NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto (Urdu: بینظیر بھٹو, IPA: [bɛnɜziɽ botɔ]; Sindhi:بینظیر ڀُٽو ) (born 21 June 1953 in Karachi) is a Pakistani politician who became the first elected woman to lead a post-colonial Muslim state. Bhutto was twice elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was sworn in for the first time in 1988 but removed from office 20 months later under orders of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on grounds of alleged corruption. Bhutto was re-elected in 1993 but was again removed by President Farooq Leghari in 1996, on similar charges. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOVD Articles that have been linked to this page are the subject of an NPOV dispute (NPOV stands for Neutral Point Of View; see below). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 43 KB) Summary Copied over from English Wikipedia (en:Image:Benazir01. ... The Prime Minister of Pakistan (Urdu: ÙˆØ²ÛŒØ± Ø§Ø¹Ø¸Ù… Wazir-e- Azam) is the Head of Government of Pakistan. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Wasim Sajjad (b. ... Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari (Urdu: Ø³Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø± ÙØ§Ø±ÙˆÙ‚ Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø®Ø§Ù† Ù„ØºØ§Ø±ÛŒ) (b. ... Categories: Pakistan-related stubs | 1930 births | Pakistani politicians ... Miraj Khalid (1916 - 2003) was Interim prime minister of Pakistan in 1996 and 1997. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) (Urdu: ØºÙ„Ø§Ù… Ø§Ø³ØØ§Ù‚ Ø®Ø§Ù†) (January 20, 1915 - October 27, 2006) was President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993. ... Muhammad Khan Junejo, Prime Minister of Pakistan Muhammad Khan Junejo (Urdu: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø®Ø§Ù† Ø¬ÙˆÙ†ÛŒØ¬Ùˆ ) (born August 18, 1932 died 1992) was former Pakistani Prime Minister. ... Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi was born on the 14 August 1931 in the Province of Sind. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... (Urdu: , Sindhi: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ... The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) (Urdu: Ù¾Ø§Ú©Ø³ØªØ§Ù† Ù¾ÛŒÙ¾Ù„Ø² Ù¾Ø§Ø±Ù¹ÛŒ ) is a mainstream centre-left political party in Pakistan. ... Asif Ali Zardari (Urdu: Ø¢ØµÙ Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ Ø²Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÛŒ) (Sindhi:Ø¢ØµÙ Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ Ø²Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÙŠ)is the chief of the Zardari tribe and the husband of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Example of writing in the alphabet- ZabÄn-e-UrdÅ«-e-moalla Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... SindhÄ« (Ø³Ù†ÚŒÙŠ, à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥€) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... (Urdu: , Sindhi: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Prime Minister of Pakistan (Urdu: ÙˆØ²ÛŒØ± Ø§Ø¹Ø¸Ù… Wazir-e- Azam) is the Head of Government of Pakistan. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... The President of Pakistan (UrdÅ«: ØµØ¯Ø± Ù…Ù…Ù„Ú©Øª Sadr-e-Mamlikat) is Head of State of Pakistan. ... Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) (Urdu: ØºÙ„Ø§Ù… Ø§Ø³ØØ§Ù‚ Ø®Ø§Ù†) (January 20, 1915 - October 27, 2006) was President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993. ... Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari (Urdu: Ø³Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø± ÙØ§Ø±ÙˆÙ‚ Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø®Ø§Ù† Ù„ØºØ§Ø±ÛŒ) (b. ...

Bhutto went into self-imposed exile in Dubai in 1998, where she remained until she returned to Pakistan on 18 October 2007 after reaching an "understanding" with General Musharraf in which she was granted amnesty-- in addition to others -- and all corruption charges withdrawn.^[1] On 3 November 2007 she criticized General Musharraf for declaring a state of emergency. On 9 November 2007, she was placed under house arrest by command of General Musharraf, in order to prevent her from speaking at a political rally. Gatherings of any kind had been outlawed under the declared emergency rule. Hours later she was released from this sentence. Coordinates: , Emirate Government - Emir Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area [1] - Metro 4,114 kmÂ² (1,588. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... General Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: ) (born August 11, 1943) serves as President of Pakistan and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... For other uses, see State of emergency (disambiguation). ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... General Pervez Musharraf (born August 11, 1943, Delhi, India) became de facto ruler (using the title Chief Executive and assuming extensive power) of Pakistan on October 12, 1999 following a bloodless coup détat. ...

She is the eldest child of former premier Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a Pakistani of Sindhi extraction, and Begum ("Lady") Nusrat Bhutto, a Pakistani of Iranian-Kurdish extraction. Benazir studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Oxford, and has a Harvard University degree. Her paternal grandfather was Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto who came to Larkana Sindh before partition from his native town of Bhatto Kalan which is situated in the Indian state of Haryana. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu:Ø°ÙˆØ§Ù„ÙÙ‚Ø§Ø± Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ Ø¨Ú¾Ù¹Ùˆ) (January 5, 1928 â€“ April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ... Sindhis (à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥€, Ø³Ù†ÚŒÙŠ) are an Indo-Aryan language speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh which is part of present day Pakistan. ... Begum, BegÃ¼m or Baigum (Turkish: BegÃ¼m, Persian: Ø¨ÛŒÚ¯Ù…) is a Turkic title given to female family members of a Baig. ... Nusrat Bhutto Begum Nusrat Bhutto (Urdu: Ø¨ÛŒÚ¯Ù… Ù†ØµØ±Øª Ø¨Ú¾Ù¹Ùˆ ) former first lady of Pakistan, widow of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and mother of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) Chairperson Benazir Bhutto who is also a former Prime Minister of Pakistan. ... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) is a popular interdisciplinary degree which combines study from the three eponymous disciplines. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto was a well known feudal lord and politician hailing from Larkana in Sindh province of Pakistan. ... Bhatto Kalan is a large town situated in Tahseel Sirsa District in the state of Haryana, India. ... For the town in Hoshiarpur district, see Hariana. ...

