Capital Tacna Created 1836 Dissolved 1839 Demonym Peru-bolivian The Peru-Bolivian Confederacy was a short-lived state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and 1839. ... Andrés de Santa Cruz Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (1792-1865) Served as President of Peru in 1827 and President of Bolivia from 1829 until 1839, where he was elected after the resignation of Antonio José de Sucre. ... Manuel Bulnes Prieto Manuel Bulnes Prieto (December 25, 1799 - October 18, 1866) was a Chilean political figure. ...

Antecedents

The First Chilean Expedition sent to Peruvian territory during the war between Chile and the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy was forced to retreat and surrender after being surrounded by the Armies of Confederation's Supreme Protector Andrés de Santa Cruz. Chilean Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada, leader of the Expedition, signed the Treaty of Paucarpata, effectively a Peace Treaty with Santa Cruz, on November 17, 1837. Capital Tacna Created 1836 Dissolved 1839 Demonym Peru-bolivian The Peru-Bolivian Confederacy was a short-lived state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and 1839. ... Andrés de Santa Cruz Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (1792-1865) Served as President of Peru in 1827 and President of Bolivia from 1829 until 1839, where he was elected after the resignation of Antonio José de Sucre. ... Manuel Blanco Encalada Manuel Blanco Encalada (April 21, 1790, Buenos Aires – September 5, 1876 Santiago de Chile) was a Chilean political figure, an Admiral and Chiles first President (1826). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

After his return to Chile, the Treaty was repudiated by the Chilean Parliament, and a Second Expedition was soon organized. General Manuel Bulnes was in charge of the Chilean troops with Peruvian battalions of General Agustín Gamarra and many other exiled Peruvian generals as reinforcements. Manuel Bulnes Prieto Manuel Bulnes Prieto (December 25, 1799 - October 18, 1866) was a Chilean political figure. ... Agustín Gamarra (1785 - 1841) was a Peruvian military leader and politician. ...

Andrés de Santa Cruz, who was in charge of the Confederate Army, attempted to pursue the invaders. After a favorable Battle in the Buin River, Santa Cruz was trying to finish with the Chilean Expedition in order to stabilize the internal situation in the country and to avoid any more uprisings against him. Andrés de Santa Cruz Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (1792-1865) Served as President of Peru in 1827 and President of Bolivia from 1829 until 1839, where he was elected after the resignation of Antonio José de Sucre. ...

The Armies and their Comparative Situations

Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz

Both armies had approximately 6,000 men, although the numbers favored slightly the side of the Confederation and Santa Cruz. The Chilean Expedition, on the other hand, suffered the decimation of some battalions by plagues during its occupation of Lima, the capital of the North-Peruvian Republic. Comparably equipped, the main difference was in the preparation of the troops, the knowledge of the terrain, and the obvious differences between invaders and defenders. Image File history File linksMetadata ASantacruz01. ... Image File history File linksMetadata ASantacruz01. ... Nickname: City of the Kings Location within Lima Province Coordinates: Department Lima Province Lima Province Settled 1535  - Mayor Luis Castaneda Lossio Area    - City 804. ... Flag Capital Tacna Political structure Confederation Supreme Protector Andrés de Santa Cruz History  - Established May 9, 1837  - Disestablished August 25, 1839 The Peru-Bolivian Confederation (or Confederacy) was a short-lived confederated state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and 1839. ...

• The Army of the Confederation was made up of veterans of internal battles (from both Peru and Bolivia), it was supported by the majority of the population, and counted with adequate supplies lines provided by the vicinity. General Andrés de Santa Cruz was also a resourceful tactician, besides being a capable leader.

• The Chilean Expedition had the experience of Manuel Bulnes, the well trained Chilean Army and the ability of many Peruvian Generals that fought at their side, with the clear objective of dissolving the Confederation and reestablish an independent Peru. On the other hand, it met with the antipathy of the inhabitants, it was hampered because parts of its troops were ill, demoralized and with poor military training.

In addition, Protector Santa Cruz was not looking to fight the Expedition's Army, but to force Bulnes to sue for peace, taking into account the advantageous situation that the Confederate Army had. On the other hand, Bulnes knew that a return with empty hands was inconceivable after the experience of the previous expedition led by Manuel Blanco Encalada. Andrés de Santa Cruz Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (1792-1865) Served as President of Peru in 1827 and President of Bolivia from 1829 until 1839, where he was elected after the resignation of Antonio José de Sucre. ... Manuel Bulnes Prieto Manuel Bulnes Prieto (December 25, 1799 - October 18, 1866) was a Chilean political figure. ... The Chilean Army (Ejército de Chile in Spanish) is the land arm of the Military of Chile. ... Andrés de Santa Cruz Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (1792-1865) Served as President of Peru in 1827 and President of Bolivia from 1829 until 1839, where he was elected after the resignation of Antonio José de Sucre. ... Manuel Blanco Encalada Manuel Blanco Encalada (April 21, 1790, Buenos Aires – September 5, 1876 Santiago de Chile) was a Chilean political figure, an Admiral and Chiles first President (1826). ...

The Battle of Yungay

After combat in Buin (January 5, 1839) Santa Cruz advanced on its enemies and occupied Yungay with the intention to cut the provisions and to strangle the Chilean Expedition. January 5 is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Yungay is a town in the Ancash Region in north central Peru, South America. ...

General Bulnes, aware of the situation, prepared his Army for a possible fight against the Confederates. By this time, the Chilean Navy achieved control of the Confederation's sea, and Andrés de Santa Cruz knew that it was easy for the Chilean Expedition to escape the country if the battle was not favorable for them. Chilean Navy Jack The Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile) is the naval force of Chile. ... Andrés de Santa Cruz Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (1792-1865) Served as President of Peru in 1827 and President of Bolivia from 1829 until 1839, where he was elected after the resignation of Antonio José de Sucre. ...

The Battle of Yungay developed January 20, 1839. The Confederates, having moved out from their positions at the base of Cerro Pan de Azúcar (Sugar Bread hill), were forced upwards. In spite of the advantageous positions, a massive attack with hand-to-hand combat decided the battle in favor of the Chileans, who cleared the hill and put the Confederate Army to flight. One hour before the end of the battle Santa Cruz had given it up for lost. January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Consequences

The Battle of Yungay brought as a consequence the end of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy, with the Chilean Expedition occupying Lima for the second time in April. On August 25, 1839 General Agustín Gamarra assumed the Presidency of Peru, officially declaring the dissolution of the Confederation and the Union of the North and South Peruvian States. Capital Tacna Created 1836 Dissolved 1839 Demonym Peru-bolivian The Peru-Bolivian Confederacy was a short-lived state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and 1839. ... Nickname: City of the Kings Location within Lima Province Coordinates: Department Lima Province Lima Province Settled 1535  - Mayor Luis Castaneda Lossio Area    - City 804. ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Agustín Gamarra (1785 - 1841) was a Peruvian military leader and politician. ...

The Confederate defeat led to the exile of Santa Cruz, first to Guayaquil, in Ecuador, then to Chile and finally to Europe, where he died. This article is about the city of Guayaquil. ...

Sources

The birth of the Confederation (in Spanish)