Bebop or bop is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos and improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody. It was developed in the early and mid-1940s. It first surfaced in musicians' argot some time during the first two years of the Second World War. TMNT redirects here. ... Bebop and Rocksteady are fictional characters in the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series and the Archie TMNT Adventures comics as well as most of the classic TMNT video games. ... For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Tempo (disambiguation). ... Improvisation is the practice of acting and reacting, of making and creating, in the moment and in response to the stimulus of ones immediate environment. ... In Western music, harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity, and therefore chords, actual or implied, in music. ... Look up melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

History

The 1939 recording of "Body and Soul" by Coleman Hawkins is an important antecedent of bebop. Hawkins' willingness to stray — even briefly — from the ordinary resolution of musical themes and his playful jumps to double-time signaled a departure from existing jazz. The recording was popular; but more importantly, from a historical perspective, Hawkins became an inspiration to a younger generation of jazz musicians, most notably Charlie Parker, in Kansas City. Body and Soul is an album by the jazz tenor saxophonist Coleman Hawkins, including recordings made between 1939 and 1956. ... Coleman Hawkins Coleman Randolph Hawkins, nicknamed Hawk and sometimes Bean, (November 21, 1901 or 1904 - May 19, 1969) was a prominent jazz tenor saxophone musician. ... For other persons of the same name, see Charles Parker. ... Nickname: Location in Jackson, Clay, Platte, and Cass Counties in the state of Missouri. ...

In the 1940s, the younger generation of jazz musicians forged a new style out of the swing music of the 1930s. Mavericks like Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, and Thelonious Monk, were influenced by the preceding generation's adventurous soloists, such as pianists Art Tatum and Earl Hines, tenor saxophonists Hawkins and Lester Young, and trumpeter Roy Eldridge. Gillespie and Parker had traveled with some of the pre-bop masters, including Jack Teagarden, Hines, and Jay McShann. These forerunners of bebop began exploring advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, and chord substitutions, and the bop generation advanced these techniques with a more freewheeling and often arcane approach. For the Australian cricketer nicknamed Dizzy, see Jason Gillespie. ... For other persons of the same name, see Charles Parker. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Thelonious Sphere Monk (October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was a jazz pianist and composer. ... Arthur Tatum Jr. ... Earl Kenneth Hines, universally known as Earl Fatha Hines, (28 December 1903[1] Duquesne, Pennsylvania – 22 April 1983 in Oakland, California) was one of the most important pianists in the history of jazz. ... Lester Young Lester Willis Young (August 27, 1909 – March 15, 1959), nicknamed Prez, was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and clarinetist. ... Roy David Eldridge (January 30, 1911 – February 6, 1989) was a jazz trumpet player in the Swing era. ... Weldon Leo Jack Teagarden Trombonist (1905-1964) Weldon Leo Jack Teagarden (August 20, 1905 in Vernon, Texas - January 15, 1964) was an influential jazz trombonist and vocalist. ... James Columbus (Jay or Hootie) McShann (born in 1909 or January 12, 1916) is an American blues and Swing pianist, bandleader, and singer. ...

Minton's Playhouse in New York served as a workout room and experimental theater for early bebop players, including Charlie Christian, who had already hinted at the bop style in innovative solos with Benny Goodman's band. Minton’s Playhouse is a jazz club and bar located on the first floor of the Hotel Cecil at 210 West 118th Street in Harlem. ... This article is about the state. ... Charlie Christian (29 July 1916 – 2 March 1942) was an American jazz guitarist. ... Benny Goodman, born Benjamin David Goodman[1] , (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz musician and virtuoso clarinetist, known as King of Swing, Patriarch of the Clarinet, The Professor, and Swings Senior Statesman. // Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish...