Education and personal life

Bhutto attended the Lady Jennings Nursery School and then the Convent of Jesus and Mary in Karachi.^[2] After two years of schooling at the Rawalpindi Presentation Convent, she was sent to the Jesus and Mary Convent at Murree. She passed her O-level examination at the age of 15.^[3] She then went on to complete her A-Levels from the Karachi Grammar School. For other CJM schools, see Convent of Jesus and Mary. ... For other CJM schools, see Convent of Jesus and Mary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The General Certificate of Education or GCE was introduced in England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1951, replacing the older SC and HSC. It was intended to cater for the increased range of subjects available to pupils since the raising of the school leaving age from 14 to 15 in... The Karachi Grammar School (KGS) is a co-educational private school in Karachi, Pakistan and one of the countrys top educational institutions. ...

After completing her early education in Pakistan, she pursued her higher education in the United States. From 1969 to 1973 she attended Radcliffe College, and then Harvard University, where she obtained a B.A. degree cum laude in comparative government.^[4] She was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa.^[3] Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Radcliffe College was a liberal arts womens college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, closely associated with Harvard University. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... For other degrees, see Academic degree. ... Comparative government or comparative politics is a method in political science for obtaining evidence of causal effects by comparing the varying forms of government in the world, and the states they govern, although governments across different periods of history may also be the units of comparison. ... The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an honor society which considers its mission to be fostering and recognizing excellence in undergraduate liberal arts and sciences. ...

The next phase of her education took place in the United Kingdom. Between 1973 and 1977 Bhutto studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. She completed a course in International Law and Diplomacy while at Oxford.^[5] In December 1976 she was elected president of the Oxford Union, becoming the first Asian woman to head the prestigious debating society.^[3] Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) is a popular interdisciplinary degree which combines study from the three eponymous disciplines. ... Star Trek Long-term Medical Hologram, see Emergency Medical Hologram. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is about negotiations. ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to simply as the Oxford Union, is a private debating society in the city of Oxford, England, whose membership is drawn primarily but not exclusively from the University of Oxford. ...

On 18 December 1987 she married Asif Ali Zardari in Karachi. The couple have three children: Bilawal, Bakhtwar, and Aseefa. is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Asif Ali Zardari (Urdu: Ø¢ØµÙ Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ Ø²Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÛŒ) (Sindhi:Ø¢ØµÙ Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ Ø²Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÙŠ)is the chief of the Zardari tribe and the husband of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. ...

Family

Benazir Bhutto's father, former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was dismissed as Prime Minister in 1975, on charges similar to those Benazir Bhutto would later face. Later, in a 1977 trial on charges of conspiracy to murder the father of dissident politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was sentenced to death. A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu:Ø°ÙˆØ§Ù„ÙÙ‚Ø§Ø± Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ Ø¨Ú¾Ù¹Ùˆ) (January 5, 1928 â€“ April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ... Ahmed Raza Kasuri is a former Pakistani politician and lawyer who is infamously known for his involvement in the murder case that led to the excution of Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. ...

Despite the accusation being "widely doubted by the public",^[6] and despite many clemency appeals from foreign leaders, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged on 4 April 1979. Appeals for clemency were dismissed by acting President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Benazir Bhutto and her mother were held in a "police camp" until the end of May, after the execution.^[7] A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Urdu: ) (b. ...

In 1980, Benazir Bhutto's brother Shahnawaz was killed under suspicious circumstances, in France. The killing of another of her brothers, Mir Murtaza, in 1996, contributed to destabilizing her second term as Prime Minister.^[6]

Prime Minister

Bhutto, who had returned to Pakistan after completing her studies, found herself placed under house arrest in the wake of her father's imprisonment and subsequent execution. Having been allowed in 1984 to return to the United Kingdom, she became a leader in exile of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), her father's party, though she was unable to make her political presence felt in Pakistan until after the death of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. She had succeeded her mother as leader of the Pakistan People's Party and the pro-democracy opposition to the Zia-ul-Haq regime. In justice and law, house arrest is the situation where a person is confined (by the authorities) to his or her residence. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) (Urdu: Ù¾Ø§Ú©Ø³ØªØ§Ù† Ù¾ÛŒÙ¾Ù„Ø² Ù¾Ø§Ø±Ù¹ÛŒ ) is a mainstream centre-left political party in Pakistan. ... General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Urdu: ) (b. ...

