Beluga
Size comparison against an average human
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Cetacea Family: Monodontidae Genus: Delphinapterus Species: D. leucas
Binomial name
Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776)
Beluga range

The Beluga Whale or White Whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is an Arctic and sub-Arctic species of cetacean. It is one of two members of the family Monodontidae, along with the Narwhal. This marine mammal is commonly referred to simply as the Beluga or Sea Canary due to its high pitched squeaks. It is up to 5 metres in length and an unmistakable all white in color with a distinctive melon-shaped head. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Beluga_size. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Image File history File links Status_iucn2. ... This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including those that produce milk, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex... Suborders Mysticeti Odontoceti Archaeoceti (extinct) (see text for families) The order Cetacea (IPA: , L. cetus, whale) includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. ... Genera Delphinapterus Monodon The cetacean family Monodontidae comprises two unusual whale species, the Narwhal, in which the male has a long tusk, and the white Beluga. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Peter Simon Pallas (September 22, 1741 - September 8, 1811) was a German-born Russian zoologist. ... Download high resolution version (1357x628, 34 KB) , User:Pcb21 after User:Vardion, See Wikipedia:WikiProject Cetaceans File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The word Beluga has several meanings. ... == White whales are stupid Now do you beieve in the tooth fairy good cause i do. ... The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border Artificially coloured topographical map of the Arctic region The Arctic is the region around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. ... Suborders Mysticeti Odontoceti (see text) The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. ... Genera Delphinapterus Monodon The cetacean family Monodontidae comprises two unusual whale species, the Narwhal, in which the male has a long tusk, and the white Beluga. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Narwhal range (in blue) The Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) is an Arctic species of cetacean. ... A Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), a member of Order Cetacea A Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), a member of infrafamily Pinnipedia A West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus), a member of Order Sirenia A pair of Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris), a member of family Mustelidae A Polar bear (Ursus maritimus), a member...

Taxonomy and evolution

The Beluga was first described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1776. It is a member of the Monodontidae taxonomic family alongside the Wallace family.The Irrawaddy dolphin was also once considered to be in the same family though recent genetic evidence suggests otherwise. Peter Simon Pallas (September 22, 1741 - September 8, 1811) was a German-born Russian zoologist. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... Genera Delphinapterus Monodon The cetacean family Monodontidae comprises two unusual whale species, the Narwhal, in which the male has a long tusk, and the white Beluga. ... The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... Binomial name Orcaella brevirostris Gray, 1866 Irrawaddy Dolphin range The Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is a species of dolphin found near coasts and in estuaries in parts of south-east Asia. ...

The earliest known ancestor of the beluga is the prehistoric Denebola brachycephala from the late Miocene period. One single fossil has been found on the Baja California peninsula, indicating that the family once thrived in warmer waters. The fossil record also indicates that in comparatively recent times the beluga's range has varied with that of the ice pack – expanded during ice ages and contracting when the ice retreats. The Miocene Epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23. ... Baja California Peninsula (highlighted) The Baja California Peninsula or Lower California is a peninsula in the west of Mexico. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...

The Red List of Threatened Species gives both Beluga and White Whale as common names, though the former is now more popular. The English name comes from the Russian белуга (beluga) or белуха (belukha) which derives from the word белый (belyy), meaning "white". It is sometimes referred to by scientists as the Belukha Whale in order to avoid confusion with the Beluga sturgeon. The whale is also colloquially known as the Sea Canary on account of the high-pitched squeaks, squeals, clucks and whistles. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Description

A Beluga Whale in the shallow waters of the Vancouver Aquarium

This small whale can be up to 5 metres (16 ft) long, larger than all but the largest dolphins but smaller than most other toothed whales. Males are generally larger than the female - males can weigh 1,360 kg (3,000 lb) and females about 900 kg (one short ton). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1800x1310, 379 KB) Photo of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga) in shallows at the Vancouver Aquarium, taken July 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1800x1310, 379 KB) Photo of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga) in shallows at the Vancouver Aquarium, taken July 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed... This article is about the animal. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... For other uses, see Dolphin (disambiguation). ... The pound (abbreviations: lb or, sometimes in the United States, #) is a unit of mass in a number of different systems, including various systems of units of mass that formed part of English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 907. ...

Newly-born belugas are about 1.5 m (5 ft) long and weigh 80 kilograms (176 lb). This whale is unmistakable when adult: it is all white and has a dorsal ridge rather than a fin. The head is also unlike that of any other cetacean - its melon is extremely bulbous and even malleable. The beluga is able to change the shape of its head by blowing air around its sinuses. Again unlike many dolphins and whales, the vertebrae in the neck are not fused together, allowing the animal flexibility to turn its head laterally. The belugas mouth is called the rostrum. The rostrum has about 8 to 10 teeth on each side of the jaw. Kg redirects here. ... The melon is a oily, fatty lump of tissue found at the centre of the forehead of most dolphins and toothed whales. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A diagram of a thoracic vertebra. ...

