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Beclamide (marketed as Chloracon, Hibicon, Posedrine, Nydrane, Seclar, and other names) is a propionate and was used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant. The propionate (also propanoate) ion is C2H5COO- (propionic acid minus one hydrogen ion). ...
A sedative is a drug that depresses the central nervous system (CNS), which causes calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. ...
The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ...
Side effects are uncommon but include stomach pain, nervousness, giddiness, skin rash and leucopenia. It is counter-indicated in breast feeding as it is passed in the milk. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences and alloys. ...
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ...
A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ...
A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 14. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...
The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ...
In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of medication that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ...
Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος (metabolismos), the Greek word for change, or overthrow (Etymonline)), is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. ...
The elimination half-life of a drug (or any xenobiotic agent) refers to the timecourse necessary for the quantity of the xenobiotic agent in the body (or plasma concentration) to be reduced to half of its original level through various elimination processes. ...
Excretion is the biological process by which an organism chemically separates waste products from its body. ...
The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother. ...
The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ...
Administration is oral, though it has an unpleasant taste. It is quickly absorbed and elimination is renal and complete within 48 hours.
It was studied in the 1950s for its anticonvulsant properties, as a treatment for generalised tonic-clonic seizures. It was not effective for absence seizures. It is no longer used as an AED. Interest in the drug resumed in the 1990s for its psychiatric properties as an adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia. This article is about the medical term, epileptic seizure, as distinct from psychogenic non-epileptic seizure. ...
In medicine, there are many kinds of generalized seizures. ...
References
- The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy by Stanley R Resor. Published by Marcel Dekker (1991). ISBN 0824785495.
- Beclamide (in French)
| Anticonvulsants edit | | Triazines edit | | {Lamotrigine} The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ...
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Lamotrigine (marketed as Lamictal by GlaxoSmithKline) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ...
| | | Pyrimidinediones edit | | {Primidone} The following are pyrimidinediones: cytidine fluorouracil idoxuridine primidone thymidine trifluridine uridine References Classe : PYRIMIDINEDIONE ...
Primidone, is an anticonvulsant of the pyrimidinedione class whose active metabolites, phenobarbital (minor) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) (major), are also anticonvulsants. ...
| | | Bromides edit | | {Potassium bromide} ==Definition==;-) A bromide ion is an bromine atom with charge -1. ...
Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the 1800s. ...
| | | Aldehydes edit | | {Paraldehyde} An aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a terminal carbonyl group or a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. ...
Paraldehyde is the cyclic form of three acetaldehyde molecules (a trimer). ...
| | | Valproylamides edit | | {Valpromide} {Valnoctamide} Valpromide (dipropylacetamide, α-propylvaleramide, Diprozin) is a carboxamide derivative of valproic acid that is considered safer to use than either valproic acid or sodium valproate. ...
Valnoctamide has been used in France as a tranquilizer and muscle relaxant since 1964[3] and as an anticonvulsant since starting in 1969 in Portugal. ...
| | | Fructose derivatives edit | | {Topiramate} Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods and one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose. ...
In mathematics, the derivative is one of the two central concepts of calculus. ...
Topiramate (brand name: Topamax®) is an anticonvulsant drug produced by Ortho-McNeil. ...
| | | Propionates edit | | {Beclamide} The propionate (also propanoate) ion is C2H5COO- (propionic acid minus one hydrogen ion). ...
| | | Aromatic Allylic Alcohols edit | | {Stiripentol} In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ...
An allyl group is an alkene hydrocarbon group with the formula H2C=CH-CH2-. It is made up of a vinyl group, CH2=CH-, attached to a methylene -CH2. ...
In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ...
| | | Carboxamides edit | | {Carbamazepine} {Oxcarbazepine} Carboxamides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Carbamazepine (Biston®; Calepsin®; Carbatrol®; Epitol®; Finlepsin®; Sirtal®; Stazepine®; Tegretol®; Telesmin®; Timonil®) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder; but also used to treat schizophrenia and trigeminal neuralgia. ...
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ...
| | | Ureas edit | | {Pheneturide} {Phenacemide} Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ...
| | | GABA analogs edit | | {Gabapentin} {Vigabatrin} {Progabide} {Pregabalin} Gabapentin (brand name: Neurontin®) is an anticonvulsant medication indicated in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. ...
Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant that inhibits the catabolism of GABA. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist. ...
Progabide (INN) is an analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid used in the treatment of epilepsy. ...
Pregabalin (brand name: Lyrica®) is a new anticonvulsant drug indicated as an add on therapy for partial onset seizures and for certain types of neuropathic pain. ...
| | | Oxazolidinediones edit | | {Trimethadione} {Paramethadione} {Ethadione} The following are oxazolidinediones: paramethadione trimethadione ethadione Categories: Pharmacology stubs | Antiepileptics ...
| | | Pyrrolidines edit | | {Brivaracetam} {Levetiracetam} {Seletracetam} Pyrrolidine is a nearly colorless liquid pyrrole to which four hydrogen atoms have been added. ...
