|
The Bedouin, (from the Arabic badawī (بدوي), pl. badū), are a desert-dwelling Arab nomadic pastoralist, or previously nomadic group, found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and Negev to the Arabian Desert. Non-Arab groups as well, notably the Beja of the African coast of the Red Sea are sometimes called Bedouin. Bedouin resting at the mount sinai. ...
Bedouin resting at the mount sinai. ...
Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 For other uses, see Sinai (disambiguation). ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...
Nomadic pastoralism is a farming system where animals (such as cattle, sheep, goats, and camels), are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures. ...
Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ...
The Western Desert is a desert region West of the Nile in Egypt, extending to Libya. ...
Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 For other uses, see Sinai (disambiguation). ...
:For the light machine gun see IMI Negev. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Beja people are an ethnic group dwelling parts of North-Eastern and Eastern Africa including the area of the Horn of Africa. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ...
Traditional Bedouin cultures The Bedouins were divided into related tribes. These tribes were organized on several levels - a widely quoted Bedouin saying is "I against my brothers, I and my brothers against my cousins, I and my brothers and my cousins against the world." The saying signifies a hierarchy of loyalties based on closeness of kinship that runs from the nuclear family through the lineage, the tribe, and even, in principle at least, to an entire ethnic or linguistic group (which is perceived to have a kinship basis). Disputes are settled, interests are pursued, and justice and order are maintained by means of this organizational framework, according to an ethic of self-help and collective responsibility *(Andersen 14). The individual family unit (known as a tent or bayt) typically consisted of three or four adults (a married couple plus siblings or parents) and any number of children. www.flickr.com/photos/benqish For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ...
Bayt (بيت) is the Arabic word for house (or tent), deriving from a common semitic root that also gave rise to the letter Bet. ...
When resources were plentiful, several tents would travel together as a goum. These groups were sometimes linked by patriarchical lineage but just as likely linked by marriage (new wives were especially likely to have male relatives join nealogies to take in new members).
The largest scale of tribal interactions is of course the tribe as a whole, led by a Sheikh (literally, "elder"). The tribe often claims descent from one common ancestor — as mentioned above, this appears patrilineal but in reality new groups could have genealogies invented to tie them in to this ancestor. The tribal level is the level that mediated between the Bedouin and the outside governments and organisations.
Bedouins traditionally had strong honor codes, and traditional systems of justice dispensation in Bedouin society typically revolved around such codes. The bisha'a, or ordeal by fire, is a well-known Bedouin practice of lie detection. See also: Honor codes of the Bedouin, Bedouin systems of justice An honor code is a set of rules or principles governing a community based on a set of rules or ideals that define what constitutes honorable behavior within that comunity. ...
A re-enactment of the Bishaa ritual in the movie Yellow Asphalt Bishaa or Bisha (the ordeal by fire, trial by fire or fire test) is a ritual practiced today by some Bedouin tribes of the Judean, Negev and Sinai deserts for the purpose of lie detection. ...
Lie detection is the practice of determining whether someone is practicing deception. ...
Sharaf and Ird are Bedouin honor codes. ...
A re-enactment of the Bishaa ritual in the movie Yellow Asphalt Bedouin systems of justice are as varied as the Bedouin tribes themselves. ...
Bedouins are well known for practicing folk music, folk dance and folk poetry. See also: Bedouin music, Ardha, Ghinnawa Folk song redirects here. ...
Folk dance is a term used to describe a large number of dances, mostly of European origin, that tend to share the following attributes: They were originally danced in about the 19th century or earlier (or are, in any case, not currently copyrighted); Their performance is dominated by an inherited...
Ethnopoetics refers to poetic traditions which are typically seen as tribal or otherwise ethnic by the West (or indeed between any ethnoculturally different peoples). ...
Bedouin music is the music of nomadic Bedouin tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. ...
Ardhanarishvara (half male-half female God) Note the sculptures left is female and the right is male, depicting Shiva and his consort Shakti/Parvati. ...
Ghinnawas (literally little songs) are short, two line emotional lyric poems written by the Bedouins of Egypt, in a fashion similar to haikus, but similar in content to the American blues. ...
More in-depth discussions on these topics can be found in Chatty (1996) and Lancaster (1997).