The absence of the dorsal fin is reflected in the genus name of the species - apterus is the Greek for "wingless". The evolutionary preference for a dorsal ridge in favour of a fin is believed by scientists to be adaptation to under-ice conditions, or possibly as a way of preserving heat. Like in other cetaceans the thyroid gland is relatively large compared to terrestrial mammals (three times per weight as a horse) and may help to sustain higher metabolism during the summer estuarine occupations. Dorsal fin of an orca A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of fishes, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the (extinct) ichthyosaurs. ...

The body of the Beluga is rotund, particularly when well-fed, and tapers smoothly to both the head and tail. The tail fin grows and becomes increasingly ornately curved as the animal ages. The flippers are broad and short - making them almost square-shaped.

Males become sexually mature at eight years, females at five. Seasonally polyestrus females give birth to a single calf in the spring after a gestation period of fifteen months with ranges found from 14.5 in the wild to 15-17 months in captivity. Young Belugas are uniformly dark grey in colour. The grey steadily lightens as they grow up - reaching their distinctive pure white colour by the age of seven in females and nine in males. The nursing period is about two years in length. The mating process is not properly understood. Testosterone levels in males have been found to be lowest in September and then rose to be highest in march with peak sperm production thought to occur perhaps in May or June if their physiology mimics other mammals. Mating certainly does occur during the winter or early spring, when the animals are still in their winter grounds or have begun their migration. However, mating occurs at other times, leaving open the possibility of delayed implantation.^{[citation needed]} Belugas can live for up to fifty years.[1] Females in captivity have been found to conceive as old as 20 years. Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... For other uses, see September (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see May (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see June (disambiguation). ... Embryonic diapause is a reproductive strategy used by close to 100 different mammals in seven different orders. ...

Distribution

White Whale (Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus leucas) at the mouth of Churchill River into Hudson Bay, Canada

The beluga moves in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters ranging from 50° N to 80° N. There is also an isolated population which travels in the St. Lawrence River estuary and the Saguenay fjord, around the village of Tadoussac, Quebec. There is also a threatened population that lives in the Cook Inlet, Alaska. In the spring beluga move to their summer grounds, bays, estuaries and other shallow inlets. These summer sites are detached from one another and a mother will usually return to the same site year after year. As their summer homes become clogged with ice during autumn, beluga move away for winter. Most travel in the direction of the advancing ice-pack and stay close to the edge of it for the winter months. Others stay under the iced area - surviving by finding ice leads and polynyas (patches of open water in the ice) in which they can surface to breathe. Beluga may also find pockets of air trapped under the ice. The remarkable ability of the beluga to find the thin slivers of open water where the dense ice pack may cover more than 95% of the sea surface is still a source of mystery and great interest to scientists. It is clear that the echo-location capabilities of the Beluga are highly adapted to the peculiar acoustics of the sub-ice sea and it has been suggested that Beluga can sense open water through echo-location. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (4464x3300, 696 KB) Beschreibung Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Beluga Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (4464x3300, 696 KB) Beschreibung Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Beluga Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... The Saguenay River is a major river of Quebec, Canada. ... Contemporary Tadoussac Tadoussac in about 1612, illustrated by Samuel de Champlain Tadoussac is a village of 857 inhabitants (2005) in Quebec, Canada which was once an important seventeenth century French trading post. ... Cook Inlet, showing Knik and Turnagain Arms The Cook Inlet or Nuti is a large estuary stretching 180 miles from the Gulf of Alaska to Anchorage in south-central Alaska. ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... A polynya (pronounced pol-in-YA) is an area of open water surrounded by sea ice. ... Echolocation, also called Biosonar, is the biological sonar used by several mammals such as bats (although not all species), dolphins and whales (though not baleen whales). ...

On June 9, 2006, the carcass of a young beluga whale was found in the Tanana River near Fairbanks in central Alaska, nearly 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) from its nearest natural ocean habitat. As beluga sometimes follow migrating fish, Tom Seaton, an Alaska state biologist, speculated that it had followed migrating salmon up the river at some point in the prior fall.^{[citation needed]} June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fairbanks Tanana River The Tanana River (TA-nuh-naw) is a tributary of the Yukon River in Alaska in the United States. ... Fairbanks redirects here. ... “km” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Salmon (disambiguation). ...

