Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка Byelaruskaya Narodnaya Respublika Belarusian People’s Republic In Exile since 1919 ← 1918 – 1919 → Flag Coat of arms Anthem Belarusian: Vajacki marš "Come, We Shall March in Joint Endeavour" Capital Minsk Capital-in-exile Prague Language(s) Belarusian Government Republic Rada Chairman  - 1918 – 1919 Jan Sierada  - 1919 Piotra Krečeŭski Chairperson-in-exile  - 1919 – 1928 Piotra Krečeŭski  - since 1997 Ivonka Survilla Historical era World War I  - Independence March 25, 1918  - Soviet invasion January 5, 1919 Currency Ruble

The Belarusian People's Republic (Belarusian: Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка, IPA: [bʲeɫa'ruskaja na'rodnaja rɛs'publʲika], translit. : Belaruskaya Narodnaya Respublika) was an independent Belarusian state, which declared independence in 1918. It is also called the Belarusian National Republic, and the current BNR Rada refers to it as Belarusan Democratic Republic. BNR wasn't recognized by the majority of other states, and ceased to exist since Belarus was taken under Soviets control and foundation of Belorussian SSR in 1919, though BNR authorities later formed their government in exile. A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a countrys legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Byelorussian_SSR.svg Summary The flag of Byelorussian SSR. Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Byelorussian SSR Flag of Byelorussian SSR ... State motto: Belarusian: Пралетарыі ўсіх краін, яднайцеся! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Minsk Official language Belarusian, Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until January 1, 1919 December 30, 1922 August 25, 1991 Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 6th in the USSR 207,600 km² negligible Population  - Total   - Density Ranked 5th in the USSR... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belarus_1991. ... Image File history File links Belarus_Coat_of_Arms,_1991. ... The current national flag of Belarus was formally changed on June 7, 1995, following the result of a referendum voted on by the Belarusian people in the previous month. ... The Pahonia (Belarusian: , translated as Chase) is a historical symbol of Belarus. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogising the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognised either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x700, 194 KB) Summary Map of the territory claimed by the Belarusian National Republic (published in 1918). ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast Coordinates: Country Subdivision Belarus Minsk Founded 1067 Government  - Mayor Mikhail Pavlov Area  - City 305. ... For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Ivonka Symaniec-Survilla (born 1936) is the current chairperson of the Belarusian Peoples Republic rada (BNR), the Belarusian government in exile. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The ruble or rouble is a unit of currency. ... Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... language None. ... A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a countrys legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. ...

History

The Belarusian People's Republic was pronounced on March 25, 1918 during World War I, when Belarus was occupied by the Germans according to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, as part of the implementation of the German plan for buffer states within Mitteleuropa. is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The first two pages of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in (left to right) German, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ottoman Turkish and Russian The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers, marking... A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them. ... The approximate area of Mitteleuropa Mitteleuropa (Central/Middle Europe) is a German term approximately equal to Central Europe. ...

The BNR did not become a real state: it did not have a constitution, armed forces (although the attempts to create them are documented^[1]), definite territoriality, etc. After the German army retreated from the territory of Belarus and the Red Army started moving in to establish the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus, in December 1918 the Rada (Council) of the BNR moved to Hrodna, which was the centre of a semi-autonomous Belarusian region within the Lithuanian Republic.^[1] During the subsequent 1919 Polish invasion Rada went into exile and facilitated anticommunist struggle in the country in 1920es. Though Rada as representative of Belarus was recognised by Germany, Lithuania and Czechoslovakia. The exiled government still exists. Alternate cover US 1979 and 2002 reissue cover, also known as paint spatter cover For the military meaning, see Armed forces. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia or Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus (SSRB) (Belarusian: Russian: ) was an early republic in the historical territory of Belarusians after the collapse of the Russian Empire as a result of the October Revolution. ... Hrodna City emblem Hrodna (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ; Lithuanian: ; Yiddish: Grodne; German: ) is a city in Belarus. ... Combatants Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Poland Ukrainian Peoples Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Józef Piłsudski Edward Rydz-Śmigły Strength 950,000 combatants 5,000,000 reserves 360,000 combatants 738,000 reserves Casualties Dead estimated at 100,000...

Similar governments-in-exile of the neighboring countries (Lithuania, Poland and others) handed back their "authorities" to the corresponding independent governments in the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]} The BNR council has not done this because the BNR council views the current Belarusian government of president Alexander Lukashenka as an anti-Belarusian, anti-independence, and an anti-democratic power. ^[2] A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a countrys legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko (Russian: Алекса́ндр Григо́рьевич Лукаше́нко, Belarusian: Алякса́ндр Ры&#1075...

