Assorted cosmetics and tools

Cosmetics (pronunciation: cosmetic (help· info)) or make-up are substances used to enhance the beauty of the human body. Cosmetics include lotions, powders, lipstick and many other types of products. Their use is widespread, especially among women in Western countries. The manufacture of cosmetics is currently dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses. This is a magazine cover. ... This is a magazine cover. ... Image File history File links En-us-cosmetic. ... Many see natural beauty in the folded petals of a rose Beauty is a quality of a person, object, place, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, affirmation, meaning, or goodness. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal apes belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (known as the great apes). ... With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual, and contrasts with soul, personality and behavior. ... A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity medicated or non-medicated topical preparation intended for application to unbroken skin. ... Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. ... A bagpiper in Scottish military clan-uniform. ... A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC) is one that spans multiple nations; these corporations are often very large. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

History

Main article: History of cosmetics

The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage is found in Ancient Egypt around 4000 BC. The Ancient Greeks and Romans also used cosmetics The Romans and Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing mercury and often lead. The history of cosmetics spans at least 6000 years of human history, and almost every society on earth. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... (5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) Events City of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC). ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Map of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the civilization of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of an hydraulic empire. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ...

In the western world, the advent of cosmetics was in the middle ages, although typically restricted to use within upper classe.

Cosmetic use was frowned upon at some points in history. For example, in the 1800s, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper. It was viewed as vulgar and acceptable only for use by actors. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use in nearly all societies around the world. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

The cosmetics industry today

The cosmetics industry is a multinational, multi-billion-dollar industry. Of the major firms, the oldest and the largest is L'Oréal, which was founded by Eugene Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 27.5% and Nestlé 26.4%, with the remaining 46.1% are publicly traded). The market was developed in the USA during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after. The LOréal Group Euronext: FR0000120321, headquartered in Clichy, France, is the worlds leading cosmetics and beauty company. ... Eugène Schueller was a chemist and the founder of LOréal, the worlds leading company in cosmetics and beauty. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Liliane Bettencourt (born 21 October 1922) is one the richest people in France and one of the wealthiest people in the world. ... Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company. ... // Events and trends The 1910s represent the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th Century. ... Elizabeth Arden (December 31, 1878 - October 18, 1966) was a Canadian-born businesswoman who built a cosmetics empire in the United States. ... Helena Rubinstein was born in this house (Cracow). ... The cosmetic firm Max Factor was named after Max Factor, Sr (b. ... Revlon (NYSE: REV) is an American cosmetics company. ... Estée Lauder Companies Inc. ...

Controversy

The popularity of cosmetics in the 20th century has increased rapidly. Especially in the United States, cosmetics are being used by teens (especially teen girls) at a younger and younger age. Many companies have catered to this expanding market by introducing more flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery, sparkly packaging and marketing and advertising using young girls. Some social consequences of physical image continuously existing in the spot light have had much attention in the media over the last years.

Types of cosmetic

The various forms of makeup include:

• Lipstick, lip gloss, lip pencil.

• Foundation, used to color the face and conceal flaws to produce an impression of health and youth. Usually a liquid, cream or powder.

• Powder, used to set the foundation, giving a matte finish.

• Rouge, blush or blusher, used to color the cheeks and emphasize the cheekbones. This comes in powder, cream and gel forms.

• Bronzer, used to create a more tanned or sun-kissed look.

• Mascara, used to enhance the eyelashes.

• Eye liner and eye shadow, used to color and emphasize the eyelids (larger eyes compared to face is a sign of youth).

• Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, and powders are used to fill in and define the brows.

• Nail polish, used to color the fingernails and toenails.

• Concealer, a type of thick opaque makeup used to cover pimples, various spots and inconsistencies in the skin.

Also included in the general category of cosmetics are skin care products. These include creams and lotions to moisturize the face and body, sunscreens to protect the skin from damaging UV radiation, and treatment products to repair or hide skin imperfections (acne, wrinkles, dark circles under eyes, etc.). Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. ... Lip gloss products Lip gloss is a cosmetic product used primarily by teenage girls and women to give the lips shine and subtle color. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Matte refers to the following: the surface surrounding a framed picture, between the picture itself and the frame; usually made from coloured card a surface with a non-glossy finish (also matt or mat) a filmmaking technique a smelted sulfide material in extractive metallurgy a form of the name Matthew... A case of modern rouge powder and brushes. ... Mascara tube and wand applicator Mascara is a cosmetic used to darken, thicken and define eyelashes. ... A closed eye, displaying lashes The eye now open — lashes less visible An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. ... Eye liner Eye liner is a make-up used to define the eyes, to change their perceived shape or to create a certain mood: a razor-sharp matte line or smoky kohl contour may change the entire look of the face. ... Eye shadow being applied before a wedding Eye shadow is a cosmetic which is applied on the eyelids and under the eyebrows, to help make wearers eyes stand out or look more attractive. ... The human eye. ... Pink nail polish. ... Fingers of the human left hand The finger is any of the digits of the hand in humans and other species such as the great apes. ... Toes on foot. ... A conceler is a type of makeup used to cover pimples and spots. ...

