NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Belarusian Central Rada

The Belarusian Central Rada (Belarusian: Biełaruskaja Centralnaja Rada (The Belarusian central Council), German: Weißruthenischer Zentralrat) was nominally the government of Belarus from 1943-1944. It was a collaborationist government established by Nazi Germany. The state was similar in political formation to the Lokot Republic, a temporary political creation of the Wehrmacht in Russia in the period to 1944. Collaboration, literally, consists of working together with one or more other people. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The Lokot Republic (Russian: Ð›Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ñ‚ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°) was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi occupied Russia under an all-Russian administration from 1941 to 1943. ... German cavalry and motorized units entering Poland from East Prussia during the Polish Defensive War of 1939 Wehrmacht (helpÂ· info) (Defence force) was the name of the armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. ...

The puppet state consisted of several administrative divisions called Hauptgebieten:

The Hauptgebieten were subdivided further into Kreisgebieten. Minsk or Miensk (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is the capital and largest city in Belarus with a population of 1,780,000 (2006 estimate}. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ... Church in MaÅ‚adeÄna MaÅ‚adeÄna (also spelled: Maladzechna) (Belarusian: , Russian: , Polish: ) is a city in the Minsk Province of Belarus, an administrative center of the MaÅ‚adeÄna district. ... Categories: Belarus-related stubs | Towns in Belarus ... Mogilev, or MahiloÅ (Belarusian ÐœÐ°Ð³Ñ–Ð»Ñ‘Ñž (Mahilyow), Russian ÐœÐ¾Ð³Ð¸Ð»Ñ‘Ð² (Mogilev, Mogilyov), Polish Mohylew or Mogilew) is a city in eastern Belarus, close to the border to Russia with about 300,000 inhabitants. ... Homyel (Belarusian Ð“Ð¾ÌÐ¼ÐµÐ»ÑŒ, transliteration: HÃ³myel; Russian: Ð“Ð¾ÌÐ¼ÐµÐ»ÑŒ, transliteration: GÃ³mel) is the second-largest city of Belarus and the main city of Homyel Province. ... The city of Babruysk ( Belarusian: Бабру́йск; Russian: Бобру́йск. ... A view of Smolensk in 1912 Smolensk (Russian: ) is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River at 54. ... Hrodna City emblem Hrodna (or Grodna, Horadnia, Harodnia) (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: , Lithuanian: , German: ) is a city in Belarus. ... Brest (Belarusian: ; Russian: , formerly Ð‘Ñ€ÐµÑÑ‚-Ð›Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¾Ð²ÑÐº (Brest-Litovsk); in Polish as BrzeÅ›Ä‡ Litewski, BrzeÅ›Ä‡ nad Bugiem or BrzeÅ›Ä‡ BiaÅ‚oruski; Lithuanian: Lietuvos Brasta (literally meaning shallows of Lithuania) is a city (population 290,000 in 2004) in Belarus close to the Polish border where the Western Bug and Mukhavets Rivers meet. ... BaranaviÄy (Belarusian Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð²iÑ‡Ñ‹; Polish Baranowicze; Russian Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡Ð¸ (Baranovichi)) is a city in the Brest voblast in western Belarus with a population of 173 000 (as of 1995). ...

When Belarusian territory originally came under Nazi German control, the "Generalbezirke of Belarus" was established, including Navahradak, Polesia Voivodas, Hłybokaje and Vilejka districts at north of the Koch s Ukraine, Smolensk and all of Belarus. In 1942, the German civil authority was extended to Minsk, Słucak and Barysaŭ. The rest of Belarus remained under military control. Navahradak (ÐÐ°Ð²Ð°ÌÐ³Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ð°Ðº in Belarusian; Russian: Novogrudok; Polish: NowogrÃ³dek; Lithuanian: Naugardukas) is a city in western Belarus. ... Polesie (Polish spelling; Polissya, Полісся in Ukrainian, Polesye, Полесье in Russian, Palyessye or Palesse, Пале́сьсе in Belarusian, formerly also Polesia in Latin) is one of the largest European swampy areas, located in the South-Western part of the Eastern-European Lowland, within the territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Poland. ... A view of Smolensk in 1912 Smolensk (Russian: ) is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River at 54. ... Minsk or Miensk (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is the capital and largest city in Belarus with a population of 1,780,000 (2006 estimate}. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ... SÅ‚ucak or Slutsk (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a predominantly jewish town in Belarus, located on the SluÄ river, 105 km south of Minsk. ... A view of Barysau Barysau (Borisov) (Belarusian: Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹ÌÑÐ°Ñž; Russian: Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸ÌÑÐ¾Ð²) (population 150,700 as of 1999) is a town in Belarus situated near the Berezina River. ...

