NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Battlefield Earth

Battlefield Earth is the title of both a science fiction novel written by Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard, and a film adaptation of the novel produced by and starring John Travolta. The book was commercially successful, though it received a lukewarm critical reception on its publication. However, the film adaptation was a notorious commercial and critical disaster and has been widely criticized as one of the "worst films ever made".^[1]^[2] Image File history File links Battlefield_earth_book_cover. ... Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (13 March 1911 â€“ 24 January 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard, was an American pulp fiction[1][2] and science fiction [3] writer and founder of Scientology and Dianetics. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Headquartered in the legendary Flatiron Building in New York City, St. ... A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) book is bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with cloth or heavy paper) and a stitched spine. ... Paperback may refer to a kind of book binding by which papers are simply folded without cloth or leather and bound - usually with glue rather than stitches or staples - into a thick paper cover; or to a book with this type of binding. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Scientology is a system of beliefs and practices created by American pulp fiction[1][2] and science fiction [3] author L. Ron Hubbard in 1952 as a self-help philosophy. ... Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (13 March 1911 â€“ 24 January 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard, was an American pulp fiction[1][2] and science fiction [3] writer and founder of Scientology and Dianetics. ... John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an Academy Award nominated American actor, singer, and dancer. ...

The book

Synopsis

In the year 3000 AD, Earth has been ruled by an alien race, the Psychlos, for a millennium. Humanity has been reduced to a few scattered tribes in isolated parts of the world while the Psychlos strip the planet of its mineral wealth. Jonnie Goodboy Tyler, a member of one such tribe, lives in the shadow of the Rocky Mountains. He leaves his village to explore the lowlands but is captured in the ruins of Denver by Terl, the Psychlo chief of security. The Psychlos, hairy 9-foot high sociopaths, are constrained by the fact that the gas they breathe explodes on contact with even traces of uranium. To get around this problem, Terl plans to train "man-animals" such as Jonnie to mine where Psychlos cannot go and, in so doing, make Terl himself a very rich Psychlo. Psychlo are the most prominent alien race in L. Ron Hubbards book Battlefield Earth. ... White Goat Wilderness Area, Alberta, Canada View of the Rocky Mountains as depicted on the Colorado state quarter The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a broad mountain range in western North America. ... This article refers to the state capital of Colorado. ...

Terl hooks Jonnie up to a Psychlo telepathic training machine which uploads the knowledge of the Psychlos into Jonnie's brain. The newly-civilized Jonnie realizes that it is up to him to organize and lead a revolt against the Psychlos. With Terl fatally distracted by machinations against the other Psychlos, Jonnie surreptitiously creates an alliance of humans including the Chinese, the remnants of the Red Army, Tibetan lamas and most notably Scottish highlanders. The humans manage to defeat the Psychlos and regain control of Earth. The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Ð Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ‡Ðµ-ÐšÑ€ÐµÑÑ‚ÑŒÑÐ½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐšÑ€Ð°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ...

This is, however, not the end of the story: Terl survives and Jonnie must now defend the planet against the predatory interests of several other interstellar races, including a race of intergalactic bankers seeking to repossess the Earth in lieu of unpaid debts.

Publishing history

Battlefield Earth was first published in 1980 by St. Martin's Press, though all subsequent reprintings have been by Church of Scientology publishing companies Bridge Publications and Galaxy Press. Written in the style of the pulp fiction era (during which Hubbard began his writing career), the novel is a massive work (over 750 pages in hardcover, 1000+ in paperback). It was Hubbard's first science fiction novel since his pulp magazine days of the 1940s, and it was promoted as Hubbard's "return" to science fiction after a long hiatus. It was reissued in 2000 with a new cover, in connection with the release of the film version. The book has also been released in audiobook and e-book versions. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. ... Bridge Publications, Inc. ... Galaxy Press is a company set up to publish and promote the fiction works of L. Ron Hubbard, and the anthologies of the L. Ron Hubbard Writers of the Future contest. ... Flynns Detective Fiction from 1941. ... // Events and trends World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atomic bomb. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... An audio book is a recording of the contents of a book read aloud. ... It has been suggested that Digital books be merged into this article or section. ...