Cosmetics can also be described by the form of the product, as well as the area for application. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions; powders, both pressed and loose; dispersions; and anhydrous creams or sticks.

Extreme cosmetics

Cosmetic contact lenses

In addition to over-the-counter cosmetic products, recent years have seen an increasing market for prescription or surgical cosmetic procedures. These range from temporary enhancements, such as cosmetic coloured contact lenses, to major cosmetic surgery. Download high resolution version (954x738, 312 KB) The photographer has in this case submitted the photo Cosmetic_Contact_Lenses. ... Download high resolution version (954x738, 312 KB) The photographer has in this case submitted the photo Cosmetic_Contact_Lenses. ... A pair of contact lenses when not inserted in the eye. ... Plastic surgery is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. ...

Many techniques, such as microdermabrasion and chemical or physical peels, remove the oldest, top layers of skin cells. The younger layers of skin left behind appear more plump, youthful, and soft. Permanent application of pigments (tattooing) is also used cosmetically. Microdermabrasion (often referred to as Microderm) is a cosmetic procedure popular in day spas and medical spas, in which the stratum cornea (outermost surface of the skin) is partially or completely removed by light abrasion. ...

Ingredients

Broadway actor Jim Brochu applies make-up before the opening night of a play.

Eye shadow being applied before a wedding

The Romans and ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing mercury. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 164 KB) Actor Jim Brochu puts on his makeup. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 164 KB) Actor Jim Brochu puts on his makeup. ... Broadway theatre[1] is often considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 1212 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Cosmetics ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 1212 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Cosmetics ... Eye shadow being applied before a wedding Eye shadow is a cosmetic which is applied on the eyelids and under the eyebrows, to help make wearers eyes stand out or look more attractive. ... Nubian wedding with some international modern touches, near Aswan, Egypt Preparing for the photographs, at a wedding in Thornbury Castle, England A traditional Japanese wedding ceremony A wedding is a civil or religious ceremony which celebrates the beginning of a marriage. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ...

Cosmetic colorants are highly regulated. In the US, the regulating body is the Food and Drug Administration. Each country or group of countries has their own regulatory agency that controls what can go into cosmetics. Many colorants in cosmetics are also used as food dyes. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food (humans and animal), dietary supplements, drugs (human and animal), cosmetics, medical devices (human and animal) and radiation emitting devices (including non-medical devices), biologics, and... The color of food is considered important in its enjoyment. ...

The red color of lipstick can come from iron oxide (rust) or from organic pigments. Typically, the pigment is crushed very finely while being mixed with castor oil. This pigment mixture is then mixed with a wax base to form a finished lipstick. The red color of some eyeshadows is from the dye carmine, made from the crushed bodies of the cochineal insect. This is extremely expensive and is used as rarely as possible. Pure carmine dye is usually more expensive than gold. Iron oxide pigment There are a number of iron oxides: Iron oxides Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide (FeO) The black-coloured powder in particular can cause explosions as it readily ignites. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Carminic acid Carmine, also called Cochineal, Natural Red 4, C.I. 75470 or E120, is a pigment of a bright red color obtained from the carminic acid produced by the cochineal insect, and is used as a general term for a particularly deep red color. ... Binomial name Dactylopius coccus Costa, 1835 Synonyms Coccus cacti Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudococcus cacti Burmeister, 1839 Cochineal is the name of both an expensive crimson or carmine dye and the cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus), from which the dye is derived. ...

Lipstick can contain the shimmery substance of fish scales called "pearl essence." Pearl essence is obtained primarily from herring and is one of many by-products of large-scale commercial fish processing. This is rarely used due to the high cost and extreme fragility of this type of colorant. The primary source of the pearlescent shine used in lipsticks, eyeshadows, and blush is mica, a natural, mined mineral. The mica, which is translucent, is coated with a very thin layer of titanium dioxide. This coating causes color to appear through interference effects with the mica; varying the thickness of the titanium dioxide changes the color.[1] Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. ... Species Clupea alba Clupea bentincki Clupea caspiopontica Clupea chrysotaenia Clupea elongata Clupea halec Clupea harengus Clupea inermis Clupea leachii Clupea lineolata Clupea minima Clupea mirabilis Clupea pallasii Clupea sardinacaroli Clupea sulcata Herrings are small oily fish of the genus Clupea found in the temperate, shallow waters of the North Atlantic... Rock with mica Mica sheet Mica flakes The mica group of sheet silicate minerals includes several closely related materials having highly perfect basal cleavage. ... Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. ...

