Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse (March 4, 1754 - October 2, 1846) was a Cambridge physician and medical professor, born into a Quaker family in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1754. At the age of sixteen he apprenticed himself for several years to a surgeon to begin the study of medicine and then, early in 1775, went abroad to study medicine with some of Europe's best minds, taking advantage of his relation to Dr. John Fothergill of England, a prominent doctor of the time. While studying in Leyden, Holland, Waterhouse lived with future U.S. President John Adams, who had been sent there by Congress to seek an alliance. Waterhouse received a medical degree in 1780. On his return to America in 1782, Waterhouse briefly practiced in Newport before accepting a position as professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic at the newly formed Harvard Medical School forming, with John Warren and Aaron Dexter, the initial triumvirate of professors there. March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... October 2 is the 275th day (276th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 90 days remaining. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Map of the Cambridgeshire area (1904) The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ... Physician examining a child A physician is a person who practices medicine. ... See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... A professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) (or prof for short) is a senior teacher, lecturer and/or researcher usually employed by a college or university. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... A side street in Newport, Rhode Island, showing the historic buildings near the waterfront Newport is a city located in Newport County, Rhode Island, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Providence. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st... Leiden (in English also, but now rarely, Leyden) is a city and municipality in South Holland, The Netherlands. ... Holland is a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. ... John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was the first (1789–1797) Vice President of the United States, and the second President of the United States, whose term lasted from 1797 to 1801. ... A congress is a gathering of people, especially a gathering for a political purpose. ... An alliance can be: an agreement between two parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure common interests. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... America is usually meant as either: The Americas, the lands between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, usually subdivided into: North America South America The United States of America See also: Americas (terminology), Use of the word America, and Use of the word American America is also: America, Netherlands in Limburg... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... A professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) (or prof for short) is a senior teacher, lecturer and/or researcher usually employed by a college or university. ... Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School (HMS) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University. ... John Johnny Warren (May 17, 1943 - November 6, 2004) was an Australian football player, coach, administrator, writer and promoter of the game in Australia. ... The term triumvirate is commonly used to describe an alliance between three equally powerful political or military leaders. ... A professor is a senior teacher and researcher, usually in a college or university. ...

In 1799, a London physician and friend, John Coakley Lettsom, sent to Waterhouse a copy of Edward Jenner's "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccine". Waterhouse was quick to see the value and possibilities of widespread inoculation with cowpox matter as a safe preventive measure against the ravages of smallpox. The vaccine had been developed in England by physician Edward Jenner, who noticed that cowpox, a disease that struck cattle, provided immunity against smallpox for the milkmaids who contracted cowpox while milking infected cows. 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Houses of Parliament and the clock tower containing Big Ben Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London (see Wiktionary:London for the name in other languages) is the capital of the United Kingdom and England. ... Physician examining a child A physician is a person who practices medicine. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... Portrait of Jenner Edward Jenner FRS (May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823) was an English country doctor who studied nature and his natural surroundings from childhood and practiced medicine in Berkley, Gloustershire, England. ... Inoculation, originally Variolation, is a method of purposefully infecting a person with smallpox (Variola) in a controlled manner so as to minimise the severity of the infection and also to induce immunity against further infection. ... Cowpox is a disease of the skin caused by a virus (Cowpox virus) that is related to the Vaccinia virus. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st... Physician examining a child A physician is a person who practices medicine. ... Portrait of Jenner Edward Jenner FRS (May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823) was an English country doctor who studied nature and his natural surroundings from childhood and practiced medicine in Berkley, Gloustershire, England. ... Cowpox is a disease of the skin caused by a virus (Cowpox virus) that is related to the Vaccinia virus. ... A disease is an abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (called cows in vernacular usage, or kine [archaic]) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... In a medical sense, immunity is a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ...