On 16 November 1988, in the first open election in more than a decade, Benazir's PPP won the largest bloc of seats in the National Assembly. Bhutto was sworn in as Prime Minister of a coalition government on 2 December, becoming at age 35 the youngest person — and the first woman — to head the government of a Muslim-majority state in modern times. That same year, People Magazine included Ms. Bhutto in its list of The Fifty Most Beautiful People. is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... The National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. ... A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a cabinet in parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... People, a weekly magazine of celebrity and popular culture news, debuted on February 27, 1974. ...

Bhutto's government was dismissed in 1990 following charges of corruption, for which she never was tried. Zia's protégé Nawaz Sharif subsequently came to power. Bhutto was re-elected in 1993 but was dismissed three years later amid various corruption scandals by then president Farooq Leghari, who used the Eighth Amendment discretionary powers to dissolve the government. The Supreme Court upheld President Leghari's dismissal by a 6-1 ruling.^[8] In 2006, Interpol issued a request for her arrest and that of her husband.^[9] Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: Ù…ÛŒØ§Úº Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ù†ÙˆØ§Ø² Ø´Ø±ÛŒÙ ) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) is a Pakistani politician. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari (Urdu: Ø³Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø± ÙØ§Ø±ÙˆÙ‚ Ø§ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø®Ø§Ù† Ù„ØºØ§Ø±ÛŒ) (b. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The criticism against Benazir came largely from the Punjabi elites and powerful landlord families who opposed Bhutto as she pushed Pakistan into nationalist reform, opposing feudals, whom she blamed for the destabilization of Pakistan. The Punjabi people (Punjabi: à¨ªà©°à¨œà¨¾à¨¬à©€, Ù¾Ù†Ø¬Ø§Ø¨ÛŒ, also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ...

Musharraf's disqualification

On 17 September 2007 Benazir Bhutto accused Pervez Musharraf's allies of pushing Pakistan into crisis by their refusal to permit democratic reforms and power-sharing. A nine-member panel of Supreme Court judges deliberated on six petitions (including one from Jamaat-e-Islami, Pakistan's largest Islamic group) asserting that Musharraf be disqualified from contending for the presidency of Pakistan. Bhutto stated that her party could join one of the opposition groups, potentially that of Nawaz Sharif. Attorney-general Malik Mohammed Qayyum stated that, pendente lite, the Election Commission was "reluctant" to announce the schedule for the presidential vote. Bhutto's party, Farhatullah Babar, stated that the Constitution could bar Musharraf from being elected again because he is already chief of the army: "As Gen. Musharraf is disqualified from contesting for President, he has prevailed upon the Election Commission to arbitrarily and illegally tamper with the Constitution of Pakistan."^[10] is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... General Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: ) (born August 11, 1943) serves as President of Pakistan and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. ... The supreme court functions as a court of last resort whose rulings cannot be challenged, in some countries, provinces and states. ... Jamaat-e-Islami (Arabic: Ø¬Ù…Ø§Ø¹ØªÙ Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÛŒ, Islamic Assembly Jamaat, JI) is an Islamic political movement founded in Lahore by Syed Abul Ala Maududi on 26 August 1941. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: Ù…ÛŒØ§Úº Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ù†ÙˆØ§Ø² Ø´Ø±ÛŒÙ ) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) is a Pakistani politician. ... A Latin term meaning while pending which is utilized for court orders or legal agreements entered into while a matter (such as a divorce) is pending. ... This article needs cleanup. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Policies for women

During election campaigns the Bhutto government voiced its concern for women's social and health issues, including the issue of discrimination against women. Bhutto announced plans to establish women's police stations, courts, and women's development banks. Despite these promises, Bhutto did not propose any legislation to improve welfare services for women. During her election campaigns, Bhutto promised to repeal controversial laws (such as Hudood and Zina ordinances) that curtail the rights of women in Pakistan. Her party never did fulfil these promises during her tenures as Prime Minister, due to immense pressure from the opposition. Hudud ( Arabic , also transliterated hadud, hudood; plural for hadd, , limit, or restriction) is the word often used in Islamic social and legal literature for the bounds of acceptable behaviour and the punishments for serious crimes. ... Zina (Ø²Ù†Ø§) is an Arabic term for extramarital or premarital sex. ...

Only after her stints as Prime Minister did her party initiate legislation to repeal the Zina ordinance, during General Musharraf's regime. These efforts were defeated by the right-wing religious parties that dominated the legislatures at the time.

Policy on Taliban

The Taliban took power in Kabul in September 1996. It was during Bhutto's rule that the Taliban gained prominence in Afghanistan. She viewed the Taliban as a group that could stabilize Afghanistan and enable trade access to the Central Asian republics.^[11] Her government provided military and financial support for the Taliban, even sending a very small unit of the Pakistani army into Afghanistan.^[12]
Recently, she has taken an anti-Taliban stance and has condemned terrorist acts committed by the Taliban and their supporters. For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... The Taliban (Pashto: , also anglicized as Taleban) are a Sunni Muslim Pashtun movement [2] that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance, United States, and the United Kingdom. ... The Central Asian Republics are five countries located in Central Asia that were former Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan The Central Asian Republics are sometimes referred to as Central Asia, although others prefer this term to be reserved for a larger geographic region within Asia rather than a designation given...