Critical response

The book received a decidedly mixed reception from literary critics and science fiction fans. The Economist, for instance, called Battlefield Earth "an unsubtle saga, atrociously written, windy and out of control" ^[3] while the respected sci-fi magazine Analog criticized it as "a wish-fulfillment fantasy wholly populated by the most one-dimensional of cardboard characters." ^[4] Punch was somewhat kinder, commending Hubbard's "excellent understanding of evil impulses, particularly deviousness, which helps with the plot, and [he] is well-enough aware of his weaknesses not to dwell upon frailties like love, generosity, compassion." ^[5]. Similarly, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction described the book as a "rather good, fast-paced, often fascinating SF adventure yarn." ^[6] It has been suggested that The Economist editorial stance be merged into this article or section. ... Astounding Stories was a seminal science fiction magazine founded in 1930. ... Punch was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002. ... F&SF April 1971, special Poul Anderson issue. ...

Controversy

Hubbard's role as the founder of Scientology has led to a long-running controversy about whether Battlefield Earth contains Scientology themes, and about the role that the Church of Scientology has played in publishing and promoting the book.

Hubbard himself denied that the book was a vehicle for Scientology. He described his motives for writing as being that "it keeps my hand in, amuses people and whiles away the otherwise idle hour. It's better than playing video games!" ^[7] He addresses the question directly in the book's introduction, where he says: "Some of my readers may wonder that I did not include my own serious subjects in this book. It was with no thought of dismissal of them. It was just that I put on my professional writer’s hat. I also did not want to give anybody the idea I was doing a press relations job for my other serious works." ^[8]

The Church of Scientology's role

Battlefield Earth went to the top of the New York Times Best Seller list shortly after its release. Not long afterwards, stories emerged of a reported Church of Scientology book-buying campaign mounted to ensure that the book would appear on the bestseller lists. According to newspaper reports, Church representatives promised the publishers that a particular number of copies would be bought by Church subsidiaries ^[9]^[10] (the author and journalist Russell Miller cites a figure of 50,000 hardback copies ^[11]). The New York Times Best Seller List is a weekly chart in The New York Times newspaper that keeps track of the best-selling books of the week. ... Russell Miller is an award-winning British journalist and author of numerous books. ...

Local Churches of Scientology and individual Scientologists were reportedly also ordered to buy copies of the book. Various bookstore chains (including Waldenbooks) have cited examples of Scientologists repeatedly coming into stores and buying armfuls of the book at a time. Several bookstores reported that shipments of the book arrived with the store's own price tags already affixed to them, even before they were unpacked from the shipping boxes, suggesting that copies were being recycled. ^[9]^[10] According to Miller, Scientologists throughout the United States were instructed to go out and buy at least two or three copies each.^[11] Gerry Armstrong, who worked in the Church's archives at the time, claims that "One of the wealthy Scientologists, by the name of Ellie Bolger, apparently paid a huge amount of money to the organization, which they then disbursed to staff members to go down to B. Dalton or whatever and buy the book." ^[12] Waldenbooks, operated by the Walden Book Company, Inc. ... Gerry Armstrong is a former high-ranking member of the Church of Scientology who left the organization in the mid 1980s after determining that few of L. Ron Hubbards claims about Hubbards own past life were consistent with reliable documentation. ...

Former Scientologist Bent Corydon has described how pressure was put on the managers of Scientology "missions" - effectively franchises - to promote and purchase Battlefield Earth. At a conference held in San Francisco on October 17, 1982, Scientologist "mission holders" were told by Wendall Reynolds, the Church's International Finance Dictator, to do their bit to make the book a success: Meanings of franchise: Full rights of citizenship given by a country or a town, especially suffrage (political franchise) In a wider sense: any right or privilege granted by constitution or statute. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

According to Corydon, "we were ordered to sell 1000 copies of Hubbard's recently released science-fiction book Battlefield Earth "before Thursday" or I would be kicked out as mission holder." ^[14] The idea behind the publicity drive was said to be that it "would, in turn, get the Dianetics book selling"; Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health did in fact experience a marked increase in sales subsequently, re-entering the NYT Best Seller list four times in 1986. ^[12] Battlefield Earth, for its part, sold over 125,000 copies in its first print run and by March 1985 had sold 800,000 paperback copies. ^[15]. 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Possible Scientology-related themes

Hubbard portrays the Psychlos as being ruled by the Catrists, a pun on psychiatrists. He describes them as a group of evil charlatans, claiming to be mental health experts. This is comparable to Scientology's rejectionist view of psychiatry. Those among the Psychlos who do not share the views of the Catrists or oppose them are subjected to various forms of persecution; particularly, the Catrists use surgical mind control to maintain their power. Again, Hubbard frequently claimed in Scientology that psychiatrists used such tactics to maintain their influence and funding. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ... Look up Charlatan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mental health is a concept that refers to a human individuals emotional and psychological well-being. ...

