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Bengal Tiger
Conservation status
Endangered
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Panthera Species: P. tigris Subspecies: P. t. tigris
Trinomial name
Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)

The Bengal tiger, or Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris or Panthera tigris bengalensis), is a subspecies of tiger primarily found in Bangladesh, India, and also Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and southern Tibet.^[1] It has traditionally been considered the second largest subspecies after the Siberian tiger, but Northern Bengals may indeed rival Siberian tigers in size. It is the most common tiger subspecies, living in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, subtropical and tropical rainforests, scrub forests, wet and dry deciduous forests, and mangroves. It is the national animal of Bangladesh, while Panthera tigris (Tiger) is the national animal of India ^[2]. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future. ... The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria For the folk-rock band see The Mammals. ... Families 17, See classification The diverse order Carnivora (IPA: or ; from Latin carō (stem carn-) flesh, + vorāre to devour) includes over 260 species of placental mammals. ... “Feline” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Panthera (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation). ... Trinomial nomenclature is a taxonomic naming system that extends the standard system of binomial nomenclature by adding a third taxon. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article is about the zoological term. ... For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation). ... Anthem Kaba Ma Kyei Capital Naypyidaw Largest city Yangon Official languages Burmese Demonym Burmese Government Military junta  -  Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Than Shwe  -  Prime Minister Soe Win  -  Acting Prime Minister Thein Sein Establishment  -  Bagan 849–1287   -  Taungoo Dynasty 1486–1752   -  Konbaung Dynasty 1752–1885   -  Colonial rule... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... Trinomial name Panthera tigris altaica Temminck, 1884 Distribution of the Siberian tiger (in red) The Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is a rare subspecies of tiger (). Also known as the Amur, Manchurian, Korean, Altaic, or North China tiger, it is confined completely to the Amur region in the Far East... This is a list of national animals: See also list of national birds Categories: | ... Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family, one of four big cats that belong to the Panthera genus. ... For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation). ... This is a list of national animals: See also list of national birds Categories: | ...

Physical characteristics

Male Bengal tigers measure 275–310 cm^[3] (sometimes up to 360 cm^{[citation needed]}) with their tail. The tail of a large male is usually 85–95 cm long. Their weight ranges from 180 to 272 kilograms (400-600 pounds), with an average weight of 200–236 kg (440–520 lb)^[3]. The heaviest Bengal tiger ever reported was 389.5 kg (857 lb)and measured 334 cm (11 ft) between curves. This tiger was shot in Uttar Pradesh, Northern India, in 1967 by David Hasinger and is the heaviest tiger with reliable source.^[4] However, according to Mazak, the occurrence of those exceptional large tigers is debatable and not confirmed via reliable references.^[3] Females are considerably smaller and have an average weight of 141 kg (310 lb), but they can reach up to 180 kg^[5] (400 lb). Males have a maximum skull length of 330 to 380 mm, females 275 to 311 mm. Jim Corbett once shot a tiger called the Bachelor of Powalgarh, with a total length of 3.23 m "over curves" (3.10 m between curves), thought to be "as big as a Shetland pony" by the famous hunter Fred Anderson.^[6] Pictures of this cat documented that it was indeed a very large tiger. Kg redirects here. ... Look up pound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Jim Corbett can refer to three different people: Gentleman Jim James J. Corbett (1866 - 1933) was the Heavyweight Champion of the World in boxing. ...

The fur of this subspecies is generally orange-brown with black stripes, although there is a mutation that sometimes produces white tigers, as well as a rare variation (less than 100 known to exist, all in captivity) called the Golden Tabby as a white coat with golden patches and stripes that are much paler than normal. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1122x750, 364 KB) Panthera tigris tigris, Bengaltiger, Indischer Tiger oder Königstiger Public Domain from http://images. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1122x750, 364 KB) Panthera tigris tigris, Bengaltiger, Indischer Tiger oder Königstiger Public Domain from http://images. ... For other uses, see Fur (disambiguation). ... For linguistic mutation, see Apophony. ... For other uses, see White tiger (disambiguation). ...