Christian's major influence was in the realm of rhythmic phrasing. Christian commonly emphasized weak beats and off beats, and often ended his phrases on the second half of the fourth beat. Christian experimented with asymmetrical phrasing, which was to become a core element of the new bop style. Swing improvisation was commonly constructed in two or four bar phrases that corresponded to the harmonic cadences of the underlying song form. Bop improvisers would often deploy phrases over an odd number of bars, and overlap their phrases across bar lines and across major harmonic cadences. Christian and the other early boppers would also begin stating a harmony in their improvised line before it appeared in the song form being outlined by the rhythm section. This momentary dissonance creates a strong sense of forward motion in the improvisation. Swing improvisers commonly emphasized the first and third beats of a measure. But in a bebop composition such as Dizzy Gillespie's "Salt Peanuts," the rhythmic emphasis switches to the second and fourth beats of the measure. Such new rhythmic phrasing techniques give the typical bop solo a feeling of floating free over the underlying song form, rather than being tied into the song form. For the Australian cricketer nicknamed Dizzy, see Jason Gillespie. ... Salt Peanuts is a bebop tune composed by Dizzy Gillespie in 1942, also credited as with the collaboration of historical bebop drummer Kenny Clarke. ...

Swing drummers had kept up a steady four-to-the-bar pulse on the bass drum. Bop drummers, led by Kenny Clarke, moved the drumset's time-keeping function to the ride or hi-hat cymbal, reserving the bass drum for accents. Bass drum accents were colloquially termed "dropping bombs." Notable bop drummers such as Max Roach, Philly Joe Jones, Roy Haynes, and Kenny Clarke began to support and respond to soloists, almost like a shifting call and response. Kenny Clarke (born January 9, 1914 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania-died January 26, 1985 in Paris, France) was a jazz drummer and an early innovator of the bebop style of drumming. ... Maxwell Lemuel Roach (January 10, 1924 – August 16, 2007) was a bebop/hard bop percussionist, drummer, and composer. ... Joseph Rudolph (Philly Joe) Jones (July 15, 1923 – August 30, 1985) was an American jazz drummer. ... He is equally adept at gracefully backing a singer like Sarah Vaughan or in explosive interactions with the likes of John Coltrane, Chick Corea, Eric Dolphy, or Andrew Hill. ... Kenny Clarke (born January 9, 1914 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania-died January 26, 1985 in Paris, France) was a jazz drummer and an early innovator of the bebop style of drumming. ... In music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first. ...

This change increased the importance of the string bass. Now, the bass not only maintained the music's harmonic foundation, but also became responsible for establishing a metronomic rhythmic foundation by playing a "walking" bass line of four quarter notes to the bar. While small swing ensembles commonly functioned without a bassist, the new bop style required a bass in every small ensemble.

By 1950, a second wave of bebop musicians — such as Clifford Brown, Sonny Stitt, and Fats Navarro — began to smooth out the rhythmic eccentricities of early bebop. Instead of using jagged phrasing to create rhythmic interest, as the early boppers had, these musicians constructed their improvised lines out of long strings of eighth notes, and simply accented certain notes in the line to create rhythmic variety.

Musical style

Bebop differed drastically from the straightforward compositions of the swing era, and was instead characterized by fast tempos, asymmetrical phrasing, complex harmonies, intricate melodies, and rhythm sections that expanded on their role as tempo-keepers. The music itself seemed jarringly different to the ears of the public, who were used to the bouncy, organized, danceable tunes of Benny Goodman and Glenn Miller during the swing era. Instead, bebop appeared to sound racing, nervous, and often fragmented. But to jazz musicians and jazz music lovers, bebop was an exciting and beautiful revolution in the art of jazz. Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity, and therefore chords, actual or implied, in music. ... Look up melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Benny Goodman, born Benjamin David Goodman[1] , (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz musician and virtuoso clarinetist, known as King of Swing, Patriarch of the Clarinet, The Professor, and Swings Senior Statesman. // Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish... This article is about the jazz musician. ...

While swing music tended to feature orchestrated big band arrangements, bebop music was much more free in its structure. Typically, a theme (a "head," often the main melody of a pop or jazz standard of the swing era) would be presented in unison at the beginning and the end of each piece, with improvisational solos based on the major chords making up the body of the work. Thus, the majority of a song in bebop style would be improvisation, the only threads holding the work together being the underlying harmonies played by the rhythm section. Sometimes improvisation included references to the original melody or to other well-known melodic lines ("allusions," or "riffs"). Sometimes they were entirely original, spontaneous melodies from start to finish.