Pearlescence of solid and liquid mixtures (e.g., lipsticks, shampoos and liquid soaps) is achieved by adding a suspension of tiny flakes of a suitable material, often a wax, e.g., glycol distearate. Several shampoos on a shower window Shampoo (Hindi: शम्पू) is a hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, environmental pollution and/or other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. ... Soap most commonly appears in bar form. ... Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by bees (beeswax) and used by them in constructing their honeycombs. ...

The search for new ingredients and products often brings controversy, typically over ingredients whose function is unproven or disputed.

Castor oil and its derivatives are used to make non-comedogenic cosmetics (cosmetics that don't exacerbate or contribute to acne) [2].

Potential dangers

There are few potential dangers regarding the use of cosmetics. One such danger is the use of old mascara. Some mascaras contain an ingredient that breaks down to produce formaldehyde. The formaldehyde prevents the growth of bacteria. Aged mascara, however, may no longer be producing formaldehyde, allowing bacteria to proliferate. For this reason, it is often recommended to replace a tube of mascara every few months .^[1][2] The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal), is a gas with a strong pungent smell. ...

In one well-known case, Buddy Ebsen was originally cast as the "Tin Man" in the The Wizard of Oz. Aluminum dust was used to create a tin effect. As the result of an allergic reaction, he was hospitalized and Jack Haley replaced him. Aluminum dust was, instead, added to a paste. Buddy Ebsen as Jed Clampett Buddy Ebsen (April 2, 1908 – July 6, 2003) was an American actor and dancer, who is best-remembered for his role as Jed Clampett in the popular television series The Beverly Hillbillies. ... The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. ... Jack Haley August 10, 1898-June 6, 1979, was an American film actor best known for his portrayal of The Tin Man (and farmworker Hickory) in The Wizard of Oz, which role he got only because actor Buddy Ebsen had a near-fatal reaction from ingesting the aluminum dust makeup...

Regulation of Ingredients

Legislation varies from country to country but most countries have some sort of formal legislation that either restrict or prohibit certain ingredients or products. There are two main sources for cosmetics safety. The EU Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC and the Canadian Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist.

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/cosmetics/html/consolidated_dir.htm

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/person/cosmet/hotlist-liste_e.html