Diet

Bengal tigers hunt small-sized and large-sized animals, such as wild boar, sambar, barasingha, chital, nilgai, gaur, water buffalo and they also feed on fish and other animals too. They sometimes prey on smaller animals like hares, monkeys, langurs or peacocks and carrion is also readily taken. Bengal tigers have also been known to prey on young Asian Elephants and Rhinoceros|rhino calves in rare documented cases.^{[citation needed]} For instance, the World Wildlife Fund is fostering an orphaned rhino whose mother was killed by a tiger. Famous Indian hunter and naturalist Jim Corbett described an incident where two tigers fought and killed a large bull elephant.^[3] Bengal tigers have also been known to take other predators such as Indian Leopard|leopards, Indian Wolf|wolves, jackals, foxes, crocodiles and dholes as prey, although these predators are not typically a part of the tiger's diet. Note: After losing a court case in 2002 on the use of the initials WWF, the organization previously known as the World Wrestling Federation has rebranded itself as World Wrestling Entertainment, or WWE. WWF - The Conservation Organization was formerly known as World Wildlife Fund and Worldwide Fund for Nature. ...

Bengal tigers prefer to hunt mostly by day, but are awake in the nighttime. During the day, the cover of the tall "elephant grass" gives the feline excellent camouflage. Bengals kill prey by overpowering their victim and severing the spinal cord (preferred method for smaller prey), or applying a suffocation bite of the throat for large prey. A Bengal tiger will usually drag its kill to a safe place to eat away from possible predators. Despite their size, Bengal tigers can climb trees effectively, but they are not as adept as the smaller leopard and jaguar, which hides its kills from other predators in the trees. Bengal tigers are also strong and frequent swimmers, often ambushing drinking or swimming prey or chasing prey that has retreated into water. The Bengal tiger can consume up to about 30 kg (66 lb) of meat at a time and then go without eating for days.^[7] These tigers normally hunt deer or anything above 100 pounds, but when driven to hunger, it will eat anything, such as frogs, fowl, crocodiles, domestic livestock and sometimes humans. Bengal Tigers are apex predators and have no natural predators outside of man. Binomial name Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. ... This article is about protective camouflage used to disguise people, animals, or military targets. ... The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ... Suffocation can mean two things: Suffocation, or Asphyxia, is a medical condition where the body is depraved of oxygen. ... This article is about the big cat. ... keels is bent and she has a big nose which she picks every day. ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... Apex predators (also alpha predators, superpredators, or top-level predators) are predators that, as adults, are not normally preyed upon in the wild in significant parts of their ranges. ...

Population

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Estimations in 2005 indicate an approximate worldwide population of 3,000 Bengal tigers: The bulk of the population is found in Bangladesh and India. There are about 200 tigers in Nepal and a small, unknown number in northwest Myanmar.

The Bengal tiger is now strictly protected and is the national animal of Bangladesh. Following the introduction of a tiger conservation program in India, known as Project Tiger, the population of wild tigers has increased significantly. The tiger population of Bangladesh is officially estimated to have reached about 500 (unverified), up from 200 in the 1970s. In the Sunderbans, a 2004 survey found the presence of about 280 tigers on the India side & 500 tigers in the Bangladesh side. Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation project initiated in India in 1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers. ... Where the land meets the sea at the southern tip of West Bengal lies the Indian Sunderbans, a stretch of impenetrable mangrove forest of great size and bio-diversity. ...

Bengal tiger

But since the early 1990s, the tiger population has begun to decline again, due to habitat destruction and large-scale poaching for tiger skins and bones. The Bangladeshi government is trying hard to show the world that the tiger is thriving in Bangladesh, often using controversial techniques like taking molds of paw prints to track tiger populations. It was recently discovered that tigers have been wiped out from one of Project Tiger's leading sanctuaries, Sariska. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (533x800, 154 KB) A tiger licking his paw, photo taken by Bernard Landgraf File links The following pages link to this file: Bengal Tiger ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (533x800, 154 KB) A tiger licking his paw, photo taken by Bernard Landgraf File links The following pages link to this file: Bengal Tiger ... Sariska is a national park in the Indian state of Rajasthan. ...