On March 16, 1789 he published "Something Curious in the Medical Line", his first notice of Jenner's work, in a Boston newspaper, the Columbian Centinel, and then brought Jenner's publication to the attention of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In the meantime, Waterhouse entered into correspondence with Jenner and received from him some specimens of thread impregnated with the vaccine matter. So confident was Waterhouse of the efficacy and safety of the vaccination procedure that, on July 8, 1800, he used the matter from Jenner to vaccinate his five-year-old son, Daniel Oliver, and a household servant, Samuel Carter. Vaccinations of three more Waterhouse children and another servant, Kesiah Flag, soon followed "to convince the faithless, and silence the mischievous." William Aspinwall, a local physician in charge of a smallpox inoculation hospital in Brookline, was then called in to inoculate Samuel Carter with smallpox virus on August 2, 1800 and by this process — known as "variolation"—prove the validity of Jenner's work. Two hundred years later—with the eradication of smallpox and the anticipated destruction of the remaining virus stock — that work is nearing completion. Though best known for his work with the smallpox vaccine, Waterhouse also studied and lectured on natural history, particularly mineralogy and botany. March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jenner is the name of several places: Jenner Township, Pennsylvania, United States Jenner, California, United States Jenner is the surname of two prominent people: Bruce Jenner (born 1949), an American athlete Edward Jenner (1749-1823), developer of the smallpox vaccine This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists... Boston is a town and small port c. ... Jenner is the name of several places: Jenner Township, Pennsylvania, United States Jenner, California, United States Jenner is the surname of two prominent people: Bruce Jenner (born 1949), an American athlete Edward Jenner (1749-1823), developer of the smallpox vaccine This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists... The House of the Academy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ... July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Daniel Oliver (6 February 1830 - 21 December 1916) was a British botanist. ... Vaccination is a term coined by Edward Jenner for the process of administering a weakened form of a disease to patients as a means of giving them immunity to a more serious form of the disease. ... Physician examining a child A physician is a person who practices medicine. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Inoculation, originally Variolation, is a method of purposefully infecting a person with smallpox (Variola) in a controlled manner so as to minimise the severity of the infection and also to induce immunity against further infection. ... Brookline is the name of several places in the United States of America: Brookline, Massachusetts Brookline, New Hampshire There is also Brooklin, Maine and a number of places named Brooklyn. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) A bacteriophage virus A virus is a submicroscopic obligate parasitic particle that infects cells in biological organisms. ... See stock (disambiguation) for other meanings of the term stock In financial terminology, stock is the capital raised by a corporation, through the issuance and sale of shares. ... The smallpox vaccine is the only effective preventive treatment for the deadly smallpox disease. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now usually viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines. ... Mineralogy is an earth science that involves the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals. ... Botany is the scientific study of plantlife. ...

After his initial experiments, Waterhouse went on to advocate smallpox vaccination throughout the country, but not without resistance. Like many new practices and procedures, some people met the idea of vaccination with scepticism, others with indifference, and still others with hostility. The times didn't help things. Rapid transit and refrigeration were nonexistent, meaning cowpox samples - transported on pieces of cotton thread and intended for use as vaccine - sometimes arrived dead or ineffective. From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... It has been suggested that Barrister#Advocates in Scotland be merged into this article or section. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Vaccination is the process of administering live, albeit weakened, microbes to patients, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. ... Vaccination is the process of administering live, albeit weakened, microbes to patients, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. ... The word transit, when used alone, has several possible meanings in English means of transport, including mass transit, rapid transit, public transit, public transport; see transit (transportation) in astronomy an event involving two bodies along the same line of sight; see astronomical transit in astrology means when a planet makes... It has been suggested that Refrigerator be merged into this article or section. ... Cowpox is a disease of the skin caused by a virus (Cowpox virus) that is related to the Vaccinia virus. ... Cotton plant as imagined and drawn by John Mandeville in the 14th century Cotton is a soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium spp. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ...

Medical practices were also not as sanitary as they are today, meaning doctors sometimes inadvertently administered vaccine contaminated with smallpox, starting smallpox epidemics and creating public doubt about the vaccine. See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... Sanitation is a term for the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste materials, particularly human excrement. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... An epidemic is generally a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ...