A supporting character, a Psychlo mathematician named Soth, is described as having been shaped by the views of his mother who was a member of a resistance group, a so-called "church," which held religious meetings secretly.

Early in its history, the Psychlo species had no fixed name, instead being named after the Emperor of the day. The word "Psychlo" is revealed to have originally meant "mental patient" in the alien language, signifying that the Catrists feel (or in any case claim) that the entire population requires treatment as mental patients. Scientology portrays modern society as being the battleground for a war between psychiatry and Scientology for the future of humanity.

Space opera is a common recurring motif in Scientology doctrine. Scientology works describe intergalactic battles between alien races (most notably the Xenu teachings), and Hubbard went as far as to claim that the modern-day science fiction genre of space opera is merely an unconscious recollection of real events from millions of years ago. He described Earth to Scientologists as being a "prison planet" Space opera is a subgenre of speculative fiction or science fiction that emphasizes romantic adventure, exotic settings, and larger than life characters. ... In Scientology doctrine, space opera was the term used by Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard to describe extraterrestrial civilizations and alien interventions. ... In Scientology doctrine, Xenu (also Xemu) is an alien ruler of the Galactic Confederacy who, 75 million years ago, brought billions of people to Earth in DC-8-like spacecraft, stacked them around volcanoes and blew them up with hydrogen bombs. ...

The movie

Plans for a film version of Battlefield Earth appear to have been hatched at an early stage, not long after the publication of the book. In February 1983 L. Ron Hubbard gave an interview to the Rocky Mountain News in which he told the reporter: "I've recently written three screenplays and some interest has been expressed in Battlefield Earth, so I suppose I'll be right back in Hollywood one of these days and probably on location in the Denver area for Battlefield Earth when they film it." ^[15] Image File history File links Battlefield_earth_poster. ... Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (13 March 1911 â€“ 24 January 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard, was an American pulp fiction[1][2] and science fiction [3] writer and founder of Scientology and Dianetics. ... Barry Robert Pepper (born April 4, 1970 in Campbell River, British Columbia) is a Canadian-born actor. ... John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an Academy Award nominated American actor, singer, and dancer. ... Forest in the movie Panic Room Forest Steven Whitaker (born July 15, 1961 in Longview, Texas) is an American actor, producer and director. ... Elia David Cmiral is a film composer. ... Warner Bros. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Hubbard's comments suggest that he saw himself being directly involved in the film; Stewart Lamont suggests that Hubbard may even have envisaged directing it, given his previous work on Scientology training films. According to Lamont, the film rights were sold by the Church of Scientology's Bridge Publications to Salem Productions of Los Angeles. The British director Ken Annakin was reportedly lined up to make two films based on the book. ^[15] However, the project never got off the ground and Hubbard's death in January 1986 may have played a part in bringing it to a halt. Bridge Publications is the name of several firms: Bridge Publications, Inc. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 1,290. ... Ken Annakin (born August 10, 1914) is a British film director. ...

After his success in the movie Pulp Fiction, Hollywood star John Travolta pushed hard to make a movie adaptation of Battlefield Earth a reality. Travolta, a devoted Scientologist and one of the organization's most vocal supporters, described the book in interviews as "like Pulp Fiction for the year 3000"^[16] and "like Star Wars, only better." The movie adaptation finally came out in May 2000, just three days after the 50th anniversary of the publication of Hubbard's book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, a date celebrated by Scientologists as a holiday.^[17] However, the film met poor box-office results and abysmal reviews. Pulp Fiction is a 1994 film directed by Quentin Tarantino and written by Tarantino and Roger Avary. ... ... The cover of the 2004 DVD widescreen release of the original Star Wars Trilogy. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... There are many holidays, commemorations and observances in the Church of Scientology, including but not limited to: January 25: Criminon Day This commemorates the 1970 founding of Criminon, a program which seeks to rehabilitate prisoners by disseminating free copies of Scientology-related materials such as The Way to Happiness. ...

