 Forces as of 31 August and German plan of attack. The Battle of the Border (Polish: Bitwa graniczna) refers to the battles that occurred in the first days[1] of the Nazi Germany invasion of Poland in September, 1939. The series of battles ended in a German victory, as Polish forces were either destroyed or forced to retreat. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1256x956, 183 KB)http://www. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1256x956, 183 KB)http://www. ...
Download high resolution version (883x933, 229 KB)Polish and German divisions on Sept. ...
Download high resolution version (883x933, 229 KB)Polish and German divisions on Sept. ...
September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ...
1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...
Combatants Poland Nazi Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-Śmigły Fedor von Bock (Army Group North) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South) Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front) Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front) Ferdinand Čatloš (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions 16 brigades 4,300 guns 880 tanks 400 aircraft Total...
Look up September in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Before the battle The Polish defense plan (Plan Zachód) called for a defense of Poland's borders in case of invasion from Germany. Much of Poland's new industry and major population centers were located in the border area (particularly in Silesia); however, the lengthy border was very difficult to defend properly. The plan was criticized by some of the Polish military and Western advisors, but supported by politicians who feared the effect of abandoning a significant part of the population to the enemy without a fight, and who were further discouraged from abandoning those territories as the Polish allies (France and the United Kingdom) did not guarantee the Polish borders and might well decide to allow the Germans to take the Polish Corridor they demanded in exchange for peace (pursuing a policy of appeasement). Combatants Poland Nazi Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South) Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front) Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front) Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions 16 brigades 4,300 guns 880 tanks 400 aircraft Total...
Prussian Silesia, 1871, outlined in yellow; Silesia at the close of the Seven Years War in 1763, outlined in cyan (areas now in the Czech Republic were Austrian-ruled at that time) Silesia (Czech: ; German: ; Polish: ; Silesian: Ślonsk / Ślónsk) is a historical region in central Europe. ...
A Polish map showing the territory known as the Polish Corridor The Polish Corridor was the name given to a strip of territory which was transferred from Germany to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. ...
Appeasement is a policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. ...
The German invasion plan (Fall Weiß) called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and for the Blitzkrieg doctrine of lightning war to be pursued. German units were to invade Poland from three directions: Combatants Poland Nazi Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South) Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front) Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front) Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions 16 brigades 4,300 guns 880 tanks 400 aircraft Total...
Fall Weiss (Case White, German spelling Fall Weiß) was a German strategic plan for a war with Poland prepared before 1939 and put into action on 1 September 1939. ...
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a declaration of war against the Empire of Japan on December 8, 1941, one day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. ...
One of the defining characteristics of what is commonly known as Blitzkrieg is close co-operation between infantry and tanks. ...
- from the German mainland through the western Polish border
- from the north, from the exclave of East Prussia
- from the territory of Slovakia, accompanied by allied Slovak units
All three assaults were to converge on Warsaw, while the main Polish army was to be encircled and destroyed west of the Vistula. East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ...
Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ...
The Vistula (Polish: ) is the longest river in Poland. ...
Poland, which already had a smaller population and thus a smaller military budget and army than Germany, was further disadvantaged because as the defender, unsure whether or not the war would start, its forces were not mobilized by 1 September. A military budget of an entity, most often a nation or a state is the budget and financial resources dedicated to raising and maintaining armed forces for that entity. ...
For the social movement journal, see Mobilization: The International Quarterly Review of Social Movement Research Mobilization or mobilisation is the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. ...
The battle
 Forces as of 14 September with troop movements up to this date. At 08:00 hours, 1 September, German troops, still without a formal declaration of war issued, attacked near the Polish town of Mokra; the battle of the border had begun. Later that day, the Germans opened fronts along Poland's western, southern and northern borders, while German aircraft began raids on Polish cities. The main routes of attack led eastwards from Germany proper through the western Polish border. A second route carried supporting attacks from East Prussia in the north, and a co-operative German-Slovak tertiary attack by units (Army "Bernolak") from the territory of the German-allied Slovakia in the south. All three assaults converged on the Polish capital of Warsaw. Download high resolution version (1256x956, 402 KB)Polish Campaign - Operations - September 1-14 Source: US ARMY License: US Government document. ...