The Bebouins
Changing ways of life Starting in the late 19th century, many Bedouins under British rule began to transition to semi-nomadism. In the 1950's as well as the 1960s, large numbers of Bedouin throughout the Middle East started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of the Middle East, especially as hot ranges have shrunk and population levels have grown. In Syria, for example, the Bedouin way of life effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961, which forced many Bedouin to give up herding for standard jobs. Similarly, government policies in Egypt and Israel, oil production in Libya and the Persian Gulf, as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
Map of the Persian Gulf. ...
Government policies pressuring the Bedouin into in some cases have been executed out of a desire to provide services (schools, health care, law enforcement and so on - see Chatty (1986) for examples), but in others have been based on the desire to seize land traditionally roved and controlled by the Bedouin.
The Israeli Case: History of the Urbanization Process  Rebecca Manski, BUSTAN Archives: "Goats grazing beneath disused garbage bins in the government township of Tel Sheva, on the Israeli side of the Green Line. The region is lauded as "Israel's Last Frontier," a pristine wilderness, while the government fails to extend proper municipal trash pickups within 'government-sanctioned' urban townships."
Counter to the image of the Bedouin as fierce stateless nomads roving the entire region, by the turn of the 20th century, much of the Bedouin population in Palestine was settled, semi-nomadic, and engaged in agriculture according to an intricate system of land ownership, grazing rights, and water access.[1] Bustan is a joint Israeli-Palestinian non-profit organization of eco-builders, architects, academics, and farmers who promot environmental and social justice in Israel/Palestine. ...
"We should transform the Bedouins into an urban proletariat - in industry, services, construction, and agriculture. 88% of the Israeli population are not farmers, let the Bedouin be like them. Indeed, this will be a radical move which means that the Bedouin would not live on his land with his herds, but would become an urban person who comes home in the afternoon and puts his slippers on..."
-Moshe Dayan to Haaretz, 1963[2]
Dayan said, in the years leading up to the building of the first recognized townships, "Without coercion but with governmental direction ... this phenomenon of the Bedouins will disappear." Today, many Bedouin call themselves 'Negev Arabs' rather than ‘Bedouin,’ explaining that 'Bedouin' identity is intimately tied in with a pastoral nomadic way of life – a way of life they say is over. Although the Bedouin continue to be perceived as nomads, today all of them are fully sedentarized, and about half are urbanites.[3]
The Unrecognized Villages Between 1948 and 1966, the new State of Israel imposed a military administration over Arabs of the region and designated 85% of the Negev "State Land." All Bedouin habitation on this newly-declared State Land was retroactively termed illegal and "unrecognized." Now that Negev lands the Bedouin had inhabited upwards of 500 years was designated State Land, the Bedouin were no longer able to fully engage in their sole means of self-subsistence – agriculture and grazing. The government then forcibly concentrated these Bedouin tribes into the Siyag (Arabic for 'fence') triangle of Beer Sheva, Arad and Dimona [4]. (By 2003, at least 75,000 citizens lived in 40 unrecognized villages. Today, all of these citizens and the children they have had since, live under the threat of demolition of their homes, and transfer into urban townships.) Beersheba or Beer Sheva (Hebrew באר שבע; Arabic بئر السبع Biʾr as-Sabʿ) is a city in Israel. ...
Arad may refer to: the following places in the Transylvania Arad, Romania, the main city of Arad County. ...
Hebrew ×“×™×ž×•× ×” Arabic ديمونة Founded in 1955 Government City District South Population 33,900 Jurisdiction 6,000 dunams (6 km²) Mayor Yitzhak Rochberger Dimona (‎) is an Israeli city in the Negev desert, 36 kilometers to the south of Beer-Sheva and 35 kilometers west of the Dead Sea above the Arabah valley...
