Baudouin de Courtenay (aka Jan Niecislaw) (March 13, 1845 - November 3, 1929) was the Polish linguist who is best known for having introduced the theory of the phoneme and phonetic alternations in the 19th century Russian Empire. His work had a major impact on 20th century linguistic theory, and it served as a foundation for several schools of phonology. He was an early champion of synchronic linguistics, the study of contemporary spoken languages, and he had a strong impact on the structuralist linguistic theory of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. Baudouin established the Kazan School of Linguistics in the mid-1870s. He later moved to St. Petersburg, where he continued to refine his theory of phonetic alternations. Three major schools of 20th century phonology arose directly from his distinction between physiophonetic (phonological) and psychophonetic (morphophonological) alternations: the Leningrad School of Phonology, the Moscow School of Phonology, and the Prague School of Phonology. All three schools developed different positions on the nature of Baudouin's alternational dichotomy. The Prague School was the best known outside of the field of Slavic linguistics. March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining. ... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The following is a list of linguists, those who study linguistics. ... In oral language, a phoneme is the theoretical basic unit of sound that can be used to distinguish words or morphemes; in sign language, it is a similarly basic unit of hand shape, motion, position, or facial expression. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Big Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire, adopted in 1882 Central element from the Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian... Broadly conceived, linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ... Structuralism is a general approach in various academic disciplines that seeks to explore the inter-relationships between some fundamental elements, upon which higher mental, linguistic, social, cultural etc structures are built, through which then meaning is produced within a particular person, system, culture. ... The following is a list of linguists, those who study linguistics. ... Saussure Ferdinand de Saussure (November 26, 1857 - February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist. ... Kazan (Tatar Qazan, Казан, Russian Казань) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russias largest cities. ... Events and Trends Technology The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics closely associated with phonetics. ... Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics closely associated with phonetics. ... Morphophonology or Morphonology is a branch of linguistics which studies: The phonological structure of morphemes. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA:   listen?) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... The Prague Linguistic Circle (Pražský lingvistický kroužek), or Prague School, developed methods of structuralist literary analysis during the years 1928-1939. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia. ...

In 1922, without his knowledge, he was proposed by the national minorities as a presidential candidate, but was defeated in the third round of voting in Polish parliament and eventually Gabriel Narutowicz was chosen. 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Term of office from December 9, 1922, until December 16, 1922 Profession Engineer, university professor Political party nonpartisan Spouse Date of birth March 17, 1865 Place of birth Telsze (in todays Lithuania) Date of death December 16, 1922 Place of death Warsaw, Poland Gabriel Narutowicz, born on March 17...