It was produced by Franchise Pictures, JTP Films (Travolta's company), and Morgan Creek Productions, and distributed by Warner Bros. in the U.S. It was directed by Roger Christian and starred Travolta, Barry Pepper, Forest Whitaker, Kim Coates, Richard Tyson, Sabine Karsenti, and Michael Byrne. Travolta's wife Kelly Preston also appeared; her role is often incorrectly described as "starring" even though she only appears in one scene. Morgan Creek Productions, founded in 1988 by its Chairman, CEO and Producer/Presenter, James G. Robinson, is a film studio most notable for such blockbuster hits as Young Guns and In a varied 17-year history that has seen the Santa Monica, California-based company shift domestic distribution bases from... Warner Bros. ... Barry Robert Pepper (born April 4, 1970 in Campbell River, British Columbia) is a Canadian-born actor. ... Forest in the movie Panic Room Forest Steven Whitaker (born July 15, 1961 in Longview, Texas) is an American actor, producer and director. ... Kim Coates (born in 1959 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) is a Canadian actor who has worked in both Canadian and American movies and television series. ... Richard Tyson. ... Kelly Preston Kelly Kamalelehua Palzis Preston (born October 13, 1962 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American actress. ...

In the movie, a greedy alien security chief, Terl (Travolta), enslaves human prisoners to mine gold for him. Barry Pepper plays Jonnie Goodboy Tyler, a human (or "man-animal", as the Psychlos call them) who decides to liberate his people by fighting the Psychlos. The plot follows roughly the same lines as the original book, though with some major omissions and simplifications. The film ends approximately two thirds of the way through the book, with the liberation of the Earth. Travolta originally saw himself in the role of Tyler, but by the time the movie was actually made, Travolta felt he was too old to play the role, and took the role of the main villain instead.^[18]

Released in over 3,300 theaters, Battlefield Earth grossed $21,471,685 in the United States ^[19] and a total of $29,725,663 worldwide, falling doubly short of its $73 million production budget and $30 million in estimated marketing costs. Financially, it is regarded as one of the great box office failures.

Critically, the movie was also a disaster and reviews were nearly unanimously bad. Acclaimed film critic Roger Ebert, described it as "something historic, a film that for decades to come will be the punch line of jokes about bad movies."^[20] Rita Kempley of the Washington Post commented that: "A million monkeys with a million crayons would be hard-pressed in a million years to create anything as cretinous as Battlefield Earth."^[21] Elvis Mitchell, in the New York Times, wrote that "it may be a bit early to make such judgments, but Battlefield Earth may well turn out to be the worst movie of this century" and called it "Plan Nine From Outer Space for a new generation." The British film critic Jonathan Ross offered a particularly unsparing critique: Roger Ebert (right) with Russ Meyer, 1970 Roger Joseph Ebert (born June 18, 1942) is a film critic who writes for the Chicago Sun-Times. ... ... According to the second Borel-Cantelli lemma, given enough time, a chimpanzee like this one typing at random will surely type out a copy of one of Shakespeares plays. ... Elvis Mitchell is a former film critic for the newspaper The New York Times. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Plan 9 from Outer Space is a 1957 Ed Wood science fiction horror movie. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Particular points that critics held up for censure included its overuse of angled camera shots^[23] (which, according to the director himself, are used in all but one frame of the film)^[24], derivative special effects, and unbelievable plotting. The Rhode Island Providence Journal newspaper also highlighted the film's odd colour scheme: Official language(s) None Capital Providence Largest city Providence Area Ranked 50th - Total 1,214* sq mi (3,144* kmÂ²) - Width 37 miles (60 km) - Length 48 miles (77 km) - % water 32. ... The Providence Journal is a daily newspaper serving the metropolitan area of Providence, Rhode Island. ...

The film frequently appears on worst film lists, such as the Internet Movie Database's "Bottom 100" list, where patron voting has continuously kept it listed as one of the 100 worst films of all time. [2] The ultimate insult came in 2001, when the movie received seven Razzie Awards, including Worst Movie of the Year, Worst Actor (Travolta) and Worst Screen Couple (Travolta and "anyone sharing the screen with him"). This effectively classified the movie as the worst film made in Hollywood since Showgirls, which had become a byword for celluloid awfulness. In 2004, the movie received a Razzie for Worst 'Drama' Of Our First 25 Years. It received a staggering 3% Rotten Tomatoes ranking[3] (by comparison, 60% is considered "Fresh"). Plans to make a sequel ^[2] were halted by the negative reaction to the movie. The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about actors, films, television shows, television stars, video games and production crew personnel. ... The 21st Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 24, 2001 at the Radisson-Huntley Hotel in Santa Monica, California. ... Showgirls is a film directed by Paul Verhoeven and released in 1995 by United Artists. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A sequel is a work of fiction in literature, film, and other creative works that is produced after a completed work, and is set in the same universe but at a later time. ...