Exile

After being dismissed by the then-president of Pakistan on charges of corruption her party lost the October elections. She served as leader of the opposition while Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister for the next three years. Elections were held again in October 1993 and her PPP coalition was victorious, returning Bhutto to office. In 1996 her government was once again dismissed on corruption charges. Here is a list of the leaders of the Opposition according to the 1973 constitution of Pakistan; 1972-1975 Khan Abdul Wali Khan 1975-1977 Sherbaz Mazari 1985-1988 Syed Fakhar Imam 1988-1990 Khan Abdul Wali Khan 1990-1993 Benazir Bhutto 1993-1996 Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif 1997-1999... Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: Ù…ÛŒØ§Úº Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ù†ÙˆØ§Ø² Ø´Ø±ÛŒÙ ) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) is a Pakistani politician. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

Charges of corruption

The French, Polish, Spanish and Swiss governments have provided documentary evidence to the Pakistan government of alleged corruption by Bhutto and her husband. ^{[citation needed]} Bhutto and her husband faced a number of legal proceedings, including a charge of laundering money through Swiss banks. Her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, spent eight years in prison on similar corruption charges. Zardari, released from jail in 2004, has suggested that his time in prison involved torture; human rights groups have supported his claim that his rights were violated.^[13] Banking in Switzerland is characterized by stability, privacy and protection of clients assets and information. ... Asif Ali Zardari (Urdu: Ø¢ØµÙ Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ Ø²Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÛŒ) (Sindhi:Ø¢ØµÙ Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ Ø²Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÙŠ)is the chief of the Zardari tribe and the husband of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. ...

A 1998 report^[14] indicates that Pakistani investigators have documents that uncover a network of bank accounts, all linked to the family's lawyer in Switzerland, with Asif Zardari as the principal shareholder. According to the article, documents released by the French authorities indicated that Zadari offered exclusive rights to Dassault, a French aircraft manufacturer, to replace the air force's fighter jets in exchange for a 5% commission to be paid to a Swiss corporation controlled by Zardari. The article also said a Dubai company received an exclusive license to import gold into Pakistan for which Asif Zardari received payments of more than $10M into his Dubai-based Citibank accounts. The owner of the company denied that he had made payments to Zardari and claims the documents were forged. The paper also said that Zardari's parents, who had modest assets at the time of Bhutto's marriage, now own a 355-acre estate south of London. The estate has been auctioned through a court order. Formerly named Societé des Avions Marcel Bloch or MB, the Dassault Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturer of military, regional and business jets. ... An A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-86 Sabre, P-38 Lightning and P-51 Mustang fly in formation during an air show at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. ... Citibank is a major international bank, founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York. ...

Bhutto maintains that the charges levelled against her and her husband are purely political.^[15]^[16] "Most of those documents are fabricated," she said, "and the stories that have been spun around them are absolutely wrong." An Auditor General of Pakistan (AGP) report supports Bhutto's claim. It presents information suggesting that Benazir Bhutto was ousted from power in 1990 as a result of a witch hunt approved by then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan. The AGP report says Khan illegally paid legal advisors 28 million Rupees to file 19 corruption cases against Bhutto and her husband in 1990-92.^[17] Auditor General of Pakistan position is established under the Constitution of Pakistan. ...

However, Bhutto and her husband still face wide-ranging allegations of theft concerning hundreds of millions of dollars of "commissions" on government contracts and tenders. Despite this, a power-sharing deal recently brokered between Bhutto and Musharraf will allow Bhutto access to her Swiss bank accounts containing £740 million ($1.5 Billion). Another one of her prime assets include her 10 bedroom mock Tudor Surrey mansion.^{[citation needed]}

Switzerland

On 23 July 1998, the Swiss Government handed over documents to the government of Pakistan which relate to corruption allegations against Benazir Bhutto and her husband.^[18] The documents included a formal charge of money laundering by Swiss authorities against Zardari. The Pakistani government had been conducting a wide-ranging inquiry to account for more than $13.7 million frozen by Swiss authorities in 1997 that was allegedly stashed in banks by Bhutto and her husband. The Pakistani government recently filed criminal charges against Bhutto in an effort to track down an estimated $1.5 billion she and her husband are alleged to have received in a variety of criminal enterprises.^[19] The documents suggest that the money Zardari is alleged to have laundered was accessible to Benazir Bhutto and had been used to buy a diamond necklace for over $175,000.^[20] is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions in order to conceal the identity, source and destination of the money in question. ...

The PPP has responded by flatly denying the charges, suggesting that Swiss authorities have been misled by false evidence provided by Islamabad. PPP is an abbreviation for: In real estate: prepayment penalty, a penalty paid when property is sold before an agreed-upon date. ... (Urdu: Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ...

On 6 August 2003, Swiss magistrates found Benazir and her husband guilty of money laundering.^[21] They were given six-month suspended jail terms, fined $50,000 each and were ordered to pay $11 million to the Pakistani government. The six-year trial alleged that Benazir and Zardari deposited in Swiss accounts $10 million given to them by a Swiss company in exchange for a contract in Pakistan. The couple said they would appeal. The Pakistani investigators say Zardari opened a Citbank account in Geneva in 1995 through which they say he passed some $40 million of the $100 million he received in payoffs from foreign companies doing business in Pakistan.^[22] is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In October 2007, Daniel Zappelli, chief prosecutor of the canton (state) of Geneva, said he received the conclusions of a money laundering investigation against former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto on Monday, but it was unclear whether there would be any further legal action against her in Switzerland. ^[23] Geneva (pronunciation //; French: GenÃ¨ve //, German: //, Italian: Ginevra //, Romansh: Genevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after ZÃ¼rich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ...