Grazing In order to reinforce the invisible Siyag fence, the State employed a reining mechanism, the Black Goat Law of 1950. The Black Goat Law curbed grazing so as to prevent land erosion, prohibiting the grazing of goats outside recognized land holdings. Since few Bedouin territorial claims were recognized, most grazing was thereby rendered illegal. (Both Ottoman and British land registration processes failed to reach into the Negev region. Most Bedouin who had the option, preferred not to register their lands as this would mean being taxed.) Those whose land claims were recognized found it almost impossible to keep their goats within the periphery of their newly limited range. Into the 1970’s and ‘80’s, only a small portion of the Bedouin were able to continue to graze their goats. Instead of migrating with their goats in search of pasture, the majority of the Bedouin migrated in search of wage-labor.[5]
In 1979 Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon declared a 1,500 square kilometer area in the Negev, a protected nature reserve, rendering a major portion of the Negev almost entirely out of bounds for Bedouin herders. In conjunction, he established the 'Green Patrol,' [6] the ‘environmental paramilitary unit’ with the mission of fighting Bedouin ‘infiltration’ into national Israeli land by preventing Bedouin from grazing their animals, seen as creating 'facts on the ground.' During Sharon’s tenure as Minister of Agriculture (1977-1981), the Green Patrol removed 900 Bedouin encampments and cut goat herds by more than 1/3.[7] Today the black goat is nearly extinct, and Bedouin in Israel do not have enough access to black goat hair to weave tents.
Urban Townships Denied access to their former sources of sustenance, severed from the possibility of access to water, electricity, roads, education, and health care in the unrecognized villages, and trusting in government promises that they would receive services if they moved, in the 1970's and 80's tens of thousands of Bedouin resettled in 7 legal towns constructed by the government. (In 2003, about half of the Bedouin population of approximately 150,000 lived in 7 urban townships, and half lived in 40 unrecognized villages). Harvey Lithwick of the Negev Center for Regional Development points out that the towns did not offer any alternative means of livelihood (to self-subsistence off the land): “....the major failure was a lack of an economic rationale for the towns....” Today, Dayan’s vision of the transformation of the indigenous Bedouin into an urban proletariat has both manifested and failed: In the most established of Bedouin towns, over 25% of Bedouin men (not to speak of the women) are unemployed. Since Bedouin never receive permits to engage in agriculture, and grazing has been severely restricted, the only remaining source of income is trade in drugs and prostitutes. An additional 7 urban townships 'planned' by the government today have failed to incorporate the lessons of the urban ghettos built in the 1970's; feature any business districts, and no permits for Arab-owned industrial zones have been dispensed (as is the case throughout Arab towns across Israel). Few of those Bedouin still able to maintain a degree of self-sufficiency in the unrecognized villages through grazing and agriculture without a permit, see the urban ghetto as a desirable form of settlement.[8]
The main reason for the transfer of the Bedouin into townships against their will is demographic. Today there are around 160,000 Bedouins living in the Negev, and the number is increasing fast. With an annual growth rate of 5.5%, their birthrate is amongst the highest in the world;[1] there will be 320,000 Bedouin in the Negev by 2020. In 2003, Director of the Israeli Population Administration Department, Herzl Gadge, described polygamy in the Bedouin sector a “security threat” and advocated various means of reducing the Arab birth rate.The JNF's "Blueprint Negev" was introduced in 2005 as a way of combating the 'existential threat' to Israel's demographic Jewish majority that the Bedouin are perceived to pose. In 2005, the American head of the Jewish National Fund (JNF), Ronald Lauder, announced the JNF's ‘Blueprint Negev,’ aimed at settling over 500,000 Jewish people (particularly Americans) in the Negev/Naqab Desert by 2010. The numbers have since been revised down to 250,000. Ronald Lauder says: "Blueprint Negev answers the need for Jews in the Diaspora looking to make aliyah the pioneering way." [9] In May 2006, Peres announced that his first task as minister in charge of development of the Negev and Galilee is to push forward the construction of a new Jewish community in the Negev, Carmit. Carmit is the first of many such settlements under the Blueprint. YNet reports, “designated for wealthy, young American immigrants who want to make aliyah and live in style.”[10]
Environmental Concerns Concentrating the indigenous Bedouin into urban townships so as to preserve National Reserve spaces for tourist uses and Jewish-only development purposes has not preserved the pristinity of the ‘Last Frontier.’ Not long after Sharon’s 1979 decision to set aside a portion of the Negev as a nature reserve, the military soon took over the State Lands from which the Bedouin had been evicted, conducting exercises on JNF lands designated as park space. Some argue that these exercises cause erosion or leave behind 'footprints' that can remain for decades. This military range today amounts to 85% of the Negev (the Negev is 60% of Israel). In the remaining portion of the Negev available for civilian purposes, a large number of citizens live together in close proximity to a range of types of hazardous infrastructure. The most toxic infrastructure in the Negev, including waste dumps, mines, and chemical factories, is located adjacent to Bedouin villages and grazing grounds. In the past few decades, Bedouin of the region have come to share some 2.5 % of the desert with Israel's nuclear reactors, 22 agro and petrochemical factories, an oil terminal, closed military zones, quarries, a toxic waste incinerator Ramat Hovav, cell towers, a power plant, several airports, a prison, and 2 rivers of open sewage. [11]
Much of this infrastructure is located on the grounds of the unrecognized village of Wadi el-Na'am; the Ramat Hovav toxic waste facility, the largest in the region, as well as over half of Israel’s chemical plants, were built on village grounds starting in 1979. Ben Gurion University epidemiologist Batya Sarov, formerly a specialist at Chernobyl, told the Negev environmental justice organization BUSTAN: "The environmental monitoring at Chernobyl was better, and the health risks no more severe, than at Ramat Hovav."[12] Bustan is a joint Israeli-Palestinian non-profit organization of eco-builders, architects, academics, and farmers who promot environmental and social justice in Israel/Palestine. ...