Download high resolution version (1256x956, 402 KB)Polish Campaign - Operations - September 1-14 Source: US ARMY License: US Government document. ...
Combatants Germany Poland Commanders Georg-Hans Reinhardt, Friedrich Kirchner Julian Filipowicz Strength 2 panzer divisions, infantry division cavalry brigade, elements of one infantry division Casualties ca. ...
East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ...
In the northwest, the German Army Group North under Fedor von Bock attacked Pomerania and Greater Poland, moving from the Western Germany proper (German Fourth Army) and from East Prussia (German Third Army). In the battle of Bory Tucholskie that lasted from 1 to 5 September they split the Polish Army Pomorze under Władysław Bortnowski which was tasked with the defence of the Polish Corridor; parts of it under admiral Józef Unrug would continue to defend pockets of the coast over the next few days or weeks (at the Battles of Westerplatte, Gdynia, Hel and others) while the rest was forced, together the Army Poznań under Tadeusz Kutrzeba, to retreat east from their defensive lines in Greater Poland towards Kłodawa in Kujawy. Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord in German) was a high level command grouping of military units operating for Germany during World War II. The army group coordinated the operations of attached army corps, reserve formations, and direct-reporting units. ...
Generalfeldmarschall Fedor von Bock Fedor von Bock (December 3, 1880 - May 4, 1945) was a German field marshal during World War II. He was born in Küstrin, Germany. ...
Historic Pomerania (outlined in yellow) on the background of modern country borders. ...
Voivodship wielkopolskie since 1999 Coat of Arms for voivodship wielkopolskie Greater Poland (also Great Poland; Polish: , German: Großpolen, Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland. ...
The German Fourth Army (German: ) was a field army that fought in World War II. The Fourth Army was activated on December 1, 1938 with Field Marshal Günther von Kluge in command. ...
The German Third Army (German: ) was a German field army that fought during World War II. The Third Army was activated on September 1, 1939, the day German forces invaded Poland. ...
The Battle of Bory Tucholskie, in July of 1944, took place in Lovrejs, between the 57th Europa Armored Brigade, and the 1st Giovanni Lee Army. ...
The Pomeranian Army (Polish: ) was one of the Polish armies to take part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. ...
Władysław Bortnowski (1891-1966) was a Polish military commander and one of the highest ranking generals of the Polish Army. ...
A Polish map showing the territory known as the Polish Corridor The Polish Corridor was the name given to a strip of territory which was transferred from Germany to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. ...
Józef Unrug Vice Admiral Józef Unrug (1884-1973) was a German-born Polish naval officer who helped to reestablish Polands Navy after World War I. He served as commander of the Polish Navy during the opening stages of the World War II. Biography Józef Michał Hubert...
Westerplatte Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date September 1 to September 7, 1939 Place Westerplatte peninsula in Gdańsk Result ? Westerplatte is a peninsula in Gdańsk, at an estuary of the Dead Vistula (one of the Vistula delta estuaries), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. ...
German battleship Schleswig-Holstein stationed at Danzig harbor is shelling nearby Polish positions at Gdynia. ...
Hel Peninsula as seen from Landsat satellite in 2000 Battle of Hel was one of the longest battles of the Polish Defence War of 1939 in 1939. ...
Tadeusz Kutrzeba (15 April 1885 - 8 January 1947, general of the Second Polish Republic. ...
The church, built in the 18th century KÅ‚odawa is a town in central Poland with 6,874 inhabitants (2004). ...
In northern Poland (Masovia), by 3 September part of German Third Army had defeated the Polish Army Modlin under Emil Przedrzymierski-Krukowicz at the battle of Mława; Polish forces retreated towards their secondary lines of defences at the Vistula and Narew rivers, allowing the Germans to move towards their main objective, the Polish capital of Warsaw. Historical division of Masovia Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a geographical and historical region situated in central Poland with its capital at Warsaw. ...
The Battle of MÅ‚awa, otherwise known as the Defence of the MÅ‚awa position, took place to the north of the town of MÅ‚awa in northern Poland between September 1 and September 3, 1939. ...