Poland

The Polish Government has given Pakistan 500 pages of documentation relating to corruption allegations against Benazir Bhutto and her husband. These charges are in regard to the purchase of 8,000 tractors in a 1997 deal.^[24]^[25] According to Pakistani officials, the Polish papers contain details of illegal commissions paid by the tractor company in return for agreeing to their contract.^[26] It is alleged that the arrangement "skimmed" Rs 103 mn rupees ($2 million) in kickbacks.^[27] "The documentary evidence received from Poland confirms the scheme of kickbacks laid out by Asif Zardari and Benazir Bhutto in the name of (the) launching of Awami tractor scheme," APP said. Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari allegedly received a 7.15 percent commission on the purchase through their front men, Jens Schlegelmilch and Didier Plantin of Dargal S.A., who received about $1.969 million for supplying 5,900 Ursus Tractors.^[28] APP could mean: Amyloid precursor protein Austrian Peoples Party American Populist Party Asia Pulp & Paper Amtraks 3-letter code for the rail station at Appleton, Wisconsin, USA Slang for application software, an executable program used on a computer. ...

France

Potentially the most lucrative deal alleged in the documents involved the effort by Dassault Aviation, a French military contractor. French authorities indicated in 1998 that Bhutto's husband, Zardari, offered exclusive rights to Dassault to replace the air force’s fighter jets in exchange for a five percent commission to be paid to a corporation in Switzerland controlled by Zardari.^[29] Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet of the UK defence technology organisation QinetiQ Dassault Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturer of military, regional and business jets. ...

At the time, French corruption laws forbid bribery of French officials but permitted payoffs to foreign officials, and even made the payoffs tax-deductible in France. However, France changed this law in 2000. ^[30] A tax deduction or a tax-deductible expense represents an expense incurred by a taxpayer that is subtracted from gross income and results in a lower overall taxable income. ...

Middle East

In the largest single payment investigators have discovered, a gold bullion dealer in the Middle East is alleged to have deposited at least $10 million into one of Zardari's accounts after the Bhutto government gave him a monopoly on gold imports that sustained Pakistan's jewellery industry. The money was allegedly deposited into Zardari's Citibank account in Dubai. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold in 2006 A pile of 12. ... This article is about the economic term. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... Citibank is a major international bank, founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York. ... Coordinates: , Emirate Government - Emir Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area [1] - Metro 4,114 kmÂ² (1,588. ...

Pakistan's Arabian Sea coast, stretching from Karachi to the border with Iran, has long been a gold smugglers' haven. Until the beginning of Bhutto's second term, the trade, running into hundreds of millions of dollars a year, was unregulated, with slivers of gold called biscuits, and larger weights in bullion, carried on planes and boats that travel between the Persian Gulf and the largely unguarded Pakistani coast. The Arabian Sea (Arabic: Ø¨ØØ± Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨; transliterated: Bahr al-Arab) is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia... (Urdu: , Sindhi: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ...

Shortly after Bhutto returned as prime minister in 1993, a Pakistani bullion trader in Dubai, Abdul Razzak Yaqub, proposed a deal: in return for the exclusive right to import gold, Razzak would help the government regularize the trade. In November 1994, Pakistan's Commerce Ministry wrote to Razzak informing him that he had been granted a license that made him, for at least the next two years, Pakistan's sole authorized gold importer. In an interview in his office in Dubai, Razzak acknowledged that he had used the license to import more than $500 million in gold into Pakistan, and that he had travelled to Islamabad several times to meet with Bhutto and Zardari. But he denied that there had been any corruption or secret deals. "I have not paid a single cent to Zardari," he said. Coordinates: , Emirate Government - Emir Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area [1] - Metro 4,114 kmÂ² (1,588. ... (Urdu: Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ...

Razzak claims that someone in Pakistan who wished to destroy his reputation had contrived to have his company wrongly identified as the depositor. "Somebody in the bank has cooperated with my enemies to make false documents," he said.

During exile

2002 election

The Bhutto-led Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) secured the highest number of votes (28.42%) and eighty seats (23.16%) in the national assembly in the October 2002 general elections ^[31]. Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) managed to win eighteen seats only. Some of the elected candidates of Pakistan Peoples Party formed a faction of their own, calling it PPP-Patriots which was being led by Makhdoom Faisal Saleh Hayat, the former leader of Bhutto led PPP. They later formed a coalition government with Musharraf's party, PML-Q. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) (Urdu: Ù¾Ø§Ú©Ø³ØªØ§Ù† Ù¾ÛŒÙ¾Ù„Ø² Ù¾Ø§Ø±Ù¹ÛŒ ) is a mainstream centre-left political party in Pakistan. ... The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) (Urdu: Ù¾Ø§Ú©Ø³ØªØ§Ù† Ù¾ÛŒÙ¾Ù„Ø² Ù¾Ø§Ø±Ù¹ÛŒ ) is a mainstream centre-left political party in Pakistan. ... Bhutto may refer to: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Also spelled Bhuto) was former Pakistani Prime Minister, deposed by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1970s. ... PPP is an abbreviation for: In real estate: prepayment penalty, a penalty paid when property is sold before an agreed-upon date. ... The Pakistan Muslim League (Q), or PML-Q, is a centrist political party in Pakistan, dervied from the original Pakistan Muslim League which had laid foundation of the state of Pakistan. ...