The current population of wild Bengal tigers in the Indian subcontinent is now estimated to be between 1,300 and 1,500^[8], which is less than half of the previous estimate of 3,000-4,500 tigers. This estimate is based on a state-by-state census conducted in India in 2001.

Habitat loss and poaching are important threats to species survival. Poachers kill tigers not only for their pelts, but also for body parts used to make various traditional East Asian medicines. Other factors contributing to their loss are urbanization and revenge killing. Farmers blame tigers for killing cattle and will shoot them. Poachers also kill tigers for their bones and teeth to make medicines that are alleged to provide the tiger's strength. The hunting for Chinese medicine and fur is the biggest cause of decline of the tigers. In India, retired Indian Army personnel are being recruited to save the Bengal tiger from poaching gangs. For other uses, see Poaching (disambiguation). ... This article is about the geographical region. ... A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ... This article is about the post-independence Indian Army. ...

Genetic pollution in wild Bengal tigers

Tara, a hand-reared supposedly Bengal tigress acquired from Twycross Zoo in England in July 1976, was trained by Billy Arjan Singh and reintroduced to the wild in Dudhwa National Park, India with the permission of India’s then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in an attempt to prove the experts wrong that zoo-bred hand-reared tigers can ever be released in the wild with success. In the 1990s, some tigers from Dudhwa were observed which had the typical appearance of Siberian tigers: white complexion, pale fur, large head and wide stripes. With recent advances in science it was subsequently found that Siberian tigers genes have polluted the otherwise pure Bengal tiger gene pool of Dudhwa National Park. It was proved later that Twycross Zoo had been irresponsible and maintained no breeding records and had given India a hybrid Siberian-Bengal Tigress instead. Dudhwa tigers constitute about 1% of India's total wild population, but the possibility exists of this genetic pollution spreading to other tiger groups; at its worst, this could jeopardize the Bengal tiger as a distinct subspecies^{[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]}. Twycross Zoo (also known as the World Primate Centre) is a large zoo near the village of Twycross on the border of Leicestershire (on the A444 about 3 miles off the A42/M42). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Feisty Billy Arjan Singh is a conservationist recognised by most tiger lovers. ... Reintroduction is the deliberate release of animals from captivity into the wild. ... Dudhwa National Park in a Nutshell Location: Dudhwa (Dist. ... A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latters fasts Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: ) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in... Trinomial name Panthera tigris altaica Temminck, 1884 Distribution of the Siberian tiger (in red) The Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is a rare subspecies of tiger (). Also known as the Amur, Manchurian, Korean, Altaic, or North China tiger, it is confined completely to the Amur region in the Far East... For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ... This article is about a biological term. ... Genetic pollution, genetic contamination or genetic swamping happens when original set of naturally evolved (wild) region specific genes / gene pool of wild animals and plants become hybridized with domesticated and feral varieties or with the genes of other nonnative wild species or subspecies from neighboring or far away regions. ... This article is about the zoological term. ...

Re-wilding project in South Africa

There is a Bengal tiger rewilding project started by John Varty in 2000. This project involves bringing captive-bred zoo Bengal tiger cubs, and for them to be trained by their human trainers so that the tigers can regain their predatory instincts. Once they prove that they can sustain themselves in the wild, they would be released into the wilderness of Africa to fend for themselves. Their trainers, John Varty and Dave Salmoni (Big Cat trainer and zoologist), have to teach them how to stalk, hunt, and most importantly to associate hunting with food. All of these instincts would be taught to them by their biological mothers in the wild. John Varty (JV) is a South African conservationist and filmmaker who specializes in Big Cats. ... John Varty (JV) is a South African conservationist and filmmaker who specializes in Big Cats. ... Dave Salmoni (born Sarnia, Ontario, Canada) is an animal trainer and zoologist. ...