Image gallery

Two geisha in full make-up conversing near the Golden Temple in Kyoto, Japan Image File history File links Download high resolution version (872x1052, 203 KB) Summary Description: A photograph I took of 2 Geisha conversing near the Golden Temple in Kyoto, Japan. ... Women dressed up as maiko (geisha apprentices), Kyoto, Japan wearing traditional kimono and okobo. ... Harimandir Sahib Harimandir Sahib or Darbar Sahib (also Hari Mandir, Harimandar and other variants; Punjabi: ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ or ਹਰਿਮੰਦਿਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ) is the most sacred shrine in Sikhism, located in Amritsar, Punjab, India. ... This article is about the city Kyoto. ...	Jennifer Berry, Miss America 2006, wearing make-up, including prominent eye liner and lipstick Image File history File links Jennifer_Berry_head. ... Jennifer Berry holding the Miss America crown. ... Miss America contestants visit Andrews Air Force Base in 2003 For the two Golden Age patriotically-themed comic book superheroines, see Miss America (comics). ... Eye liner Eye liner is a make-up used to define the eyes, to change their perceived shape or to create a certain mood: a razor-sharp matte line or smoky kohl contour may change the entire look of the face. ... Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. ...	Deidre Downs, Miss America 2005, wearing make-up, including prominent eye shadow, eye liner, and lipstick Image File history File links Deidre_Downs. ... Deidre Downs, Miss America 2005. ... Miss America contestants visit Andrews Air Force Base in 2003 For the two Golden Age patriotically-themed comic book superheroines, see Miss America (comics). ... Eye shadow being applied before a wedding Eye shadow is a cosmetic which is applied on the eyelids and under the eyebrows, to help make wearers eyes stand out or look more attractive. ...	Heather French, Miss America 2000, wearing make-up, including eye shadow, lip liner, and lipstick Image File history File links Heather_French. ... Heather French Heather Renee French won the title of Miss America in 2000, continuing a tradition of dominance by Southern contestants in the Miss America pageant. ... Miss America contestants visit Andrews Air Force Base in 2003 For the two Golden Age patriotically-themed comic book superheroines, see Miss America (comics). ...
Shauntay Hinton, Miss USA 2002, wearing make-up Image File history File links Shauntay_Hinton_head. ... Shauntay Hinton Shauntay Hinton won the Miss USA title in 2002 representing the District of Columbia. ... Miss USA 2006 Tara Conner who competed as Miss Kentucky USA Miss USA 2005 Chelsea Cooley who competed as Miss North Carolina USA Miss USA 2004 Shandi Finnessey who competed as Miss Missouri USA The Miss USA pageant (not to be confused with Miss America) is a beauty contest that...	Kathoeys on stage in Pattaya, Thailand, wearing make-up, including prominent eye shadow, rouge, and lipstick Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Kathoey working as Go-Go dancers in Bangkoks Nana Plaza. ... Thais enjoying Pattaya beach at sunset Pattaya City Pattaya (Thai: , RTGS: Phatthaya) is a city in Thailand, located on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand ( ), about 165 km southeast of Bangkok in the province of Chon Buri. ... Rouge means red in French and it can refer to: A fine powder of iron(III) oxide, used for polishing or cosmetics. ...	Actress Catherine Deneuve at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival wearing make-up, including eye liner and lipstick Image File history File links Download high resolution version (485x666, 64 KB) Summary cleaned up from Image:Catherine_deneuve. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Catherine Deneuve at Cannes in 2000. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...	Actress and model Milla Jovovich at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival wearing make-up, including lipstick Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x604, 53 KB) Milla Jovovich at Cannes in 2002. ... Supermodel Daniella Sarahyba. ... Milla (Militza) Jovovich (Serbian Милица Јововић/Milica Jovović, Ukrainian Cyrillic: Мілла Йовович/; born December 17, 1975) is a Ukrainian-born American supermodel, actress, musician, singer, and fashion designer. ...
Model Ellen Roche wearing make-up, including eye shadow, mascara, and rouge Image File history File links Download high resolution version (725x940, 135 KB) Description: en: The brasilian model Ellen Rocche de: Das brasilianische Model Ellen Rocche pt: pt:Ellen Rocche Note: Eventually some trademarks, registered visual identity or some person Registered elements or people that eventually can be found Ellen Rocche. ... Ellen Rocche. ... Mascara tube and wand applicator Mascara is a cosmetic used to darken, thicken and define eyelashes. ...	America's Next Top Model contestant Camille McDonald wearing make-up, including bright eye shadow and lipstick Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (783x1024, 392 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cosmetics Camille McDonald ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...	Dancer in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, wearing prominent make-up, including eye shadow, eye liner, rouge, and lipstick Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (480x640, 209 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cosmetics Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Yogyakarta (also Jogjakarta in pre-1972 spelling or Jogja) is a city and province of Indonesia on the island of Java. ...	1889 painting Woman at her Toilette by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (866x708, 177 KB) Henri Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901): woman_at_her_toilette_1889 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cosmetics ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cosmetics

• Body art
• Cosmeceutical
• Permanent makeup
• Testing cosmetics on animals
• Cosmetic surgery

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Complex Kadakali makeup is a form of body art Body art is art made on, with, or consisting of, the human body. ... Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products that are claimed, primarily by those within the cosmetic industry, to have drug-like benefits. ... Permanent makeup is a cosmetic technique which employs tattoos (permanent pigmentation of the dermis) as a means of producing designs that resemble makeup, such as eyelining (eye shadows and mascara) and other permanent enhancing colors to the skin of the face, lips and eyelids. ... Enos the space chimp before insertion into the Mercury-Atlas 5 capsule in 1961. ... Plastic surgery is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. ...

Notes

1. ^ "FDA/CFSCAN Cosmetics -- Shelf Life - Expiration Date"
2. ^ "When Good Makeup Goes Bad"

References

• "Ibn Sina's writing on Beauty"
• Burckhardt, Titus [1972]. Moorish Culture in Spain (in German). London: George Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-887752-28-5.

Titus Burckhardt, a German Swiss, was born in Florence in 1908 and died in Lausanne in 1984. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. ... George Allen & Unwin Ltd. ...

External links

• Article on history, ingredients and method of manufacture of lipstick
• The British Library - finding information on the cosmetics and toiletries industry
• Cosmetics and Your Health
• List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients (Health Canada)