The purpose of this political organization was to encourage local support for German forces. The administration used ancient local Belarusian national symbols and traditions. For example, the symbol chosen for Belarusian Schutzstaffel (SS) legions was an ancient double cross of Efrasinnia Polackaia, with two bars equal in length and parallel to each other. The infamous double-sig rune SS insignia. ...

This "nation" had its origins in July 3, 1941, during the Reichskommissariat Ostland period. The German administrator in the Belarus area, Generalreichskmomissar Wilhem Kube, had his command center in Minsk, along with subordinated Kommissars in Minsk and Baranavičy. Ivan Jermačenka, "Herr Jawohl", a Belarusian collaborator who was the leader of "self-help" Belarusan groups that supported the Nazi regime. Kube announced that Jermačenka had been named the "Advisor on Belarusian affairs". Reichskommissariat Ostland was the German name for the Nazi civil administration of so called Eastern Territories of the Third Reich dring World War II, where Ostland (German for Eastern Territories) was the name given to the German occupied territories of the Baltic states, Belarus and Eastern Poland. ... Minsk or Miensk (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is the capital and largest city in Belarus with a population of 1,780,000 (2006 estimate}. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ... BaranaviÄy (Belarusian Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð²iÑ‡Ñ‹; Polish Baranowicze; Russian Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡Ð¸ (Baranovichi)) is a city in the Brest voblast in western Belarus with a population of 173 000 (as of 1995). ...

In June 1943, the Nazi Germans organized a local Vertruensausschuss, composed of native Kreisaltester (district chief) of districts and others six notable locals under presidency of Wraslaw Iwanowsky, the "Alderman" of Belarus. In 1943, Kube was killed by his Belarusian mistress, who planted a bomb into his bed. An alderman is a member of a municipal legislative body in a town or city with many jurisdictions. ...

General Reinhard Gehlen suggested in his memorandum to the German High Command that steps be taken to appeal to the Russian people to join Germans in the fight against partisans. So, General Kurt von Gottberg, who was assigned Kube's post, decided to offer Belarusian collaborators a limited form of national autonomy. Radasłaŭ Astroŭski, who was at that time a mayor of Smolensk, was selected by the SS to head the new regime. Astroŭski became the head of the local government "cabinet" Rada. Reinhard Gehlen (April 3, 1902 â€“ June 8, 1979) was a Major General in the German Wehrmacht during World War II, with the position of chief of intelligence-gathering on the Eastern Front. ... RadasÅ‚aÅ AstroÅski (also spelt Radaslau Astrouski and Radislaw Ostrowsky) was a Belarusian nationalist political leader. ... Rada is the term for council or assembly borrowed by Polish from Middle High German Rat (council) and later passed into Czech, Ukrainian, and Belarusian languages. ...

The SS established a special test for its Belarusian collaborators: only those who assisted the Einsatzgruppen (special task forces) would be permitted to become part of the civilian administration, to be established in the wake of the advancing troops. A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to execute Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942. ...

Sometime in spring of 1940, Dr. Franz Six, a former professor of political science and head of the Vorkommando (SS forward unit) for Einsatzgruppe B, made contact with the local branch of the Belarusian "self-help" organization in Warsaw and put together a task force of some thirty to forty trusted Belarusians to serve as guides, administrators and informers. Among them were Stanislau Stankevich, who later ran the city of Borisov, Emmanuel Jasiuk, who was assigned to the city of Klecak, and Jury Sabaleuski, who administered Baranovichi. Astroŭski was to organize the counties around Minsk and then follow the invasion forces to Russia. In a moment of optimism, the SS had designated Dr. Six's unit Vorkommando Moskau. SS-BrigadefÃ¼hrer Franz Six Dr. Franz Alfred Six (August 12, 1909 in Mannheim - July 9, 1975 in Bozen-Bolzano) first rose to prominence as dean of the faculty of Economics of the University of Berlin. ... Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... Belarusian: Бары́саў; Russian: Бори́сов) (population 150,700 as of 1999) is a town in Belarus situated near the Berezina River. ... Kletsk (Belarusian: , originally known as Klechesk, Polish: ) is a city in the Minsk voblast of Belarus, located on the Lan river. ... Baranovichi (Belarusian Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð²iÑ‡Ñ‹ | BaranaviÄy; Polish Baranowicze) is a city in the Brest voblast in western Belarus with a population of 173 000 (as of 1995). ... Minsk or Miensk (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is the capital and largest city in Belarus with a population of 1,780,000 (2006 estimate}. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ...

Six nominated two of his Belarusian collaborators to organize each city and town under military occupation. In Minsk, Astroŭski formed a municipal government subservient to Nazis, while Franz Kushel put together police forces. The SS equipped polizei with black uniforms and red armbands labeled "Polizei".