Early 2000s

In 2002, Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf amended Pakistan's constitution to ban prime ministers from serving more than two terms. This disqualifies Bhutto from ever holding the office again. This move was widely considered to be a direct attack on former prime ministers Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. On 3 August 2003, Bhutto became a member of Minhaj ul Quran International (An international Muslim educational and welfare organization).^[32] General Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: ) (born August 11, 1943) serves as President of Pakistan and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. ... Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: Ù…ÛŒØ§Úº Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ù†ÙˆØ§Ø² Ø´Ø±ÛŒÙ ) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) is a Pakistani politician. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Minhaj-ul-Quran International is a non-political, non-sectarian and non-governmental organization (NGO) working in over 81 countries around the globe. ...

Since September 2004, Bhutto lived in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, where she cared for her children and her mother, who is suffering from Alzheimer's disease, travelling to give lectures and keeping in touch with the Pakistan Peoples Party's supporters. She and her three children were reunited with her husband and their father in December 2004 after more than five years. Coordinates: , Emirate Government - Emir Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area [1] - Metro 4,114 kmÂ² (1,588. ... Nusrat Bhutto Begum Nusrat Bhutto (Urdu: Ø¨ÛŒÚ¯Ù… Ù†ØµØ±Øª Ø¨Ú¾Ù¹Ùˆ ) former first lady of Pakistan, widow of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and mother of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) Chairperson Benazir Bhutto who is also a former Prime Minister of Pakistan. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 27 January 2007 she was invited by the United States to speak to President Bush and congressional and State Department officials.^[33] is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Bhutto appeared as a panellist on the BBC TV programme Question Time in the UK in March 2007. She has also appeared on BBC current affairs programme Newsnight on several occasions. She rebuffed comments made by Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq in May 2007 regarding the knighthood of Salman Rushdie, citing that he was calling for the assassination of foreign citizens. For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Question Time is a topical debate television programme in the United Kingdom, based on Any Questions?. It is currently shown on BBC One at 22:35 on Thursdays, and typically features politicians from the three major political parties and other public figures who answer questions put to them by the... Newsnight is a British daily news analysis, current affairs and politics programme broadcast between 22:30 and 23:20 on weekdays on BBC Two. ... Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq (Urdu: ï»–ïº¤ï»Ÿïº ïº«ïºŽïº ï»‹ïº ïºªï»¤ïº¤ï»£) (born 1953) is a prominent Pakistani politician and, as of 2004, the current Federal Minister for Religious Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. ... In mid-June 2007 Salman Rushdie was given the title of knight by the British Queen Elizabeth II. This action brought much criticism around the world in many countries with Muslim majority populations. ...

Bhutto had declared her intention to return to Pakistan within 2007, which she did, in spite of Musharraf's statements of May 2007 about not allowing her to return ahead of the country's general election, due late 2007 or early 2008. It is speculated that she may be offered the office of Prime Minister again.^[34]^[35]^[36]

Arthur Herman, a U.S. historian, in a controversial letter published in The Wall Street Journal on 14 June 2007, in response to an article by Bhutto highly critical of the president and his policies, has described her as "One of the most incompetent leaders in the history of South Asia", and asserted that she and other elites in Pakistan hate Musharraf because he is a muhajir, the son of one of millions of Indian Muslims who fled to Pakistan during partition in 1947. Herman has claimed, "Although it was muhajirs who agitated for the creation of Pakistan in the first place, many native Pakistanis view them with contempt and treat them as third-class citizens."^[37]^[38]^[39] Arthur Herman is a conservative American historian of Anglo-American history. ... The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is an international daily newspaper published by Dow Jones & Company in New York City, New York, USA, with Asian and European editions, and a worldwide daily circulation of more than 2 million as of 2006, with 931,000 paying online subscribers. ... is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... General Pervez Musharraf (born August 11, 1943, Delhi, India) became de facto ruler (using the title Chief Executive and assuming extensive power) of [[the office of President of Pakistan (becoming Head of State) on June 20, 2001. ... Islam in India is the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism. ...

Nonetheless, as of mid-2007, the US appeared to be pushing for a deal in which Musharraf would remain as president but step down as military head, and either Bhutto or one of her nominees would become prime minister.^[40]

On 11 July 2007, the Associated Press, in an article about the possible aftermath of the Red Mosque incident, wrote: is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Combatants Pakistan Army Lal Masjid students and militants Commanders Haroon-ul-Islam â€ Waheed Arshad Abdul Rashid Ghazi â€ Abdul Aziz Ghazi Strength 12,000 Army and Rangers 164 SSG commandos[3][4] 1,300 students 110+ militants Casualties 11 SSG killed[5] 1 Ranger killed[5] 33 SSG wounded[5] 8...