Levetiracetam (brand name: Keppra®) is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy. ...
| | | Hydantoins edit | | {Ethotoin} {Phenytoin} {Mephenytoin} {Fosphenytoin} Hydantoins are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ...
Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx®, Parke-Davis) is a water-soluble phenytoin prodrug used in only in hospitals for the treatment of epileptic seizures. ...
| | | Sulfonamides edit | | {Acetazolamide} {Sultiame} {Methazolamide} {Zonisamide} Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid. ...
Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox®, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used to treat glaucoma, epileptic seizures, benign intracranial hypertension and altitude sickness. ...
Zonisamide (brand name Zonegran®) is an anticonvulsant used as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. ...
| | | Carbamates edit | | {Felbamate} {Meprobamate} {Emylcamate} {Phenprobamate} The carbamate functional group is formed when a carbon dioxide molecule reacts with the amino terminus of a peptide chain or an amino group of an amino acid, adding a COO− group to it and releasing a cation (H+ ion). ...
Meprobamate is a tranquilizing drug that acts as a depressant of the central nervous system and is commonly used in the treatment of anxiety and sometimes schizophrenia. ...
| | | Succinimides edit | | {Ethosuximide} {Phensuximide} {Mesuximide} Succinimides are drugs that can be used as anticonvulsants. ...
Ethosuximide is a succinimide anticonvulsant, used mainly in absence seizures. ...
| | | Fatty acids edit | | {Valproic acid} {Sodium valproate} {Divalproex sodium} {Tiagabine} In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...
Tiagabine is an anti-convulsive medication produced by Cephalon and marketed under the brand name Gabitril. ...
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| Barbiturates edit | | {Amobarbital} {Aprobarbital} {Butabarbital} {Butalbital} {Hexobarbital} {Mephobarbital} {Pentobarbital} {Phenobarbital} {Secobarbital} {Sodium thiopental} {Talbutal} {Thiobarbital} Barbiturates are drugs that acts as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...
Amobarbital is a barbiturate with sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter taste. ...
Butabarbital is a prescription sleep aid. ...
Butalbital, also called 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. ...
Pentobarbital is a barbiturate that is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol. ...
Phenobarbital (also phenobarbitone or Luminal) is a weak acid with the chemical formula C12H12N2O3. ...
Secobarbital is a Barbiturate and is available as either a free acid or a sodium salt. ...
Sodium thiopental also called Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone sodium, or trapanal is a rapid-onset, short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. ...
Talbutal (Lotusate®), also called 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. ...
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| Benzodiazepines edit | | {Diazepam} {Oxazepam} {Nitrazepam} {Temazepam} {Lorazepam} {Flunitrazepam} {Bromazepam} {Clobazam} {Clonazepam} {Chlordiazepoxide} {Triazolam} {Midazolam} {Alprazolam} {Estazolam} {Quazepam} {Clorazepate} {Medazepam} {Prazepam} {Flurazepam} Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ...
Diazepam, brand names: Valium, Seduxen, in Europe Apozepam, Diapam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, which possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. ...
Oxazepam is a benzodiazepine hypnotic sold under the name Serax. ...
Nitrazepam is a drug also sold under the trade name Mogadon. ...
Temazepam (Restoril, Normison) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for insomnia and other sleep disorders. ...
Structural formula of lorazepam Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety disorders and insomnia, as well as certain types of seizures. ...
Skeletal formula of flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam (trade name Rohypnol) is a sedative that was made in the early 1970s by Roche and was used in hospitals only for deep sedation. ...
Bromazepam (Compendium®, Creosedin®, Durazanil®, Lectopam®, Lexaurin®, Lexomil®, Lexotan®, Lexotanil®, Normoc®). Bromazepam is a Schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. ...
Clobazam is triazolobenzodiazepine, also known as a 1,5-benzodiazepine, meaning that its diazepine ring has its nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 5 positions instead of the usual 1 and 4. ...
Clonazepam (marketed by Roche under the trade-name Klonopin® in the United States and Rivotril® in Canada and Europe) is an anticonvulsant sedative-hypnotic anxiolytic (anti-anxiety drug), and a member of the benzodiazepine class of drugs. ...
Chlordiazepoxide (Trade name: Librium) was the first benzodiazepine to be made commercially available. ...
Triazolam (Halcion®, Novodorm®, Songar®) belongs to benzodiazepine group of drugs. ...
Midazolam, also known by the trade names Versed®, Hypnovel® and Dormicum®, is a benzodiazepine drug with an imidazole structure. ...
Alprazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety disorders. ...
Estazolam (ProSom®) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for short-term treatment of insomnia. ...
Quazepam (brand names Doral®, Dormalin®) is a long-acting benzodiazepine used to treat insomnia. ...
Clorazepate (brand name: Tranxene®) is a member of the group of drugs called benzodiazepines. ...
Flurazepam (marketed as Dalmane) is a benzodiazepine derivative which is used as a hypnotic. ...
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