Borisov was under control of Stanislau Stankevich. He ruled Borisov, a town of some 15,000, more than half of them Jews, through Belarusian police force garbed in black SS-type uniforms with the white-red-white of Belarus on their armbands. Emanuel Jasiuk, was the wartime mayor of Klecak Belarusian: Бары́саў; Russian: Бори́сов) (population 150,700 as of 1999) is a town in Belarus situated near the Berezina River. ... Kletsk (Belarusian: , originally known as Klechesk, Polish: ) is a city in the Minsk voblast of Belarus, located on the Lan river. ...

In December 1940, German authority was confirmed in this political organization by the ordinance of Zentralrat (Central Council), and named "Weissrutenische Zentralrat". The principal function was to recruit from the local population the Belarusian "Interior Guard" (BKA) as a native collaborationist police service, the origin of next Belarusian volunteer units in Wehrmacht and Waffen SS legion. Waffen-SS recruitment poster: Volunteer for the Waffen-SS The Waffen-SS (Arms SS) was the combat arm of the Schutzstaffel (SS,Protective Squadron of the NSDAP ). Headed by Heinrich Himmler who was ranked ReichsfÃ¼hrer-SS (Imperial Leader-SS), the Waffen-SS saw action throughout the Second World War. ...

Astroŭski organized the Belarusian home defense corps (BKA) from 20,000 men in police battalions. he present a list of ministers for a Belarusian Central Council (Rada), to the Germans, and petitioned for authorization to organize collaborators in each province and districts. Dmitry Kasmovich, the police chief of Smolensk area, established an expanding ring of fortified villages around Smolensk. A view of Smolensk in 1912 Smolensk (Russian: ) is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River at 54. ...

One of the most powerful weapons in the collaborationist arsenal was religion. The SS established an Autocephalous Belarusian Orthodox Church independent from Moscow patriarch. The church's priests had considerable influence with the peasantry, and they actively supported the Nazi cause. In late June 1944, Minsk Opera House was filled with 1,039 delegates from all Belarusian provinces. Joachim Kipel was the president of the Second All-Belarusian Rada Congress. In hierarchical Christian churches, especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches, autocephaly is the status of a hierarchical church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop. ...

While Belarusian peasantry initially often supported the Nazi ^{[citation needed]}, the brutality and arrogance of the liberators had soon turned most of the Belarusian population against them. An unprecedented guerilla war against Nazi control was started and coordinated by the Soviet Union. Soviet agents infiltrated every institution of the collaborators. Massive sabotage acts took place. National Socialism redirects here. ...

In Belarus and Poland, the Wehrmacht introduced the Panzerkampfwagen PzKpfw VI "Tiger II" or Koningstiger tanks. The first time the Tiger II saw action was in May 1944 near Minsk, followed by another action of "Panzer Abteilung 501" commanded by Oberstleutnant von Legat in July 1944 at Sandomierz in Poland. Tiger II, perhaps the most advanced Panzer Panzer is an abbreviation of Panzerkampfwagen, a German compound noun which translates as Armoured Combat Vehicle. It became synonymous with German tanks during the 1930s, and is usually shortened to become PzKpfw. ... The Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. ... Sandomierz is a city in south-eastern Poland with 27,000 inhabitants (1995). ...

The new tanks and the older PzKpfw VI "Tiger I" PzKpfwV "Panther" and "Sturmgetzchutz"s, fought in the last defensive actions to provide cover for the withdrawal of authorities, local supporters and last Axis units from these territories to East Prussian and Polish lands under German control. The SS assigned a special train that carried 800 collaborators and their families to Germany on June 28, 1944. Astrouski left two days later since he was organizing evacuation. The Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. ... The word Panther has several meanings: Any big cat with the condition known as melanism (causing black fur), see: Black panther Leopard Puma Jaguar Any big cat from the genus Panthera, see: Lion Tiger Leopard Jaguar Codename for Mac OS X v10. ... East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ...

These ancient Belarusian BKA security police forces was were absorbed into "30.Waffen-Grenadier-division der SS-Russiche No 2. This infantry division was formed from the remnants of the "29th Waffen-SS Division, which included Belarusian and Ukrainian units. The Germans had set up an officers' school and issued uniforms with "Waffen Sturm-brigade Belarus" designation. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with RONA. (Discuss) Sleeve patch worn by men of the Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA. Kaminski Brigade RONA (Russian:Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐžÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÐ°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ) Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA 29. ...

Orders were issued for Belarusian forces to be absorbed by Vlasov's Russian Army of Liberation; but Astroŭski opposed this. He also sabotaged the idea of the "Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia", since he did not wanted to align himself with Russians. General Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov (Russian: Андрей Андреевич Власов; alternative transliterations of his names appear as Andrei Andreievich and as Vlassov or (in German) Wlassow) (Lomakrno September 1, 1900 - Moscow August 2, 1946) was a Soviet Army General who later worked for the Germans during World War II. Early career Originally... A soldier of the Russian Liberation Army Russian Liberation Army or POA (Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐžÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ, Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Armiya), also known as the Vlasov army, was a group of volunteer Russian forces allied with Nazi Germany during World War II. The POA was organized by former Red Army general Andrey Vlasov, who tried...