Two Bengal tigers have already succeeded in re-wilding and two more tigers are currently undergoing their re-wilding training. The tiger canyons project is not an attempt to introduce tigers into Africa, but an experiment to create a free-ranging, self-sustaining tiger population outside Asia. From this population, third and fourth generations of tigers can be returned to parks in Asia that meet a set of criteria which give the tigers a chance of surviving in Asia. This project is featured by The Discovery Channel as a documentary, "Living With Tigers". It was voted one of the best Discovery Channel documentaries in 2003. Discovery Channel is an American cable TV network, based in Silver Spring, MD, that has a variety of science programming, particularly documentaries and nature shows. ... Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to document reality. ...

A strong criticism about this project is with the chosen cubs. Experts state that the four tigers (Ron, Julie, Seatao and Shadow) involved in the rewilding project are not purebred Bengal tigers and should not be used for breeding. The tigers are bred by Ron Witfield, world renowned as having the best breeding line of Bengal tigers, and the tigers' genealogy can be traced back through many generations. However, the four tigers are not recorded in the Bengal tiger Studbook and should not be deemed as purebred Bengal tigers. Many tigers in the world's zoos are genetically impure and there is no reason to suppose these four are not among them.^[19] The 1997 International Tiger Studbook lists the current global captive population of Bengal tigers at 210 tigers. All of the studbook-registered captive population is maintained in Indian zoos, except for one female Bengal tiger in North America.^[20] It is important to note that Ron and Julie (2 of the tigers) were bred in the USA and hand-raised at Bowmanville Zoo in Canada^[21], while Seatow and Shadow are two tigers bred in South Africa.^[22] Cubs may refer to The Chicago Cubs baseball team The Wolf Cubs; the junior age group of the Scouting movement This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Look up expert in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A project is a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a product or service[1]. // The word project comes from the Latin word projectum from projicere, to throw something forwards which in turn comes from pro-, which denotes something that precedes the action of the next part of the word in... Trinomial name Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bengal Tiger or Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is a subspecies of tiger found through the rainforests and grasslands of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, India and Nepal. ... Genealogy (from Greek: γενεα, genea, family; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family, one of four big cats that belong to the Panthera genus. ... Trinomial name Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bengal tiger, or Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris or Panthera tigris bengalensis), is a subspecies of tiger primarily found in Bangladesh, India, and also Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and southern Tibet. ... A breed registry, also known as a stud book, is an official list of animals within a specific breed whose parents are known. ... Purebreds, also called purebreeds, are cultivated varieties or cultivars of an animal species, achieved through the process of selective breeding. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family, one of four big cats that belong to the Panthera genus. ... Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ... The adjective global and adverb globally imply that the verb or noun to which they are applied applies to the entire Earth and all of its species and regions. ... Captive was one of the first computer sci-fi RPGs released by Mindscape in 1990. ... Trinomial name Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bengal tiger, or Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris or Panthera tigris bengalensis), is a subspecies of tiger primarily found in Bangladesh, India, and also Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and southern Tibet. ... Captive was one of the first computer sci-fi RPGs released by Mindscape in 1990. ... Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family, one of four big cats that belong to the Panthera genus. ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... The Bowmanville zoo is a well known zoo in Bowmanville, Ontario. ...

The tigers in the Tiger Canyons Project have recently been confirmed to be crossbred Siberian/Bengal tigers. Tigers that are not genetically pure are not allowed to be released into the wild and will not be able to participate in the tiger Species Survival Plan which aims to breed genetically pure tiger specimens and individuals.^[23] In short, these tigers do not have any genetic value.^[24] The Species Survival Plan helps endangered animals find zoos to live in. ...

However it is important to note that wild living self sustaining experimental tigers like these (either maintained in fenced enclosures or on game reserves on another continent like Africa where there are no other purebred tigers which will get threatened by interbreeding with them) which can now hunt their own prey successfully can be made to raise litters of certified purebred ones through a process of litter swapping as soon as the cubs are born, or also through the much more expensive process of embryo transfer; once purebred cubs are raised then their genepool can be maintained by artificial insemination and other ex-situ conservation methods. Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) whereby one or several embryos are placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. ... AIH redirects here. ... Ex-situ conservation means literally, off-site conservation. It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal by removing it from an unsafe or threatened habitat and placing it or part of it under the care of humans. ...