Bebop music extended the jazz vocabulary by exploring new harmonic territory through the use of altered chords and chord substitutions (using a different chord than originally composed, such as a diminished or flattened fifth, the "blue note"). While this produced a more colorful and rich harmonic sound than past jazz styles, it also required a highly trained musician to execute well. Melodies grew in complexity from those of swing jazz, and began to twist, turn, and jump rapidly to follow quickly-changing chord progressions. In music, an altered chord, an example of alteration, is a chord with one or more diatonic notes replaced by, or altered to, a neighboring pitch in the chromatic scale. ... In jazz and blues notes added to the major scale for expressive quality, loosely defined by musicians to be an alteration to a scale or chord that makes it sound like the blues. ... Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of jazz music that solidified as a distinctive style during the 1930s in the United States. ... A chord progression, as its name implies, is a series of chords played in an order. ...

As bebop grew from its swing-era roots, these progressions often were taken directly from popular swing-era songs and reused with a new and more complex bebop melody, forming new compositions known as a contrafacts. While contrafaction was already a well-established practice in earlier jazz, it came to be central to the bebop style. Musicians and audiences alike were able to find something familiar in this new exotic sound, but perhaps more importantly, small record labels such as Savoy, often avoided paying copyright fees for pop tunes. A contrafact is a new musical composition built out of an already existing one, most often a new melody overlaid on a familiar harmonic structure. ... Savoy Records the name of two record labels, one in the United States of America, and the other in the United Kingdom. ... Not to be confused with copywriting. ...

Specific harmonic vocabulary

The predominating contour of bebop melodies is that they tend to ascend in arpeggios and descend in scale steps - the composed melody to Donna Lee (a be-bop tune based on the changes of the '30s pop tune Indiana) being a classic example. While a stereotype, an examination of improvised and written be-bop melodies shows this to be a key quality of the music.

Ascending arpeggios are frequently of diminished seventh chords, which function as 7b9 chords of various types. Typical scales used in bebop include the bebop major, minor and dominant (see below), the harmonic minor and the chromatic.

The half-whole diminished scale is also occasionally used, and in the music of Thelonious Monk especially, the whole tone scale. The diminished scale is a musical scale the pitches of which ascend in alternating whole tones and semitones. ... Thelonious Sphere Monk (October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was a jazz pianist and composer. ... In music, a whole tone scale (set form 6-35, 02468t) is a scale in which each note is separated from its neighbors by the interval of a whole step. ...

Of the modes of the ascending melodic minor, such as the altered scale and lydian dominant beloved of many modern jazz educators, there is little or no sign — it is widely thought that John Coltrane was among the first to use them, but as with many things in Jazz history, it's hard to be certain. This article is about modes as used in music. ... A minor scale in musical theory can be viewed as the sixth mode of the major scale. ... In music, an altered scale is a scale in which all of the notes of the scale except the tonic have been flattened (lowered in pitch) by an interval of a half step from a major scale. ... Coltrane redirects here. ...

Bebop frequently elaborates arpeggios with extra chromatic and scalar passing notes, some of which seem perverse. The flattened seventh is frequently added to major seventh arpeggios, the major to dominant chords and minor chords. Phrases frequently terminate on the 9th of the chord — a traditionally dissonant tone. Perversion is a term and concept describing those types of human behavior that are perceived to be a deviation from what is considered to be orthodox or normal. ...