Bedouin Under Palestinian Authority Jurisdiction Where Bedouin are under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, as in the area around Jericho, their grazing activities have been generally unrestricted. Bedouin in the West Bank continue to sustain their traditions.
Bedouin tribes and populations There are a number of Bedouin tribes, but the total population is often difficult to determine, especially as many Bedouin have ceased to lead nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles (see above) and joined the general population. Some of the tribes and their historical population: Image File history File links Bedouinnasserwadirum. ...
Image File history File links Bedouinnasserwadirum. ...
Wadi Rum Wadi Rum is a valley cut into the sandstone and granite rock in south west Jordan. ...
- Abbadi tribe found in Jordan.
- al-Ajman, eastern Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States
- alatwy tribe (also known as Beni Ateyah), live in northwestern part of Saudi Arabia, Tabuk province.
- Al Bin Ali
- Al Buainain
- Al Bu Romaih
- Al-Matheel Also spelt Mathil, a prominent Yemeni tribe based in the Damt region of Yemen, most have spread to the capital Sana'a
- al-Awazem, mostly located in Kuwait, with a small section in northeastern Saudi Arabia.
- Aniza, Some Anizes are of Bedouin tribes that lives in northern Saudi Arabia, western Iraq, the Gulf States, and the Syrian steppe.
- Bani Hajer (AlHajri) large and powerful tribe in Saudi Arabia and the eastern Gulf States
- Bani Rasheed in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and North Africa.
- Bani Khalid, a large tribe spanning Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, UAE, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and other countries. Its said they are the descendants of prophet Mohammeds companion "Khaled ibn Al-Waleed".
- Bani Truf in Ahwaz which is located in southwest of Iran near Iraqi border.
- Banu Yam centered in Najran Province, Saudi Arabia.
- Beni Sakhr in Syria and Jordan.
- al-Da'ajah Bedouin of Balqawi Amman in Jordan
- al-Duwasir, south of Riyadh, and Kuwait
- Ghamid, large tribe from Al-Bahah Province, Saudi Arabia. Mostly settled, but with a small bedouin section known as Badiyat Ghamid.
- Gil, A people group of Morocco; about 41,000 people. [1]
- Harb, a large tribe, centered around Medina, but also extending northwards towards Tabuk and eastwards towards Al-Qassim.
- Hareeb 100 Miles South of Marib in Yemen
- Howeitat in Wadi Araba, and Wadi Rum, Jordan
- Hajaya in al-Qatarneh, and al-Hasa, Jordan
- Al Jalahma
- Juhayna, a large tribe, many of its warriors were recruited as mercenaries during World War I by Prince Faisal. It surrounds the area of Mecca, and extends to Southern Medina
- Khawalid in Jordan, Israel, Palestinian territories, and Syria.
- Tuba-Zangariyye, Israel near Syria[2]
- Al Mannai
- al-Mawasi, a group living on the central Gaza Strip coast.
- Dulaim, a large tribe in Al Anbar western Iraq.
- al-Massaed tribe found in Jordan.