Others members of the Belarusian police were recruited by SS Colonel Otto Skorzeny for training in Dahlwitz, near Berlin, to make special undercover strikes and operate behind enemy lines. These units were known as "Black Cat", and led by Michas' Vitushka. They operated in Belavezha Forest against Soviet forces in anti-communist guerrilla operations in 1945. Otto Skorzeny Otto Skorzeny (June 12, 1908 - July 5, 1975) was a ObersturmbannfÃ¼hrer in the German Waffen-SS during World War II. He is best-known as the commando leader who rescued Benito Mussolini from imprisonment after his overthrow. ... For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation). ... MichaÅ‚ VituÅ¡ka. ... MichaÅ‚ VituÅ¡ka MichaÅ‚ VituÅ¡ka (Belarusian ÐœÑ–Ñ…Ð°Ð» Ð’Ñ–Ñ‚ÑƒÑˆÐºÐ°; 5 November 1907 NiaÅ›viÅ¾ â€“ ?) was a Belarusian politician and partisan leader (General). ... Bialowieza Primaeval Forest, known as Belaveskaya Pushcha (Ð‘ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑƒÑˆÑ‡Ð°) or Belovezhskaya Pushcha in Belarus and Puszcza BiaÅ‚owieska in Poland, is an ancient virginal forest straddling the border between Belarus and Poland, located 70 km north of Brest. ...

The temporary nation was ended in 1944 when the Red Army drove the retreating Nazi German forces from Belarus. The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Ð Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ‡Ðµ-ÐšÑ€ÐµÑÑ‚ÑŒÑÐ½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐšÑ€Ð°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ...

At the end of 1945, Astroŭski held a special meeting of the "Belarusian Central Committee" which decided to dissolve the government in order to avoid being sent back to Belarus as war criminals.

Belarusian volunteers in German forces

German Commanders and officers linked with Belarusian cause It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with RONA. (Discuss) Sleeve patch worn by men of the Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA. Kaminski Brigade RONA (Russian:Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐžÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÐ°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ) Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA 29. ... 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Belarussian) was a German Waffen SS Grenadier division recruited from Belarussian volunteers. ... MichaÅ‚ VituÅ¡ka. ...

Belarusian anti-communist commanders SS-BrigadefÃ¼hrer Franz Six Dr. Franz Alfred Six (August 12, 1909 in Mannheim - July 9, 1975 in Bozen-Bolzano) first rose to prominence as dean of the faculty of Economics of the University of Berlin. ... Reinhard Gehlen (April 3, 1902 â€“ June 8, 1979) was a Major General in the German Wehrmacht during World War II, with the position of chief of intelligence-gathering on the Eastern Front. ... Otto Skorzeny Otto Skorzeny (June 12, 1908 - July 5, 1975) was a ObersturmbannfÃ¼hrer in the German Waffen-SS during World War II. He is best-known as the commando leader who rescued Benito Mussolini from imprisonment after his overthrow. ...

Belarusian political chiefs A view of Smolensk in 1912 Smolensk (Russian: ) is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River at 54. ... MichaÅ‚ VituÅ¡ka MichaÅ‚ VituÅ¡ka (Belarusian ÐœÑ–Ñ…Ð°Ð» Ð’Ñ–Ñ‚ÑƒÑˆÐºÐ°; 5 November 1907 NiaÅ›viÅ¾ â€“ ?) was a Belarusian politician and partisan leader (General). ... MichaÅ‚ VituÅ¡ka. ...

Belarusian political movements RadasÅ‚aÅ AstroÅski (also spelt Radaslau Astrouski and Radislaw Ostrowsky) was a Belarusian nationalist political leader. ... A view of Smolensk in 1912 Smolensk (Russian: ) is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River at 54. ... BaranaviÄy (Belarusian Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð²iÑ‡Ñ‹; Polish Baranowicze; Russian Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡Ð¸ (Baranovichi)) is a city in the Brest voblast in western Belarus with a population of 173 000 (as of 1995). ... Minsk or Miensk (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is the capital and largest city in Belarus with a population of 1,780,000 (2006 estimate}. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ... A view of Barysau Barysau (Borisov) (Belarusian: Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹ÌÑÐ°Ñž; Russian: Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸ÌÑÐ¾Ð²) (population 150,700 as of 1999) is a town in Belarus situated near the Berezina River. ... Kletsk (Belarusian: , originally known as Klechesk, Polish: ) is a city in the Minsk voblast of Belarus, located on the Lan river. ...

Belarusian volunteers in German forces

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Belarusian volunteers in German forces