Bebop was also heavily characterized by melodic use of the flatted fifth. This is related to the harmonic technique of tritone substitution, popularised during the pre-war era by the pianist Art Tatum. Here, the familiar series of perfect cadences is replaced by chromatic motion of the root. Thus, the standard "iim7 - V7 - I" sequence, a building block of the 20th century popular song, is reconstructed as "iim7 - bII7 - I". A bebop pianist, confronted with a chord marked as G7 (G dominant seventh) resolving to C, would often replace it with Db7 (Db dominant seventh). The tritone substitution could also be used within a standard dominant (V7) chord: for example, the G7 chord above could be a Db7 chord with G as the bass (another example of a flatted fifth). The original chord and the substituted chord share two important tones, the third and the seventh (in this case B and F). This article is about the musical interval. ... In jazz music a tritone substitution is the use in a chord progression of a dominant seventh chord (major/minor seventh chord) that is three steps (a tritone) away from the original dominant seventh chord. ... Arthur Tatum Jr. ...

Later codifications of bebop harmony emerged, notably in the teachings of pianist/educator Barry Harris, who encouraged players to learn "bebop scales" for improvising such as the Bebop Dominant 7th Scale (1 2 3 4 5 6 b7 7) and the Bebop Major Scale (1 2 3 4 5 #5 6 7) (although Barry himself refers to them by a different name.) A feature of these scales is that when they are played in 8th notes, up or down, players automatically play a tone featured in the corresponding chord on every 4/4 beat. These scales are often disguised by playing them through segments of an octave, changing direction on chord tones, or enclosing chord tones with a chromatic tone above and below the chord tone. Both of these techniques allow the improviser to embellish the bebop scale without sacrificing the effect of chord tones on every 4/4 beat. 2002 Recording For the dance music performer and DJ, see Barry Harris (DJ). ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Another important technique is anticipation — where a chord is expressed before it appears, and expansion, where the improviser holds on to it into the next chord. Again Parker's recorded solos have many examples of this technique, which creates dissonance.

Many bebop progressions and solos make heavy use of tonicization, but this is typical of harmonic jazz in general. In music, tonicization is the treatment of a pitch other than the overall tonic as a temporary tonic in a composition. ...

Overall, bebop seems to have taken many of the raw materials of swing and liberated them — the underlying harmony and rhythm of improvised jazz lines became more malleable, and improvisers embraced this new freedom with relish. However, the raw materials of be-bop and swing era jazz; 12 bar blues forms and the pop songs of the 1930's; remained central, with tunes like I Got Rhythm, Cherokee and How High the Moon forming central planks of the education of almost every subsequent generation of jazz musician.

Instrumentation

The classic bebop combo consisted of saxophone, trumpet, bass, drums, and piano. This was a format used (and popularized) by both Charlie Parker (alto sax) and Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet) in their 1940s groups and recordings, sometimes augmented by an extra saxophonist or guitar, occasionally adding other horns (often a trombone), or other strings (usually fiddle or violin) or dropping an instrument and leaving only a quartet. For other persons of the same name, see Charles Parker. ... The saxophone (colloquially referred to as sax) is a conical-bored musical instrument usually considered a member of the woodwind family. ... For the Australian cricketer nicknamed Dizzy, see Jason Gillespie. ... Trumpeter redirects here. ...

Although only one part of a rich jazz tradition, bebop music continues to be played regularly throughout the world. Trends in improvisation since its era have changed from its harmonically-tethered style, but the capacity to improvise over a complex sequence of altered chords is a fundamental part of any jazz education.

Etymology of word

The word "bebop" is usually stated to be nonsense syllables (vocables) which were generated in scat singing, and is supposed to have been first attested in 1928.^[1] One speculation is that it was a term used by Charlie Christian, because it sounded like something he hummed along with his playing.^[2] However, possibly the most plausible theory is that it derives from the cry of "Arriba ! Arriba !" used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands.^[3] This squares with the fact that, originally, the terms "bebop" and "rebop" were used interchangeably. By 1945, the use of "bebop"/"rebop" as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music, for instance Lionel Hampton's "Hey Ba-Ba-Re-Bop", and a few years later in rock and roll, for instance Gene Vincent's "Be-Bop-A-Lula" (1956). Charlie Christian (29 July 1916 – 2 March 1942) was an American jazz guitarist. ... Lionel Hampton with George W. Bush Lionel Leo Hampton (April 20, 1908, Louisville, Kentucky – August 31, 2002 New York City), was a jazz bandleader and percussionist. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Gene Vincent, real name Vincent Eugene Craddock, (February 11, 1935 - October 12, 1971) was an American rocknroll pioneer musician, best known for his hit Be-Bop-A-Lula. // His parents, Ezekiah Jackson and Mary Louise Craddock, were shop owners in Norfolk, Virginia. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