The Vistula (Polish: ) is the longest river in Poland. ...
Narew (Belarusian: На́раў) is a river in western Belarus and north-eastern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula river. ...
Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ...
In the south and southwest, the German Army Group South under Gerd von Rundstedt struck along the lines dividing the Polish Army Łódź (under Józef Rómmel) from Army Poznań (north) and Army Kraków (south, under Antoni Szylling). Despite several Polish tactical victories (like in the battle of Mokra on 1 September), Polish forces were soon forced to retreat, as Army Łódź was being outflanked by the German Eighth Army and the German Tenth Army. Army Kraków was retreating from Silesia and in the south Army Karpaty under Kazimierz Fabrycy was being slowly pushed north towards the Dunajec and Nida Rivers by the German Fourteenth Army. Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Süd in German) was a German Army Group during World War II. Germany used two army groups to invade Poland in 1939: Army Group North and Army Group South. ...
Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (December 12, 1875 - February 24, 1953) was a field marshal of the German Army during World War II. He held some of the highest field commands in all phases of the war. ...
Kraków Army (Polish: ) was one of the Polish armies to take part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. ...
Combatants Germany Poland Commanders Georg-Hans Reinhardt, Friedrich Kirchner Julian Filipowicz Strength 2 panzer divisions, infantry division cavalry brigade, elements of one infantry division Casualties ca. ...
The German Eighth Army (German: ) was a World War I and World War II field army. ...
The German Tenth Army (German: ) was a World War II field army. ...
Prussian Silesia, 1871, outlined in yellow; Silesia at the close of the Seven Years War in 1763, outlined in cyan (areas now in the Czech Republic were Austrian-ruled at that time) Silesia (Czech: ; German: ; Polish: ; Silesian: Ślonsk / Ślónsk) is a historical region in central Europe. ...
Dunajec is a river in northern Slovakia and southern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula river, Length of 274 kilometres (27 in Slovakia, 247 in Poland; 14th longest Polish river). ...
Nida is also a town in Lithuania. ...
The German Fourteenth Army (German: ) was a World War II field army. ...
By 6 September Polish forces were in retreat and Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered all the troops to fall back to the secondary lines of defences at the Vistula and San Rivers.[1] Marshal of Poland (Marszałek Polski) is the highest rank in the Polish Army. ...
Edward Rydz-Śmigły (March 11, 1886 - December 2, 1941); nom de guerre Śmigły, Tarłowski, Adam Zawisza) was a Polish politician, an officer of the Polish Army, painter and poet. ...
The Vistula (Polish: ) is the longest river in Poland. ...
Length of 433 km Basin area of 16 861 km2 Origin Carpathian Tributary of the Vistula Country Poland-Ukraine The San (Ukrainian: СÑн, Sian). ...
Aftermath Virtually all battles that are considered part of 'Battle of the Border' resulted in rapid defeat of Polish forces, which were forced to abandon the regions of Pomerania, Greater Poland and Silesia. Those defeats in turn made it more difficult for the Polish forces to fall back in an organized way to the secondary lines of defence (behind Vistula and near the Romanian bridgehead). Historic Pomerania (outlined in yellow) on the background of modern country borders. ...
Voivodship wielkopolskie since 1999 Coat of Arms for voivodship wielkopolskie Greater Poland (also Great Poland; Polish: , German: Großpolen, Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland. ...
Prussian Silesia, 1871, outlined in yellow; Silesia at the close of the Seven Years War in 1763, outlined in cyan (areas now in the Czech Republic were Austrian-ruled at that time) Silesia (Czech: ; German: ; Polish: ; Silesian: Ślonsk / Ślónsk) is a historical region in central Europe. ...
The Vistula (Polish: ) is the longest river in Poland. ...
The Romanian Bridgehead (Polish Przedmoście rumuńskie) was an area in South-Eastern Poland, nowadays located in Ukraine. ...