- al-Murrah in Saudi Arabia
- Al Muhannadi
- Murad, a tribe living 150 miles south-east of the capital of Yemen.
- Mutair, estimated at about 1,200,000 members;[citation needed] they live in the Nejd plateau, also, many families from the Mutair tribe live in the Gulf States, especially Kuwait.
- Muzziena in Dahab and South Sinai.
- Al Nuaim
- Negev Bedouins in Israel.
- al-Rashaydah, a large international tribe, originally centered around Medina, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait but also extending in Jordan, Egypt, Eritrea, Sudan, Libya and Mali, see also Bani Rasheed
- Rwala, a large clan from the Aniza tribe, live in Saudi Arabia, but extend through Jordan into Syria and Iraq, in the 1970s, according to Lancaster, there were 250,000-500,000 Rwala
- al-Qatarneh Bedouin of Balqa Amman in Jordan
- Shammar in Saudi Arabia, central, and western Iraq.
- Subay', central Nejd, and Kuwait
- Ubeidah, 150 miles west of the capital of Yemen
- Utaybah large tribe in western and central Saudi Arabia.
- Yahia, A people group of Morocco; about 96,000 people. [3]
- Zaab, a small tribe which live with the Al-Ajman, in eastern Saudi Arabia.
- Zahran, large tribe from Al-Bahah Province, Saudi Arabia.
- Riyalat, a large strong family lived through out the years and now their place is salt (a city in Jordan) in the mean time and it's said that they came from the hejaz (Saudi Arabia now)some say that this family comes from the largest arabic tribe called as eenize ((عنزي))in arabic.
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Anizzah (Arabic: , Anizah, Aniza) are a large Arab tribe of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and the Levant. ...
Bani Rasheed (Arabic: ) is one of the largest tribes in Arabian Peninsula. ...
Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...
Banu Khalid (Arabic: بنو خالد) the word Banu in Arabic means the sons of, or of the breed of, and Khalid is a name of one of the most powerful Islamic History warriors, Khalid ibn al-Walid who is said to be the great granfather of the Banu Khalid, there are other...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Iranian province of Khuzestan and has a warm & humid climate. ...
Banu Yam (Arabic: ) are a large tribe native to Najran Province in Saudi Arabia, and are the principle tribe of that area. ...
Najran (Arabic: نجران) is a province of Saudi Arabia, located in the south of the country along the border with Yemen. ...
A Bedouin man resting on a hillside at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic (), a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Riyadh (Arabic: ar-RiyÄá¸) is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Al-Baḥah IPA: (Arabic: الباØØ©) is a province of Saudi Arabia. ...
Gil can mean: Gil Island, one of several islands by that name Gil, a recurring character from The Simpsons Gil (Final Fantasy), the principal fictional currency in the Final Fantasy series Gilberto Gil, singer and songwriter, Minister of Culture of Brazil In the fictional Star Trek universe, Gil is a...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...
Tabuk (also spelled Tabouk) is the capital city of the Tabuk province in north western Saudi Arabia. ...
Marib (Arabic: مأرب) is a capital town of Marib Governorate, Yemen. ...
Wadi Rum Wadi Rum is a valley cut into the sandstone and granite rock in south west Jordan. ...
Ash Sharqiyah, known as Eastern Province is the largest province of Saudi Arabia, located in the east of the country on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, and has borders with Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen. ...
Juhayna is an Egyptian beverages and yoghurt giant. ...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...
This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...
This article is about the Palestinian territories as a geopolitical phenomenon. ...
Tuba-Zangariyye (Arabic: طوبه زنغرية) is an Israeli Arab local council in the North District. ...
al-Mawasi is an area on the coast of the Gaza Strip, approximately one kilometer wide and fourteen kilometers long, that prior to Israels unilateral withdrawal in 2005 existed as a Palestinian enclave completely surrounded by the Israeli settlement of Gush Katif. ...
Al Anbar (Arabic: ) is a province in the nation of Iraq. ...
The Al Murrah is a tribe of camel-herding nomads from eastern and southern Arabia. ...
Murad may refer to: In Ottoman nobility: Murad I, ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389 Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 Murad III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death Murad IV, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623...
Mutayr (Arabic: ; also spelled Mutair and Mtayr) is a large tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. ...
Evening in Dahab on the Gulf of Aqaba. ...