Bebop's influence

By the mid-1950s musicians (Miles Davis and John Coltrane among others) began to explore directions beyond the standard bebop vocabulary. Simultaneously, other players expanded on the bold steps of bebop: "cool jazz" or "West Coast jazz", modal jazz, as well as free jazz and avant-garde forms of development from the likes of George Russell. Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, widely considered to be one of the most influential of the 20th century. ... Coltrane redirects here. ... CD reissue of Daviss 1957 LP Birth of the Cool, collecting much of his 1949 to 1950 work. ... West coast jazz is a form of jazz music that developed around Los Angeles at about the same time as hard bop jazz was developing in New York City, in the 1950s and 1960s. ... Modal jazz is jazz played using musical modes rather than chord progressions. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ... George Allen Russell (born June 23, 1923) is an American jazz composer and theorist. ...

Bebop style also influenced the Beat Generation whose spoken-word style drew on jazz rhythms, and whose poets often employed jazz musicians to accompany them. The bebop influence also shows in rock and roll, which contains solos employing a form similar to bop solos, and "hippies" of the 60s and 70s, who, like the boppers had a unique, non-conformist style of dress, a vocabulary incoherent to outsiders, and a communion through music. Fans of bebop were not restricted to the USA; the music gained cult status in France and Japan. Beats redirects here. ... Spoken word is a form of literary art or artistic performance in which lyrics, poetry, or stories are spoken rather than sung. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ...

More recently, Hip-hop artists (A Tribe Called Quest, Guru) have cited bebop as an influence on their rapping and rhythmic style. Bassist Ron Carter even collaborated with A Tribe Called Quest on 1991's The Low End Theory, and vibraphonist Roy Ayers and trumpeter Donald Byrd were featured on Jazzmattazz, by Guru, in the same year. Bebop samples, especially bass lines, ride cymbal swing clips, and horn and piano riffs are found throughout the hip-hop compendium. For other uses, see Hip hop (disambiguation). ... A Tribe Called Quest is a critically acclaimed and highly-influential American hip-hop group, formed in 1988. ... For other uses, see Guru (disambiguation). ... Ron Carter (born May 4, 1937, Ferndale, Michigan) is an American jazz bassist. ... The Low End Theory is the critically acclaimed alternative hip hop second album by A Tribe Called Quest, released on September 24, 1991 (see 1991 in music) on Jive Records. ... Roy Ayers (born September 10, 1940, Los Angeles) is a funk, soul and jazz vibraphone player. ... Donaldson Toussaint LOuverture Byrd II (born December 9, 1932) is an American jazz and rhythm and blues trumpeter, born in Detroit, Michigan. ...

References

• Berendt, Joachim E. The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to Fusion and Beyond. Trans. Bredigkeit, H. and B. with Dan Morgenstern. Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill & Co., 1975.
• Deveaux, Scott.. The Birth of Bebop: A Social and Musical History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
• Gidden, Gary. Celebrating Bird: The Triumph of Charlie Parker. New York City: Morrow, 1987.
• Gioia, Ted. The History of Jazz. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Baillie, Harold B. Swing to Bop: An Oral History of the Transition of Jazz in the 1940s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
• Rosenthal, David. Hard bop: Jazz and Black Music, 1955-1965. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
• Verve History of Jazz page on Bebop

Samples

• Download sample of "Bird of Paradise" by Charlie Parker from In a Soulful Mood
• Download sample of "Cheryl", featuring Charlie Parker and Miles Davis

For other persons of the same name, see Charles Parker. ... Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, widely considered to be one of the most influential of the 20th century. ...

Videos

• Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie

• Charlie Christian bio

• A comprehensive explanation of Bebop

Bebop musicians

Main article: List of Bebop musicians For the main article, please see Bebop. ...