This remark about the Red Mosque was seen with dismay in Pakistan as reportedly hundreds of young students were burned to death and remains are untraceable and cases are being heard in Pakistani supreme court as a missing persons issue. This and subsequent support for Musharaf led Elder Bhutto's comrades like Khar to criticize her publicly.^{[citations needed]}

Bhutto however advised Musharraf in an early phase of the latter's quarrel with the Chief Justice, to restore him. Her PPP did not capitalize on its CEC member, Aitzaz, the chief Barrister for the Chief Justice, in successful restoration. Rather he was seen as a rival and was isolated. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) (Urdu: Ù¾Ø§Ú©Ø³ØªØ§Ù† Ù¾ÛŒÙ¾Ù„Ø² Ù¾Ø§Ø±Ù¹ÛŒ ) is a mainstream centre-left political party in Pakistan. ... Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan born on September 27, 1945 at Murree, Islamabad Pakistan. ...

Possible deal with the Musharraf Government

Talks between Musharraf and Benazir in 2004 likely resulted in her husband's release^{[citation needed]}. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...

In July 2007, some of Bhutto's frozen funds were released.^[42]. Bhutto still faces significant charges of corruption. In an 8 August 2007 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Bhutto revealed the meeting focused on her desire to return to Pakistan for the 2008 elections, and of Musharraf retaining the Presidency with Bhutto as Prime Minister. On 29 August 2007, Bhutto announced that Musharraf would step down as chief of the army.^[43]^[44] On 1 September Bhutto vowed to return to Pakistan "very soon", regardless of whether or not she reached a power-sharing deal with Musharraf before then. ^[45] is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), a Canadian crown corporation, is the countryâ€™s national public radio and television broadcaster. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Many observers^{[attribution needed]} consider such a deal improbable. In summer 2002 Musharraf implemented a two-term limit on Prime Ministers. Both Bhutto and Musharraf's other chief rival, Nawaz Sharif, have already served two terms as Prime Minister.^[46] Musharraf's allies in parliament, especially the PMLQ, are unlikely to reverse the changes to allow Prime Ministers to seek third terms, nor to make particular exceptions for either Benazir or Sharif.

On 2 October 2007, Gen. Pervez Musharraf named Lt. Gen. Ashfaq Kayani, as vice chief of the army starting 8 October with the intent that if Musharraf won the presidency and resigned his military post, Kayani would become chief of the army. Meanwhile, Minister Sheikh Rashid Ahmed stated that officials agreed to grant Benazir Bhutto amnesty versus pending corruption charges. She has emphasized the smooth transition and return to civilian rule and has asked Pervez Musharaf to shed uniform.^[47] is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... General Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: ) (born August 11, 1943) serves as President of Pakistan and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. ... General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani (born April 1952, Jhelum) is a Pakistani general and vice chief of army staff (VCOAS). ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Official government photograph Shaikh Rashid Ahmad (born 1950-11-06) is a Pakistani politician and writer. ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

On 5 October 2007 Musharraf signed the National Reconciliation Ordinance, giving amnesty to Bhutto and other political leaders—except exiled former premier Nawaz Sharif—in all court cases against them, including all corruption charges. The Ordinance came a day before Musharraf faced the crucial presidential poll. Both Bhutto's oppsition party, the PPP, and the ruling PMLQ, were involved in negotiations beforehand about the deal.^[48] In return, Bhutto and the PPP agreed not to boycott the Presidential election.^[49] For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

On 6 October 2007, Pervez Musharraf won a parliamentary election for President. However, the Supreme Court ruled that no winner can be officially proclaimed until it finishes deciding on whether it was legal for Musharraf to run for President while remaining Army General. Bhutto's PPP party did not join the other opposition parties' boycott of the election, but did abstain from voting.^[50] Later Bhutto demanded security coverage on-par with the President's. Bhutto also contracted foreign security firms for her protection. ^[51] is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... General Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: ) (born August 11, 1943) serves as President of Pakistan and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. ... For other uses, see Security (disambiguation). ...

Return to Pakistan

After eight years in exile in Dubai and London, Bhutto returned to Karachi on 18 October 2007 to prepare for the 2008 national elections.^[52]^[53] Coordinates: , Emirate Government - Emir Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area [1] - Metro 4,114 kmÂ² (1,588. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... (Urdu: , Sindhi: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... General elections will be held in Pakistan in early January 2008. ...

En route to a rally in Karachi on 18 October 2007, two explosions occurred shortly after Bhutto had landed and left Jinnah International Airport. She was not injured but the explosions, later found to be a suicide-bomb attack, killed 136 people and injured at least 450. The dead included at least 50 of the security guards from her Pakistan Peoples Party who had formed a human chain around her truck to keep potential bombers away, as well as 6 police officers. A number of senior officials were injured. Bhutto was escorted unharmed from the scene.^[54] The 2007 Karachi bombings of October 18, 2007 in Karachi, Pakistan, resulted in at least 126 killed and 248 injured. ... (Urdu: , Sindhi: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... KHI redirects here. ... The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) (Urdu: Ù¾Ø§Ú©Ø³ØªØ§Ù† Ù¾ÛŒÙ¾Ù„Ø² Ù¾Ø§Ø±Ù¹ÛŒ ) is a mainstream centre-left political party in Pakistan. ...