Territory

In its Third Constituent Charter, the following territories were claimed for BNR: Mogilev guberniya (province), as well as Belarusian parts of Minsk, Hrodna (including Białystok), Vilnia, Vitebsk, and Smolensk Governorates, and parts of bordering governorates populated by Belarusians, rejecting the then split of the Belarusian lands between Germany and Russia.^[3] The areas were claimed because of a Belarusian majority according to demographic research, although there were also numbers of Lithuanians, Poles and people speaking pidgins of Belarusian, Lithuanian and Polish, as well as many Jews, mostly in towns and cities (in some towns they made up a majority). Some of the Jews spoke Russian as their native tongue; others spoke Yiddish. Mogilev, or Mahilyow (Belarusian: ; Russian: , translit. ... Guberniya (Russian: ) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of the Imperial Russia, usually translated as governorate or province. ... Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast Coordinates: Country Subdivision Belarus Minsk Founded 1067 Government  - Mayor Mikhail Pavlov Area  - City 305. ... Hrodna City emblem Hrodna (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ; Lithuanian: ; Yiddish: Grodne; German: ) is a city in Belarus. ... Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Podlachian Powiat city county Gmina BiaÅ‚ystok Established 14th century City Rights 1692 Government  - Mayor Tadeusz Truskolaski Area  - City 102 km²  (39. ... Not to be confused with Vilnius city municipality. ... Location of Vitebsk, shown within the Vitebsk Voblast Coordinates: , Country Subdivision Founded 974 Government  - Mayor Population (2004)  - Total 342,381 Time zone EET (UTC+2)  - Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Area code(s) +375-15 License plate 2 Website: [2]] Vitebsk, also known as Vitsyebsk (Belarusian: Ві́цебск, IPA: ; Yiddish: װיטעבסק; Polish: Witebsk... A view of Smolensk in 1912. ... This article is about simplified languages. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ...

Presidents

First government of BNR

Chairmans of the Council of BNR: Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (936 × 624 pixels, file size: 55 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (936 × 624 pixels, file size: 55 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

• Jan Sierada (1918–1919)
• Piotra Krečeŭski (1919–1928)
• Vasil Zacharka (1928–1943)
• Mikoła Abramčyk (1944–1970)
• Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič (1970–1982)
• Jazep Sažyč (1982–1997)
• Ivonka Survilla (1997–present)

1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 ([[Rf 1970 == January 1 - The Unix epoch begins at 00:00:00 UTC January 2 - The last studio performance of The Beatles oman numerals|MCMLXX]]) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 ([[Rf 1970 == January 1 - The Unix epoch begins at 00:00:00 UTC January 2 - The last studio performance of The Beatles oman numerals|MCMLXX]]) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Ivonka Symaniec-Survilla (born 1936) is the current chairperson of the Belarusian Peoples Republic rada (BNR), the Belarusian government in exile. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...

Symbols

A national flag of three stripes — white-red-white — was adopted, as well as a state seal (Pahonia), which was based on an emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The current national flag of Belarus was formally changed on June 7, 1995, following the result of a referendum voted on by the Belarusian people in the previous month. ... The Pahonia (Belarusian: , translated as Chase) is a historical symbol of Belarus. ... The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: , Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje, Ruskaje, Å»amojckaje, Belarusian: , Ukrainian: , Polish: , Latin: ) was an Eastern and Central European state of the 12th[1] /13th century until the 18th century. ...

Postage stamp of BNR. 10 hr. Image File history File linksMetadata Stamp_BNR.jpg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Belarusian National Republic Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ...

Postage stamp of BNR. 25 hr. Image File history File linksMetadata Stamp_Pahonia. ...

Seal of Ministry of Defense of BNR Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

History of Belarus
Early East Slavs
Principality of Polatsk
Kievan Rus'
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Imperial Russia
Belarusian National Republic
Imperial Russia
Belarusian SSR (LBSSR)
Independent Belarus

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article describes the history of Belarus. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic languages. ... Principality of Polatsk (Belarusian: Полацкае княства ,Russian: Полоцкое княжество ) is a medieval principality of the Early East Slavs, one of the constituent principalities within the Kievan Rus. ... Trydent of Yaroslav I Map of the Kievan Rus′, 11th century Capital Kiev Religion Orthodox Christianity Government Monarchy Historical era Middle Ages  - Established 9th century  - Disestablished 12th century Currency Hryvnia Kievan Rus′ was the early, predominantly East Slavic[1] medieval state of Rurikid dynasty dominated by the city of Kiev... The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: , Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje, Ruskaje, Å»amojckaje, Belarusian: , Ukrainian: , Polish: , Latin: ) was an Eastern and Central European state of the 12th[1] /13th century until the 18th century. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... State motto: Belarusian: Пралетарыі ўсіх краін, яднайцеся! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Minsk Official language Belarusian, Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until January 1, 1919 December 30, 1922 August 25, 1991 Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 6th in the USSR 207,600 km² negligible Population  - Total   - Density Ranked 5th in the USSR... V. Mickevicius- Kapsukas Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (LBSSR, Litbel) existed within the territories of modern Belarus and Lithuania for a brief period during 1919, before the area was annexed to Poland. ... For other uses, see Belarus (disambiguation). ...

Archives

In 1998, Belarusian linguist and translator Siarhiej Shupa published a two-volume collection of BNR archives (Архівы Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі. Менск-Вільня-Прага-Нью-Ёрк). The total size of the two volumes is more than 1700 pages. Essentially these are the processed and re-organized documents from the Lithuanian archival fund #582 in Vilnia and they constitute roughly 60% of all the BNR official documents from 1918. Another 20% of BNR official documentation is located in the Minsk archives, and the fate of the remaining 20% is unknown. Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... The Vilnia (Vilnelė) is a river in Lithuania. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} [1]
2. ^ The March, 20 2006 Memorandum of the BNR Rada
3. ^ 3rd Constituent Charter of the BNR Rada

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Category:BNR

• radabnr.org — Belarusian National Respublic Rada website
• The sorrows of Belarus: A government in exile, a country in a mess, The Economist, 16 November 2006