Notable musicians identified with bebop:

• Cannonball Adderley, alto sax
• Art Blakey, Drums
• Clifford Brown, trumpet
• Ray Brown, bass
• Don Byas, tenor sax
• Charlie Christian, guitar
• Kenny Clarke, drums
• John Coltrane, tenor sax
• Tadd Dameron, piano
• Miles Davis, trumpet
• Kenny Dorham, trumpet
• Carl Fontana, trombone
• Curtis Fuller, trombone
• Dizzy Gillespie, trumpet
• Dexter Gordon, tenor sax
• Wardell Gray, saxophone
• Al Haig, piano
• Sadik Hakim, piano
• Barry Harris, piano
• Percy Heath, bass
• Milt Jackson, vibes
• J. J. Johnson, trombone
• Duke Jordan, piano
• Lee Konitz, alto sax
• Stan Levey, drums
• Lou Levy, piano
• John Lewis, piano
• Dodo Marmarosa, piano
• Howard McGhee, trumpet
• Charles McPherson, Alto Sax
• Charles Mingus, bass
• Thelonious Monk, piano
• Wes Montgomery, guitar
• Fats Navarro, trumpet
• Charlie Parker, alto sax
• Chet Baker, trumpet
• Oscar Pettiford, bass
• Tommy Potter, bass
• Bud Powell, piano
• Max Roach, drums
• Red Rodney, trumpet
• Sonny Rollins, tenor sax
• Frank Rosolino, trombone
• Sonny Stitt, tenor and alto sax
• Lucky Thompson, tenor sax
• George Wallington, piano