Behavior

Female and calf

Beluga whales are highly sociable creatures. They move in pods which commonly contain animals of the same gender and age. Groups of males may number in the hundreds, but mothers with calves generally mix in slightly smaller groups. When pods aggregate in estuaries, they may number in the thousands. This can represent a significant proportion of the entire Beluga population and is the time when they are most vulnerable to hunting. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1792x1200, 235 KB) Summary Beluga whale and calf at the Vancouver Aquarium. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1792x1200, 235 KB) Summary Beluga whale and calf at the Vancouver Aquarium. ...

Beluga pods tend to be unstable, meaning that belugas tend to move from pod to pod. Pod membership is rarely permanent. Radio-tracking has shown belugas can start out in a pod and within a few days be hundreds of miles away from that pod. The closest social relationship between belugas is the mother-calf relationship. Nursing times of 2 years have been observed and lactational anestrus may not occur. Calves often return to the same estuary as their mother in the summer, meeting with their mother sometimes even after becoming fully mature. For other meanings, see Estuary (disambiguation) Río de la Plata estuary An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. ...

Beluga are also known for being rather playful, as well as spitting at humans or other whales. It is not unusual for an aquarium handler to be sprayed down by one of his charges whilst tending a beluga tank. Some researchers believe that this skill may be utilized to blow away sand from crustaceans at the sea bottom.

Diet

Belugas are slow-swimming mammals which feed mainly on fish. They also eat cephalopods (squid and octopus) and can dive at least twice this depth. Generally a feeding dive will last 3-5 minutes, but belugas have been observed submerged for up to 20 minutes at a time.[2] Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including those that produce milk, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Orders Subclass Nautiloidea †Plectronocerida †Ellesmerocerida †Actinocerida †Pseudorthocerida †Endocerida †Tarphycerida †Oncocerida †Discosorida Nautilida †Orthocerida †Ascocerida †Bactritida Subclass †Ammonoidea †Goniatitida †Ceratitida †Ammonitida Subclass Coleoidea †Belemnoidea †Aulacocerida †Belemnitida †Hematitida †Phragmoteuthida Neocoleoidea (most living cephalopods) ?†Boletzkyida Sepiida Sepiolida Spirulida Teuthida Octopoda Vampyromorphida The cephalopods (Greek plural (kephalópoda); head-foot) are the mollusc class... For other uses, see Squid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Octopus (disambiguation). ...

Vocalizations

Beluga are amongst the loudest animals in the sea. They exhibit a wide range of vocalizations including clicks, squeaks, whistles, squarks and a bell-like clang. One noted researcher in the field likens a noisy beluga pod to the string section of an orchestra tuning up before a concert.^{[citation needed]} Researchers have recorded 50 distinct sounds; most in the range of 0.1 to 12 kHz. For the Pearl Jam song, see Whale Song (song). ... A kilohertz (kHz) is a unit of frequency equal to 1,000 hertz (1,000 cycles per second). ...

Population, threats, and human interactions

A Beluga resurfaces

The global population of beluga today stands at about 100,000. Although this number is much greater than that of other cetaceans, it is much smaller than historical populations before decades of over-hunting. There are estimated to be 40,000 individuals in the Beaufort Sea, 25,045 in Hudson Bay, 18,500 in the Bering Sea and 28,008 in the Canadian Low Arctic. And 2234 in Cottage Lake.The population in the St. Lawrence estuary is estimated to be around 1000.^[1] They are considered an excellent sentinel species and indicator of the health of, and changes in, the environment. This is as they are long lived, on top of the food web, with large amounts of fat and blubber, relatively well studied for a cetacean, and still somewhat common. Image File history File links Beluga,_Weißwal_(Delphinapterus_leucas). ... Image File history File links Beluga,_Weißwal_(Delphinapterus_leucas). ... Approximate area of the Beaufort Sea, and the disputed waters The Beaufort Sea is a large body of water north of The Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska and west of Canadas arctic islands that is a part of the Arctic Ocean. ... New York Harbor, the outflow for Hudson River, is sometimes called Hudsons Bay. Hudson Bay, Canada. ... Satellite photo of the Bering Sea Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean Bearing Sea with Kamchatka Peninsula and Alaska The Bering (or Imarpik) Sea is a body of water north of, and separated from, the north Pacific Ocean by the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands. ... Cottage Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in King County, Washington, United States. ...

Because beluga congregate in river estuaries, human-caused pollution is proving to be a significant danger to their health. Incidents of cancer have been reported to be rising as a result of the St. Lawrence River pollution. The bodies of the Beluga residents in this area contain so many contaminants that their carcasses are treated as toxic waste. Reproductive pathology has been discovered in the population here and many suspect organochlorines to be responsible. Levels between 240 ppm and 800 ppm of PCBs have been found, with males typically having higher levels.^[2] It is not known what the long-term effects of this pollution will be on the affected populations. Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... Parts per million (ppm) is a measure of concentration that is used where low levels of concentration are significant. ... “PCB” redirects here. ...