The Negev Bedouins (Arabic: Badawit an-Naqab) are traditionally pastoral semi-nomadic Arab tribes indigenous to the Negev region, who hold close ties to the Bedouins of the Sinai. ...
The Rashaida are a Bedouin people populating either side of the Red Sea, they come from a major tribe in mainland Arabia called Banu Abs, most of the Rashaida live in the Arabian Peninsula. ...
This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...
Bani Rasheed (Arabic: ) is one of the largest tribes in Arabian Peninsula. ...
The Ruwallah (Arabic: , singular Ruweili) are a large Arab tribe of northern Arabia and the Syrian Desert, including modern-day Jordan. ...
The tribe of Shammar (Arabic: Å ammar) is one of the largest tribes of Arabia, with over six million people in the Middle East. ...
Subay (Arabic: , also spelled Sbay, Sbei, and Subei) are a tribe of central Saudi Arabia. ...
Utaybah (Arabic: , also spelled Uteibah, Otaybah, and Oteibah) is a large tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This is a disambiguation page. ...
Al-Baḥah IPA: (Arabic: الباØØ©) is a province of Saudi Arabia. ...
Notes
References - Alush, Zvi. "New town for rich US immigrants: New southern town aims to attract affluent American immigrants" YNet 05.02.06
- Andersen, Roy R., Robert F. Seibert, Jon G. Wagner.Politics and Change in the Middle East: Sources of Conflict and Accommodation. Eighth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2007.
- Brous, Devorah. "The 'Uprooting:' Education Void of Indigenous 'Location-Specific' Knowledge, Among Negev Bedouin Arabs in Southern Israel;" International Perspectives on Indigenous Education. (Ben Gurion University 2004)
- Chatty, D Mobile Pastoralists 1996. Broad introduction to the topic, specific focus on women's issues.
- Chatty, Dawn. From Camel to Truck. The Bedouin in the Modern World. New York: Vantage Press. 1986
- Cole, Donald P. "Where have the Bedouin gone?". Anthropological Quarterly. Washington: Spring 2003.Vol.76, Iss. 2; pg. 235
- Falah, Ghazi. “Israeli State Policy Towards Bedouin Sedentarization in the Negev,” Journal of Palestine Studies, 1989 Vol. XVIII, No. 2, pp. 71-91
- Falah, Ghazi. “The Spatial Pattern of Bedouin Sedentarization in Israel,” GeoJournal, 1985 Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 361-368.
- Gardner, Ann. "At Home in South Sinai." Nomadic Peoples 2000.Vol.4,Iss. 2; pp. 48-67. Detailed account of Bedouin women.
- Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today 1981 (Second Edition 1997). Detailed examination of social structures.
- S. Leder/B. Streck (ed.): Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations. Nomaden und Sesshafte 2 (Wiesbaden 2005)
- Lithwick, Harvey. "An Urban Development Strategy for the Negev’s Bedouin Community;" Center for Bedouin Studies and Development and Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, August 2000
- Manski, Rebecca. "THE SCENE OF MANY CRIMES: SUFFOCATING SELF-SUBSISTENCE IN THE NEGEV;" News From Within, Vol. XXIV, No. 13, April 2006
- Manski, Rebecca. "Bedouin Vilified Among Top 10 Environmental Hazards in Israel;" News From Within, Vol. XXII, No. 11, December 2006
- Manski, Rebecca. "A Desert Mirage: The Rising Role of US Money in Negev Development" News From Within Vol. XXII No.8 October/November 2006
- Mohsen, Safia K. The quest for order among Awlad Ali of the Western Desert of Egypt.
- Thesiger, Wilfred (1959). Arabian Sands. ISBN 0-14-009514-4 (Penguin paperback). British adventurer lives as and with the Bedu of the Empty Quarter for 5 years
Sir Wilfred Patrick Thesiger KBE, DSO (3 June 1910 – August 24, 2003) was a British explorer and travel writer born in Addis Ababa in Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). ...
Location of the empty quarter in Arabia Sand dunes in the Empty Quarter The Empty Quarter (Arabic: Rub al Khali الربع الخالي), is one of the largest sand deserts in the world, encompassing the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula, including southern Saudi Arabia, and areas of Oman, the United Arab Emirates...
External links |
Feeds |
Contact