Battles of the border The Battle of the Border included the following battles:[1] - That ended before or on September 3
- That began before September 3 and ended before or on September 7:
- That began after September 3 and ended before or on September 7:
- Battle of Różan - 4 to 6 September
- Battle of Tomaszów Mazowiecki - 6 September
- That began after September 7 and lasted till later:
The Defense of the Polish Post Office in Danzig (today Gdańsk) was one of the first battles of the Polish September Campaign, and of the World War II in Europe. ...
The Battle of Krojanty was part of the Polish September Campaign of the Second World War. ...
Battle of Lasy Królewskie (Polish: Bitwa w Lasach Królewskich, Battle of Royal Forests) refers to the battle on 1 September 1939 near Janowo and Krzynowołga Mała during the battle of the border of the Polish September Campaign. ...
Combatants Germany Poland Commanders Georg-Hans Reinhardt, Friedrich Kirchner Julian Filipowicz Strength 2 panzer divisions, infantry division cavalry brigade, elements of one infantry division Casualties ca. ...
Battle of Pszczyna (Polish: Bitwa Pszczyńska) refers to the series of battles on 1 and 2 September 1939 near the town of Pszczyna during the Polish September Campaign. ...
The Battle of MÅ‚awa, otherwise known as the Defence of the MÅ‚awa position, took place to the north of the town of MÅ‚awa in northern Poland between September 1 and September 3, 1939. ...
Combatants Poland Germany Commanders Stanisław Maczek Ewald von Kleist Strength 1 motorized brigade reinforced with infantry 2 Panzer divisions, 1 infantry division Casualties {{{notes}}} The Battle of Jordanów took place on September 2, 1939, during the Polish Defensive War and the opening stages of World War II. It...
Combatants Poland Germany Commanders Tadeusz Semik Eugen Ott Strength 1,200 17,000 Casualties between 7 and 20 killed 7 murdered after their capitulation between 50 and 200 killed between 100 and 300 wounded The Battle of Węgierska Górka was a lengthy, two-day-long defence of a...
The Battle of Bory Tucholskie, in July of 1944, took place in Lovrejs, between the 57th Europa Armored Brigade, and the 1st Giovanni Lee Army. ...
Battle of Borowa Góra (Polish: ) refers to the series of battles from 2nd to 5th of September of 1939 that took place near the hills of Góry Borowskie, south west from Piotrków Trybunalski and east of Bełchatów. ...
Westerplatte Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date September 1 to September 7, 1939 Place Westerplatte peninsula in Gdańsk Result ? Westerplatte is a peninsula in Gdańsk, at an estuary of the Dead Vistula (one of the Vistula delta estuaries), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. ...
The Battle of Różan, otherwise known as defence of Różan bridgehead, took place between September 4 and September 6, 1939, in the fields before the town of Różan on the Narew River. ...
Battle of Tomaszów Mazowiecki (Polish: Bitwa pod Tomaszowem Mazowieckim) refers to the battle on 6 September 1939 near the town of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Second Polish Republic, during the Polish September Campaign. ...
Battle of Wizna Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date September 7-September 10, 1939 Place Wizna near Poland Result unconcluded Battle of Wizna (sometimes referred to as the Polish Thermopylae) was fought between September 6 and September 10, 1939, between the forces of Poland and Germany during the initial...
Hel Peninsula as seen from Landsat satellite in 2000 Battle of Hel was one of the longest battles of the Polish Defence War of 1939 in 1939. ...
See also The German order of battle for Operation Fall Weiss details the major German combat units used during Operation Fall Weiss, Germanys code name for the invasion of Poland. ...
Germany and Poland were the main opposing forces in the Polish September Campaign. ...
Polish OOB during the September Campaign. ...
References - ^ a b The Battle of the Border began on 1 September, but sources vary with their assignment of an end date for this phase of the campaign. The shortest period is delimited by the date of 3 September (Encyklopedia Internautica), usually related to the battle of Mława, while the longer one gives the date of the 6th (Encyklopedia PWN) (the order of Edward-Rydz Śmigły to fall back) or sometimes the 7th of September (the symbolic capitulation of Westerplatte).
- (Polish) Kampania Wrześniowa (September Campaign), section on the Battle of the Border
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