Waterhouse forged ahead anyway, sending cowpox samples to doctors around the country and enlisting the help of President Thomas Jefferson in the vaccine's distribution. Jefferson became a great believer in the vaccine and, in 1802, began giving it to Native Americans. "Every friend of humanity must look with pleasure on this discovery, by which one more evil is withdrawn from the condition of man; and must contemplate the possibility that future improvements and discoveries may still more and more lessen the catalogue of evils," Jefferson wrote to Waterhouse in 1800. There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... Cowpox is a disease of the skin caused by a virus (Cowpox virus) that is related to the Vaccinia virus. ... Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 N.S. – July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential founders of the United States. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ... Jefferson is any of several places in the United States named for Thomas Jefferson: small towns in Georgia, Maine, New Hampshire and Texas; counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia, Wisconsin; a parish in Louisiana... --69. ... Native Americans is a term which has several different common meanings and scope, according to regional use and context. ... Jefferson is any of several places in the United States named for Thomas Jefferson: small towns in Georgia, Maine, New Hampshire and Texas; counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia, Wisconsin; a parish in Louisiana... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Some of the resistance to smallpox vaccination in America, however, may have been due to its source, Waterhouse himself. Waterhouse was embroiled in long-running feuds with the Boston medical establishment, including the Massachusetts Medical Society and powerful Boston doctors, including Harvard Professor of Anatomy and Surgery John Warren. Some biographers attribute Waterhouse's problems to an innate Boston tribalism and to jealousy. Waterhouse was discriminated against because he was not Harvard-educated, they say, and he was hated out of jealousy over his European education, which made him one of the best-educated American doctors at the time. Others say Waterhouse was the source of his own troubles, describing him as arrogant and condescending and unaccustomed to the rough life in early America. The smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine ever to be developed and remains the only effective preventive treatment for the deadly smallpox disease. ... America is usually meant as either: The Americas, the lands between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, usually subdivided into: North America South America The United States of America See also: Americas (terminology), Use of the word America, and Use of the word American America is also: America, Netherlands in Limburg... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... Feud may also mean fief in reference to feudalism. ... Boston is a town and small port c. ... Boston is a town and small port c. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... A professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) (or prof for short) is a senior teacher, lecturer and/or researcher usually employed by a college or university. ... Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ... A typical modern surgical operation For other uses, see Surgery (disambiguation). ... John Johnny Warren (May 17, 1943 - November 6, 2004) was an Australian football player, coach, administrator, writer and promoter of the game in Australia. ... This article needs cleanup. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... Boston is a town and small port c. ... Tribalism is a social system where human society is divided into small, roughly independent subgroups, called tribes. This phenomenon is named for tribes in particular due to the fact that tribal societies lacked any organizational level beyond that of the local tribe, with each tribe consisting only of a very... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... This article is about the continent. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... America is usually meant as either: The Americas, the lands between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, usually subdivided into: North America South America The United States of America See also: Americas (terminology), Use of the word America, and Use of the word American America is also: America, Netherlands in Limburg...

One bone of contention is Waterhouse's refusal to share the vaccine with nearby physicians and his insistence on receiving a share of the profits from doctors to whom he did send it. Some have explained that practice as an effort to ensure the vaccine was administered properly by qualified doctors, while others say it was a clear effort to profit by creating a vaccine monopoly. Whatever the source of his troubles, Waterhouse doesn't appear to have shrunk from them. On the contrary, Waterhouse met accusers head-on, sometimes in newspaper articles that, often as not, added fuel to the fire. There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ... The word physician should not be confused with physicist, which means a scientist in the area of physics. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or wild strain of the organism. ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Greek monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a kind of product or service. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ...

Finally, in 1812, Waterhouse's opponents took their objections to the Harvard Corporation, which led to his being forced out of his job as professor. 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... The President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation) is the more fundamental of Harvard Universitys two governing boards. ... A professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) (or prof for short) is a senior teacher, lecturer and/or researcher usually employed by a college or university. ...

Waterhouse didn't vanish from the scene, however. President James Madison made him Medical Superintendent of New England's military bases. Waterhouse also continued his writing career, contributing many newspaper articles and writing several books, including a best-selling account of a ship's surgeon in the War of 1812, "A Journal of a Young Man of Massachusetts". There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was the fourth (1809–1817) President of the United States. ... The states of New England are Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ... A military base is an isolated facility, settlement, or installation that shelters military equipment and personnel. ... There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... The only atomic weapons ever used in war - the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombs over Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki immediately killed over 120,000 people. ... Events Antonine Wall is overrun. ...

Today, Waterhouse, who died in 1846, and his achievements have not been forgotten. Images of him hang in the Medical School and his house on Waterhouse Street near Cambridge Common is marked with a plaque memorializing him as the introducer of the smallpox vaccine in America. There have been several famous people with the surname Waterhouse: Alfred Waterhouse (1830 - 1905), English architect. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... An image of a 1901 examination in the faculty of medicine. ... The word plaque can have different connotations and can also be spelt placque: Look up Plaque on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Dental plaque is a yellowish biofilm that builds up on the teeth formed by bacteria embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial and salivary origin. ... The smallpox vaccine is the only effective preventive treatment for the deadly smallpox disease. ... America is usually meant as either: The Americas, the lands between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, usually subdivided into: North America South America The United States of America See also: Americas (terminology), Use of the word America, and Use of the word American America is also: America, Netherlands in Limburg...