Bhutto later claimed that she had warned the Pakistani government that suicide bomb squads would target her upon her return to Pakistan and that the government had failed to act. She was careful not to blame Musharraf for the attacks, accusing instead "certain individuals [within the government] who abuse their positions, who abuse their powers" to advance the cause of Islamic militants. Aides close to Ms. Bhutto said that one of those named in a letter she sent the government was Ijaz Shah, the director general of the Intelligence Bureau, another of the country’s intelligence agencies and a close associate of General Musharraf. Bhutto has a long history of accusing parts of the government, particularly Pakistan’s premier military intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of working against her and her party because they oppose her liberal, secular agenda. The ISI has for decades backed militant Islamic groups in Kashmir and in Afghanistan.^[55] General Pervez Musharraf (born August 11, 1943, Delhi, India) became de facto ruler (using the title Chief Executive and assuming extensive power) of [[the office of President of Pakistan (becoming Head of State) on June 20, 2001. ... Seconds after American Airlines Flight 11 crashes into the North Tower of the World Trade Center Islamist terrorism (also known as Islamic terrorism or Jihadist terrorism) is terrorism - an act of violence targeting non-combatants - done by a person or group identifiably Islamic, and/or to further the cause of... Retired Brigadier Ijaz Shah is a Pakistani politician, a long-term close associate of Pervez Musharraf; Shah is a former Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) official[1] and is currently the director-general of the Pakistani intelligence bureau; in his official capacity he was one of the individuals named as... This article is about the Pakistani intelligence agency. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

There are discrepancies between the accounts published in western newspapers, Pakistani tabloids, and eye witness accounts of the assassination attempt. Benazir's husband categorically refused to accept that the suicide bombing was an attack by Al Qaeda or the Taliban. Correspondingly, Pakistani Taliban leader Mehsud denied responsibility and Jamaat Islami, an opponent of Bhutto, announced three days mourning for the dead^{[citation needed]}.

Benazir's associates describe an initial small grenade attack, followed twenty seconds later by larger explosives, one right and and one left of the truck carrying Benazir; this was followed by a brief burst of gun fire directed at vehicle's roof. The PPP sources claim that yet another non-exploded bomb was fixed on a bridge which the vehicle had already crossed^{[citation needed]}.

Some witnesses report there was a sizzling sound, apparently an underground wire signal for the explosive devices. Benazir escaped, as she was protected by a 30-inch tall bullet-proof lining on the top of truck and was reportedly descending into the vehicle's interior at the time; hence neither shrapnel nor bullets killed her. The total number of injured, according to PPP sources, stood at 1000, with at least 160 dead^{[citation needed]} .

The PPP has lodged a complaint against the FIR but has been cautious in laying blame^{[citation needed]}. Military army circles are deeply concerned and the ousters of the Chief Ministers of both Punjab and Sindh are being debated to defuse public anger^{[citation needed]}.

Few days later, Bhutto's lawyer Senator Farooq H. Naik said he received a letter threatening to kill his client. The letter also claims to have links with al-Qaeda and followers of Osama bin Laden.^[56] For other uses, see Letter (disambiguation). ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: â€Ž; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ...

Response to 2007 State of Emergency

On November 3, 2007 President Pervez Musharraf declared a state of emergency, citing actions by the Supreme Court of Pakistan and religious extremism in the nation. Bhutto returned to the country, interrupting a visit to family in Dubai. The AP reports that she was greeted by supporters chanting slogans at the airport.^[57] After staying in her plane for several hours she was driven to her home in Lahore, accompanied by hundreds of supporters.^[58] She made the following comments critical of Musharraf's declaration of emergency: Pervez Musharraf has led Pakistan since 1999. ... Image File history File links Gnome_globe_current_event. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Coordinates: , Emirate Government - Emir Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area [1] - Metro 4,114 kmÂ² (1,588. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... (Urdu: Ù„Ø§ÛÙˆØ±, Punjabi: Ù„ÛÙˆØ±, pronounced ) is the capital of the province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ...

"Unless General Musharraf reverses the course it will be very difficult to have fair elections." In other telephone comments to Sky News television she said, "I agree with him that we are facing a political crisis, but I believe the problem is dictatorship, I don't believe the solution is dictatorship. Sky News is a 24-hour British domestic and international television news channel that started broadcasting on 16 February 1989 as part of the then four-channel Sky Television service, as well as a hourly news radio service in the UK. Broadcast of a 24-hour radio service is due...

House arrest

On November 8, 2007, Bhutto was placed under house arrest just a few hours before she was due to lead and address a rally against the state of emergency.^[60]. She made some attempts to come out of house arrest but police stopped her. All roads to her house were closed.^[61] The following day, the Pakistani government announced that Bhutto's arrest warrant had been withdrawn and that she would be free to travel and to appear at public rallies. However, leaders of other opposition political parties remained prohibited from speaking in public.^[62] In justice and law, house arrest is the situation where a person is confined (by the authorities) to his or her residence. ... Look up rally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Benazir Bhutto's books

Books about Benazir Bhutto

Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Dr. Ayesha Siddiqa Agha (Urdu: ) is an independent security analyst and strategic affairs columnist of Pakistan. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Other related publications

Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

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