Shi, the commanders of Shu naval forces, managed to escape back to Shu. KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it more accessible to a general audience, this article may require cleanup. ... The Kingdom of Wei (ch. ... Wu Ban (吳班) an officer under the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms Period of China, and relative to Wu Yi. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ...

Afterwards, the stress of the crushing defeat and the loss of his beloved generals took their toll. Extremely ill at the age of 63, Liu Bei's life ended at Baidicheng. Ma Liang, Liu Bei's military adviser for the Wu Retribution Campaign and the person who advised him not to camp in the forest, later died in an uprising in Wu Ling. Ma Liang (馬良; style name Jichang 季常; sometimes called Bomei 白眉 White eyebrows) was an advisor to Liu Bei, ruler of the Three Kingdoms state of Shu until his death in 222. ...

Aftermath

The Battle of Yiling in 222 sealed Shu-Han's fate as most of the entire army was killed or captured in a period of 2 days. Thereafter Shu-Han's power was directed by Zhuge Liang, who eventually established ties with the Eastern Wu. This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ...

The prestige of such a victory established Wu as the undisputed ruler of southern Jingzhou. Lu Xun, the young general who defeated Liu Bei, won recognition throughout the land as a great strategist. This battle marked the beginning of Lu Xun's illustrious career within the Wu hierarchy, culminating in his becoming the Prime Minister of Wu. Jingzhou (red) in the Hubei province (white) with the Yangtze River passing through Jingzhou (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a city in the Hubei province of the Peoples Republic of China, on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). ...

Liu Bei's death also led to the ascension of his less capable son Liu Shan, who would eventually lead Shu-Han to defeat. Liu Shan, (commonly mispronounced as Liu Chan[1]), (207 – 271) was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

Fictional events

• In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the Wu general Gan Ning is slain by the barbarian king Shamoke, who was asked to participate by Liu Bei.
• The elderly Shu general Huang Zhong is also killed in battle by an arrow fired by the Wu general Ma Zhong.
• In reality, General Gan Ning and General Huang Zhong had both passed on before the campaign took place. Gan Ning died of illness (rumored to be dysentery) and Huang Zhong most likely died of old age or illness.
• The Wu general Zhu Ran wasn't slain by Zhao Yun while pursuing Liu Bei. As a matter of fact, Zhu Ran outlived Zhao Yun.
• Pan Zhang wasn't killed by Guan Xing (who was a civil administrator, not a general), but rather died of illness. *Similarly, the Wu generals Xie Jing, Li Yi, and Tan Xiong were not slain by Guan Xing and Zhang Bao (who, likewise, is not recorded to have participated in any battles).
• Prior to the battle, Ma Zhong wasn't slain by Mi Fang. Further, Mi Fang, who had defected to Wu while serving Guan Yu, never attempted to return to Liu Bei's service, but served Wu until his death.
• Zhuge Liang was never opposed to the Wu campaign, but stayed behind to defend Chengdu. Zhao Yun did oppose the campaign, however.
• The numbers in the novel are greatly exaggerated for Shu, stating that Liu Bei gathered around 750,000 troops including troops from the western Qiang tribe.
• Also, Lu Xun was trapped in Zhuge Liang's Stone Sentinel Maze while in pursuit of the fleeing Liu Bei. He was guided out by Huang Chengyan, Zhuge Liang's father-in-law, who explained the array to Lu Xun. Lu Xun then exclaimed that he can never top the genius of Zhuge Liang. While such a maze is rumored to exist, there is no proof that Lu Xun ever needed to pass through it.

For other uses, see Romance of the Three Kingdoms (disambiguation). ... Gan Ning (甘寧) lived from 175 AD to about 218 AD during the period of Chinese history known as the Three Kingdoms Period. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Huang Zhong (黄忠; style name: Hansheng 汉升) (? - 220), was born Nanyang (in modern day Henan province). ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... Zhu Ran (182 - 248) was a military general for the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China. ... Ma Zhong was a Wu general during the capture of Jing. ... Mi Fang (169 - ?) was an official under the powerful warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... The Stone Sentinel Maze (八陣圖 or 石兵八陣) was an array of stones thought to be conjured by Zhuge Liang using the concepts of bagua. ... Huang Chenyan (黃承彥) was a prominent scholar in the Longzhong commandry around the time of the later Han Dynasty. ...

In Popular culture

In the Dynasty Warriors series for the Playstation 2, the Battle of Xiaoting, called the Battle of Yiling in the game, is a major turning point in the story. Players can follow history and burn the Shu camp to gain an advantage. The Stone Sentinel Maze also is a nuisance to players as the minimap is disabled upon entering. The Logo of Shin Sangokumusou 5 (Dynasty Warriors 6) Dynasty Warriors ( 真・三國無双:Shin Sangokumusou in Japan; literally meaning True - Unrivaled Three Kingdoms) is a series of video games created by Koei based loosely around the Romance of the Three Kingdoms epic, and is a spinoff series of another Koei game Romance...

References

• Luo, Guanzhong Romance of the Three Kingdoms