Cast

Image File history File links Battlefield_earth_screencap. ... Image File history File links Battlefield_earth_screencap. ... Barry Robert Pepper (born April 4, 1970 in Campbell River, British Columbia) is a Canadian-born actor. ... John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an Academy Award nominated American actor, singer, and dancer. ... Forest in the movie Panic Room Forest Steven Whitaker (born July 15, 1961 in Longview, Texas) is an American actor, producer and director. ... John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an Academy Award nominated American actor, singer, and dancer. ... Barry Robert Pepper (born April 4, 1970 in Campbell River, British Columbia) is a Canadian-born actor. ... Forest in the movie Panic Room Forest Steven Whitaker (born July 15, 1961 in Longview, Texas) is an American actor, producer and director. ... Kim Coates (born in 1959 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) is a Canadian actor who has worked in both Canadian and American movies and television series. ... Michael Byrne was born in Kilkenny, Ireland in 1761. ... Richard Tyson. ... Christopher Freeman is an English economist, the founder and first director of the University of Sussex SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Center), and one of the most eminent modern Kondratieff wave/business cycle theorists and neo-Schumpeterians. ... Kelly Preston Kelly Kamalelehua Palzis Preston (born October 13, 1962 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American actress. ...

See also

Plan 9 from Outer Space, considered so bad its good by some; widely regarded as the first contender for Worst Movie Ever Made. Although taste and judgment are subjective, the films listed here have achieved a significant level of infamy through critical and popular consensus. ...

Notes

^ Campbell, Duncan, "Cult classic", Guardian Unlimited, Guardian Newspapers Limited, 2000-05-31. Retrieved on 2006-07-29. "... Battlefield Earth has opened to spectacularly bad notices, many of which have suggested that the film is the worst of the year, the decade, the millennium or whatever exotic time-frame the alien Psychlos recognise ..."
^ ^a ^b Farache, Emily (2000-10-18). Travolta Sets Sights on "Battlefield Earth 2". E! Online. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.
^ "L. Ron Hubbard's science fiction - Relic of the golden age", The Economist, 4 July 1984
^ Analog, February 1983
^ Punch, April 4, 1984
^ The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, March 1983 (vol. 64; pp. 32-37)
^ L. Ron Hubbard, "Ron's Journal 36 - Your New Year", LRH ED 347 Int of 31 December 1982
^ L. Ron Hubbard, introduction to Battlefield Earth
^ ^a ^b McIntyre, Mike, "Hubbard Hot-Author Status Called Illusion", San Diego Union, 1990-04-15, p. 1. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.
^ ^a ^b Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert W., "Costly Strategy Continues to Turn Out Bestsellers", Los Angeles Times, 1990-06-28, p. A1:1. Retrieved on 2006-07-29. Additional convenience link at [1].
^ ^a ^b Russell Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p.367. (Michael Joseph, 1987)
^ ^a ^b Quoted in Bent Corydon, L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman?, p. 228 (Lyle Stuart, 1987)
^ Quoted in Bent Corydon, L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman?, p. 209 (Lyle Stuart, 1987)
^ Bent Corydon, L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman?, p. 228 (Lyle Stuart, 1987)
^ ^a ^b ^c Stewart Lamont, Religion, Inc., p. 156 (Harrap, 1986)
^ Lee, Patrick (2000-05-15). Uphill Battlefield for John Travolta and Roger Christian. Sci Fi Weekly. SciFi.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Scientology 101: Definitions and Facts About Scientology. ABC News. American Broadcasting Corporation (2006-08-23). Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "John Travolta on 'Battlefield', NASA", Space.com, May 3, 2000
^ "Business Data for Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000", IMDB.com
^ Ebert, Roger, "Battlefield Earth", Chicago Sun-Times, 2000-05-12. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.
^ Kempley, Rita, "'Battlefield Earth': A Vain Search for Terrestrial Intelligence", Washington Post, 2000-05-12. Retrieved on 2006-09-06.
^ Ross, Jonathan, "What does Travolta think he's doing? He looks like an over-stuffed, dreadlocked, Cabbage Patch Doll", Daily Mirror, 2000-06-02.
^ Persall, Steve, "Space aliens without a clue", St. Petersburg Times, 2000-05-12. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.
^ Graham, Bob, "What on Earth Are These Guys Doing? Roger Christian directs Travolta in sci-fi tale about humans fighting mineral-sucking giants from outer space", San Francisco Chronicle, 2000-04-30, p. PK-54. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.
^ "Earth to John Travolta ...", The Providence Journal, May 20, 2000

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External links

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Contents

Synopsis

Publishing history

Critical response

Controversy

The Church of Scientology's role

Possible Scientology-related themes

The movie

Cast

See also

Notes

External links

The movie