Using technology to save tigers in the wild

Though millions of dollars have been spent in tiger conservation in India, the government of India has not really used latest technological innovations in the efforts. In fact, it was the use of technology itself that prompted the latest outcry against the declining numbers. For the first time in India, tiger census was done in a more scientific manner by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), using DNA profiling and camera traps rather than pugmarks. The new method reduced drastically the numbers of tigers in India, as quoted by the forest department.

The WII estimates showed that tiger numbers had fallen in Madhya Pradesh by 61%, Maharashtra by 57%, and Rajasthan by 40%. Compare this with the government's first tiger census; conducted under the Project Tiger initiative, begun in 1973, it counted 1,827 tigers in the country that year. Since then the tiger population saw a steady rise to reach 3,700 tigers in 2002. Use of technology has effectively curtailed the numbers by half.

Tiger scientists in India like Raghu Chundavat and Ulhas Karanth have faced lot of backlash from the forest department. Both these scientists have been for years calling for use of technology in the conservation efforts. For instance, Raghu, in the past, had been involved with radio telemetry, i.e., collaring the tigers. Ulhas has been instrumental in using camera traps. Even the project to map all the forest reserves in India has not been completed yet, though the Ministry of Environment and Forests had sanctioned Rs. 13 million for the same in March 2004.

A recent article written by Shashwat DC and published in the Dataquest Magazine, talks about the issue in complete detail[1]. In the story noted Wildlife expert, George Schaller has been quoted as saying:

India has to decide whether it wants to keep the tiger or not. It has to decide if it is worthwhile to keep its National Symbol, its icon, representing wildlife. It has to decide if it wants to keep its natural heritage for future generations, a heritage more important than the cultural one, whether we speak of its temples, the Taj Mahal, or others, because once destroyed it cannot be replaced. If the answer is yes, then plans can be made and implemented.

Outline; For a report or facts on the bengal tiger- email- chlane0@hotmail.com or www.freewebs.com/chit-cheetz for any outline.

See also

• Project Tiger, India
• White tiger
• Black tiger (animal)
• Save China's Tigers

Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation project initiated in India in 1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers. ... For other uses, see White tiger (disambiguation). ... A black tiger is a rare colour variant of the tiger and is not a distinct species or geographic race. ... Save Chinas Tigers, Organization Logo Save Chinas Tigers, short term SCT is an international charitable foundation based in the HK, US and UK (Office in London) which aims at saving the big cats of China, and especially at saving the Chinese tigers (South China Tigers) from extinction. ...

Gallery

Drawing from the late 19th century. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 772 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1558 × 1210 pixel, file size: 559 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Original caption: Königstiger, Felix tigris L. 1/12 natürlicher Größe. ...

male Bengal Tiger patrolling his territory at Bandhavghar, India

References

[2]The article talks about how technology can be employed to save the Bengal tigers in India. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and Canada. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Government of India (Hindi: Bharat Sarkar), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...

External links

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Panthera tigris tigris

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Panthera tigris tigris

• Information Resources on Tigers, Panthera tigris: Natural History, Ecology, Conservation, Biology, and Captive Care, AWIC Resource Series No. 34, April 2006, Compiled by: Jean Larson, Animal Welfare Information Center, USDA, ARS, NAL, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. E-mail: awic@nal.usda.gov
• All about Bengal tigers from Save The Tiger Fund
• Sundarbans Tiger Project Research and Conservation of tigers in the largest remaining mangrove forest in the world.
• Cat Specialist Group on Bengal Tigers
• Tiger Facts
• Discovery Channel website quoting critics of the Tiger Canyons Project (South Africa)
• Chinese Tigers Learn Hunting, Survival Skills in Africa, Leon Marshall in Johannesburg for National Geographic News, March 2, 2005. (An absurd example being given to India regarding safeguarding her Bengal tigers by China. Chinese demand for tiger bones and meat for use in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM has led to severe decline in Bengal tiger population in India through large scale illegal poaching)
• 21st Century Tiger