Cannonball Adderley, 1960 Julian Edwin Cannonball Adderley (September 15, 1928 - August 8, 1975), originally from Tampa, Florida, was a jazz alto saxophonist of the small combo era of the 1950s and 1960s. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Clifford Brown (October 30, 1930 – June 26, 1956) was an influential and highly rated American jazz trumpeter. ... Raymond Matthews Brown (October 13, 1926–July 2, 2002) was an American jazz double bassist. ... Carlos Wesley (Don) Byas (October 21, 1912-August 24, 1972) was a popular African-American jazz musician born in Muskogee, Oklahoma in the United States. ... Charlie Christian (29 July 1916 – 2 March 1942) was an American jazz guitarist. ... Kenny Clarke (born January 9, 1914 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania-died January 26, 1985 in Paris, France) was a jazz drummer and an early innovator of the bebop style of drumming. ... Coltrane redirects here. ... Tadley Ewing Peake (Tadd) Dameron (February 21, 1917 – March 8, 1965) was an American jazz pianist, arranger, and composer. ... Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, widely considered to be one of the most influential of the 20th century. ... McKinley Howard (Kenny) Dorham (August 30, 1924 - December 5, 1972) was an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and composer born in Fairfield, Texas. ... Carl Fontana (July 18, 1928 - October 9, 2003) was a jazz trombonist. ... Curtis DuBois Fuller (born in Detroit, December 15, 1934) is a United States jazz trombonist. ... For the Australian cricketer nicknamed Dizzy, see Jason Gillespie. ... Dexter Gordon (February 27, 1923–April 25, 1990) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, and an Academy Award-nominated actor. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. ... Sadik Hakim (born Argonne Thornton on July 15 1919 in Duluth, Minnesota; died in New York in 1983) was an American jazz pianist and composer. ... 2002 Recording For the dance music performer and DJ, see Barry Harris (DJ). ... Percy Heath, (April 30, 1923 – April 28, 2005), was a jazz musician, most famous for his 40+ years as the double bass player for the Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ). ... Milton (Milt) Jackson (January 1, 1923 – October 9, 1999) was an American jazz vibraphonist and one of the most important figures in the hard bop style. ... J. J. Johnson, in about the mid-1960s J. J. Johnson (born James Louis Johnson) in Indianapolis, Indiana, (January 22, 1924 - elements of both classical and jazz music. ... Irving Sidney Jordan (April 1, 1922–August 8, 2006[1]) was an American Jazz pianist. ... Lee Konitz (born 1927 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American jazz composer and saxophone player. ... Stan Levey (April 5, 1926 — April 19, 2005) was a U.S. jazz drummer. ... Lou Levy (1928 – 2001) was a bop-based pianist who worked with many top jazz artists. ... John Aaron Lewis (3 May 1920 – 29 March 2001) was an American jazz pianist and composer best known as the musical director of the Modern Jazz Quartet. ... Michael Dodo Marmarosa (1925 - September 17, 2002) was an American bebop pianist born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... Howard McGhee (b March 6, 1918 Tulsa, OK - d July 17, 1987 NYC) Bebob jazz trumpeter known for lightening fast fingers and very high notes. ... There are two notable people named Charles McPherson: Charles McPherson, a jazz saxophonist Charles Duncan McPherson, a cabinet minister in Manitoba This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Charles Mingus (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American jazz bassist, composer, bandleader, and occasional pianist. ... Thelonious Sphere Monk (October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was a jazz pianist and composer. ... John Leslie Wes Montgomery (6 March 1923 - 15 June 1968) was an American jazz guitarist and the grandfather of actor Anthony Montgomery. ... Theodore (Fats) Navarro (24 September 1923 – 6 July 1950) was an American jazz trumpet player. ... For other persons of the same name, see Charles Parker. ... Chesney Henry Chet Baker Jr. ... Oscar Pettiford (Okmulgee, Oklahoma, 30 September 1922-Copenhagen, Denmark, 8 September 1960) was an American jazz bassist, cellist and composer known particularly for his pioneering work in bebop. ... Tommy Potter, (born Charles Thomas Potter) Philadelphia, PA on September 21 1918 - died March 1st 1988, was a jazz double bass player. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Maxwell Lemuel Roach (January 10, 1924 – August 16, 2007) was a bebop/hard bop percussionist, drummer, and composer. ... Robert Roland Chudnick (September 27, 1927–May 27, 1994), who performed as Red Rodney, was an American jazz trumpeter. ... Theodore Walter Sonny Rollins (born September 7, 1930 in New York City) is an American jazz tenor saxophonist. ... Frank Rosolino (August 20, 1926 - November 26, 1978) was an American jazz trombonist. ... Sonny Stitt, a quintessential bop saxophonist. ... Eli (Lucky) Thompson (born in 1924) was an American jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist. ... George Wallington (1924–1993) was a highly regarded American bop pianist and composer. ... For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... Acid jazz (sometimes groove jazz) is a musical genre that combines jazz influences with elements of soul music, funk, disco and hip hop. ... Asian American jazz is a musical movement in the United States begun in the 20th century by Asian American jazz musicians. ... Avant-jazz (also known as avant-garde jazz) is a style of music and improvisation that combines elements of avant-garde art music composition with elements of traditional jazz. ... In the wake of fusions decline in the mid-1970s, jazz artists who continued to seek wider audiences began incorporating a variety of popular sounds into their music, forming a group of accessible styles that became known as Crossover Jazz. ... Dixieland music is a style of jazz. ... Calypso jazz is a style of music and improvisation that combines elements of calypso music with elements of traditional jazz. ... Chamber jazz is a genre of jazz based around small, acoustic-based ensembles where group interplay is important. ... CD reissue of Daviss 1957 LP Birth of the Cool, collecting much of his 1949 to 1950 work. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Hard bop is an extension of bebop (bop) music which incorporates influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in the saxophone and piano playing. ... Jazz blues or in its second name Jlues is a musical style that combines jazz and blues. ... Jazz-funk is a sub-genre of jazz music characterized by a strong back beat, electrified sounds. ... Jazz fusion (or jazz-rock fusion or fusion) is a musical genre that merges elements of jazz with other styles of music, particularly pop, rock, folk, reggae, funk, metal, country, R&B, hip hop, electronic music and world music. ... Jazz rap is a fusion of alternative hip hop music and jazz, developed in the very late 1980s and early 1990s. ... Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz harmonies from the United States. ... Mainstream jazz is a genre of jazz music that was first used in reference to the playing styles of musicians like Buck Clayton among others; performers who once heralded from the era of big band swing music whom did not abandon swing for bebop, instead performing the music in smaller... Originating in Haiti during the 1960s, the mini-jazz movement was influenced by other Caribbean music styles, the British Invasion, and French pop. ... Modal jazz is jazz played using musical modes rather than chord progressions. ... M-Base is a form of modern jazz music which reached its peak in the mid-to-late-80s and early 90s. ... Nu-jazz (sometimes electro-jazz) was coined in the late 1990s to refer to styles which combine jazz textures and sometimes jazz instrumentation with electronic music. ... Smooth Jazz, also sometimes referred to as new adult contemporary music,[1] is generally described as a genre of music that utilizes instruments (and, at times, improvisation) traditionally associated with jazz and stylistic influences drawn from mostly R&B, but also funk and pop. ... Soul jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong blues and gospel influences in music for small groups featuring keyboards, especially the Hammond organ. ... Ska jazz is a musical form derived by combining the melodic content of jazz with the rhythmical and harmonic content of ska. ... For other uses, see swing. ... Trad jazz, short for traditional jazz is a music genre popular in Britain and Australia from the 1940s onward through the 1950s and which still has enthusiasts today. ... West coast jazz is a form of jazz music that developed around Los Angeles at about the same time as hard bop jazz was developing in New York City, in the 1950s and 1960s. ... Cover from album by Bud Powell. ... Jazz guitar refers to the use of guitar in jazz music. ... Jazz standard refers to a tune that is widely known, performed, and recorded among jazz musicians. ... Jazz royalty is a term that reflects the many great jazz musicians who have some sort of royal title in their names or nicknames. ... A jazz band (or jazz ensemble) is a musical ensemble that plays jazz music usually without a conductor. ... A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s, although there are many big-bands around nowadays. ... The origin of the word jazz is one of the most sought-after word origins in modern American English. ... The following is a list of jazz standards (Note: there is a listing of 1000 jazz standards at www. ... The following is a list of jazz albums, which were initially released on LP records or compact discs. ... Acid jazz Avant-jazz Bebop Dixieland Dixieland revival Calypso jazz Chamber jazz Contemporary jazz Cool jazz Creative jazz Crossover jazz European free jazz Franchesca jazz Free funk Free jazz Groove jazz Gypsy jazz Hard bop Jazz blues Jazz-funk Jazz fusion Jazz rap Jazz rock Kansas City Jazz Latin jazz... This is a list of notable jazz music festivals, broken down geographically. ... // Artel Jazz Club Bulls Head, Barnes (The) Ealing Jazz Club Jazz Cafe Pizza Express Jazz Club [[Ronnie Scott|Ronnie Scotts] Manchester Matt and Phreds Churchill Grounds in Midtown Five Spot in L5P Jazz Door (closed) Lennys on the Turnpike (closed) Lulu Whites (closed) Pauls Mall... This is a list of jazz musicians on whom Wikipedia has articles. ... The following is a list of noted jazz bassists with Wikipedia articles. ... This is an alphabetical list of jazz trumpeters for whom Wikipedia has articles. ... This is a list of jazz saxophonists. ... This list of jazz drummers attempts to include all those for whom Wikipedia has an article. ... See also Jazz guitar Category:Jazz guitarists by genre The following is a list of notable jazz guitarists, including guitarists from related jazz genres such as Western Swing, latin jazz, and jazz-rock fusion. ... This is an alphabetized list of notable pianists who play or played Jazz music. ... A jazz musician is someone who plays or sings jazz music. ... This is an alphabetical list of jazz clarinetists for whom Wikipedia has articles. ... This is a list of notable jazz trombonists: (see also: trombonists, [[Category:Jazz trombonists]], [[Category:Trombonists]], and [[Category:Classical trombonists]] Back to jazz, trombone, or trombonists. ... The following artists and bands have performed jazz fusion. ... The following artists and bands have performed smooth jazz. ...