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When Henry the Lion was deposed as duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1180, Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, which ruled from 1180 to 1918.
Bavaria has a unicameral Landtag, or state parliament, elected by universal suffrage.
Bavaria has long been a bastion of conservative politics in Germany, with the Christian Social Union having almost a monopoly on power since its inception in 1946.
Bavaria comprises the Danube and Main basins, and approximately one-third of the state is woodland, the principal forests being the Frankenwald in the north and the Bavarian Forest, or Bohemian Forest (Böhmerwald), in the northeast.
During the Thirty Years' War, Bavaria, under the strong leadership of Maximilian I, was the scene of fierce fighting between Protestant and Catholic forces; during Maximilian's reign, Bavaria gained control of the area known as the Upper Palatinate.
Bavaria remained a firm ally of Napoleon until 1813, when an adroit late change of allegiance after the Battle of the Nations ensured that it was permitted to retain all its territorial gains under Napoleon, and additionally regain the Rhineland Palatinate, by the powers of the Fourth Alliance at the Congress of Vienna (1815).
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