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae gram positive/variable bacilli, likely from contaminated fish in the diet, can endanger the beluga causing anorexia, dermal plaques, and lesions. This may lead to death if not diagnosed early and treated with antibiotics. Cetaceans seem quite vulnerable to pneumonia, and various species of the aerobic actinomycete Nocardia, likely more problematic when anything causes more soil or dust to become airborne, (spreading the organisms to the water or air the belugas breath), can be worrisome and can lead to death.

Belugas were amongst the first whale species to be brought into captivity. The first beluga was shown at Barnum's Museum in New York in 1861. Today it remains one of the few whale species kept at aquaria and sea life parks across North America, Europe and Asia. Their popularity there with visitors reflects their attractive color, and their range of facial expressions. While most cetacean "smiles" are fixed, the extra movement afforded by the beluga's unfused cervical vertebrae allows a greater range of expression. Most beluga found in aquariums are caught in the wild, though captive breeding programs have enjoyed some success. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x979, 174 KB) Photo of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga) with hand for scale, at the Vancouver Aquarium, taken July 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x979, 174 KB) Photo of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga) with hand for scale, at the Vancouver Aquarium, taken July 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... “Aquaria” redirects here. ...

Indirect human disturbance may also be a threat to the species. While some populations have come to tolerate small boats, others have been known to actively try to avoid ships. Whale-watching beluga has become a huge and booming activity in the St. Lawrence and Churchill River areas. Whale watching off the coast of Bar Harbor, Maine. ... The Churchill River is a major river in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. ...

Because of their predictable migration pattern and high concentrations, beluga have been hunted by indigenous Arctic peoples for centuries. In many areas a pattern of hunting, believed to be sustainable, continues to this day. However, in other areas, such as the Cook Inlet, Ungava Bay, and off west Greenland, previous commercial catches (now banned under the general moratorium on whaling) left the populations in great peril. Indigenous whaling continues in these areas, and some populations continue to decline. These areas are the subject of intensive dialogue between Inuit communities and national governments aiming to create a sustainable hunt and are the reason that the beluga has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species since 1995. Cook Inlet, showing Knik and Turnagain Arms The Cook Inlet or Nuti Inlet is a large inlet of the Gulf of Alaska in south-central Alaska. ... Ungava Bay. ... The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch. ... For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ...

Both the United States Navy and the Soviet Navy have used belugas in anti-mining operations in Arctic waters. USN redirects here. ... The Soviet Navy (Russian: Военно-морской флот СССР, Voyenno-morskoy flot SSSR, literally Naval military forces of the USSR) was the naval arm of the Soviet armed forces. ...

Gallery

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Group of beluga whales Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Dl-13_beluga. ...	Belugas swimming Image File history File links Dl-20_beluga. ...	Belugas near Anchorage Image File history File links Dl-21_beluga. ...	Captive beluga spyhopping Image File history File links Dl-8_beluga. ...
Beluga mother and calf swimming Image File history File links Dl-18_beluga. ...
	At Georgia Aquarium Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1800x1117, 426 KB) Photo of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga) at the Vancouver Aquarium, taken July 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Beluga User... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1281, 293 KB) Photo of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga) head at the Vancouver Aquarium, taken July 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Beluga... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x959, 220 KB) Photo of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga) head at the Vancouver Aquarium, taken July 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Beluga... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x859, 213 KB) Photo of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga) head at the Vancouver Aquarium, taken July 2005 by User:Stan Shebs File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Beluga... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2150x1903, 810 KB) Summary All five of the Beluga Whales at the Georgia Aquarium in January 2006. ... The Georgia Aquarium, located in Atlanta, Georgia at Pemberton Place, is billed as the worlds largest aquarium with more than 8 million US gallons (30,000 m³; 30,000,000 liters) of marine and fresh water, 1. ...	Faroese stamp of 1998 Image File history File links Faroe_stamp_329_white_whale_(Delphinapterus_leucas). ...

See also

• Baby Beluga, an enormously popular song and album by children's singer Raffi

Baby Beluga is a music album by popular childrens entertainer Raffi, released in 1980. ...

Notes

In the popular videogame 'Beyond Good And Evil', the sea/spacecraft is named 'The Beluga'

The Airbus Super Transporter is nicknamed Beluga for its similar shape. The Airbus A300-600ST (Super Transporter) or Beluga is a version of the standard Airbus A300 wide-body airliner, modified to carry aircraft parts and over-sized or awkward cargo. ...

General references

• Marine Mammal Medicine, Leslie Dierauf & Frances Gulland, CRC Press 2001, ISBN 0-8493-0839-9

Further reading

External links

• Cook Inlet Beluga Population Info
• SAVE THE BELUGA .com
• Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS)

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Delphinapterus leucas

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