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Benny Morris (born in 1948) is an Israeli historian and unofficial leader of the New Historians, a group of scholars who dispute the mainstream historical view of the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... The New Historians are a loosely-defined group of Israeli historians who have declared as their goal the reexamination of the history of Israel and Zionism. ... Israel, with the West Bank and Gaza Strip in diagonal stripes The Israeli-Palestinian conflict which is often claimed to be at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict, is an ongoing dispute between two peoples, Jewish Israelis and Arab Palestinians, that both claim the right to sovereignty over the...

Background

The son of Jewish immigrants from England, Morris was born in Kibbutz Ein HaHoresh. He received his doctorate from the University of Cambridge. For a number of years, he was the diplomatic correspondent of the Jerusalem Post. For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Kibbutz Dan, near Qiryat Shemona, in the Upper Galilee, 1990s A kibbutz (Hebrew: ‎; plural: kibbutzim: קיבוצים; gathering or together) is an Israeli collective intentional community. ... Ein HaHoresh (Hebrew:עין החורש; Translation:Plowmans Spring), is a kibbutz in central Israel, in the Hefer Plain, affiliated with kibbutz Arzi Hashomer HaZair. ... The University of Cambridge (usually abbreviated as Cantab. ... The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli newspaper in the English language. ...

Morris is currently professor of history at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Be'er Sheva. In 2005, he taught at the University of Maryland, College Park. The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (Hebrew: ) was founded in 1969, in Beer Sheva, Israel. ... Beer Sheva is a city in Israel and the largest city of the Negev desert, often known as the Capital of the Negev. In 2004, Beer Sheva had a population of 184,500 making it the fifth largest city in Israel. ... The University of Maryland, College Park (also known as UM, UMD, or UMCP) is a public university located in the city of College Park, in Prince Georges County, Maryland, just outside Washington, D.C., in the United States. ...

Work

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949

In his 1988 book The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949, Morris argues that the 700,000 Palestinians who fled from their homes in 1947 left mostly due to fear of being caught in the crossfire, Israeli actions, or fear of Israeli actions, but not as the result of an expulsion plan. This was at the time a controversial position, as the official position in Israel had been that the Palestinians left voluntarily or after pressure and encouragement from Palestinian or outside Arab leaders.

At the same time, Morris says he documented atrocities on the part of Israelis, including suspected cases of rape, torture, and ethnic cleansing.^{[citation needed]} Armenian civilians, being cleansed from their homeland during the Armenian Genocide. ...

The book shows a map of empty Palestinian villages, and explains why the villagers left; 228 villages were evacuated due to attack from Jewish forces. In 41 villages, he writes that the inhabitants were expelled by military forces; in another 90 villages, that the inhabitants panicked because of attacks on other villages, and fled. In six villages, he writes, the inhabitants left under instructions from local Palestinian authorities. He was unable to find out why another 46 villages were abandoned.^{[citation needed]}

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

In his 2004 book The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, he changes his perspective, and places the major responsibility for the creation of Palestinian refugees on militant Jewish organizations. According to Morris, these groups killed more Palestinians than previously thought. He also writes that expelling Palestinians was a goal that was shared with main Jewish leaders at the time. In The Birth, Morris argues that Israeli leaders wanted as few Arabs in the areas they were conquering as possible for demographic reasons. Palestinians were also a politicized, armed community which was committed to fighting against Israelis.^{[citation needed]}

Morris was once considered a representative of the radical left; he was accused of being an "Israel hater" and was boycotted by the Israeli academic establishment. But his disillusionment with the peace process has caused him to increasingly make statements commonly associated with the right-wing, while still claiming to belong to the left.^{[citation needed]}

Criticism of Morris

Morris has been criticized by other historians for allegedly fabricating events.

Efraim Karsh, professor of War Studies at King's College London, has repeatedly stated that Morris fabricated his data about atrocities, stating that other historians who examined the same documents came to different conclusions. Karsh's criticism of Morris and the New Historians is laid out in his Fabricating Israeli History: The New Historians. Since the publishing of the book Karsh and Morris have engaged in a lengthy and heated dialogue on these issues, which has often involved personal insults, and has sometimes been characterized as a feud. Efraim Karsh is Professor and Head of Mediterranean Studies at Kings College London. ... Kings College London is the largest college of the University of London and one of a number of university institutions founded in England in the early 19th century: only the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge have royal charters predating that of Kings. ...

Morris has also been attacked from the opposite pole, by Norman Finkelstein in chapter three of his Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict (2001), in which he argues that Morris repeatedly bent his interpretation of evidence to find Israeli government officials and the IDF innocent of crimes against Palestinians, by juxtaposing quotes from Morris' book, with full quotations from the source Morris cited.^[1] Norman Finkelstein on Democracy Now! Norman G. Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American non-tenured assistant-professor of political science, author and notorious Jewish anit-Semite and Holocaust-justice denier. ... A highly acclaimed study of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by Norman Finkelstein; author of the Holocaust Industry. ...

Additionally, historian Ilan Pappé has documented that the ethnic cleansing of 1948 was more meticulously planned and executed than previously suggested by Morris in his books. Pappé explains that "[t]he Israeli documents released from the IDF archives in the late 1990s show clearly that, contrary to claims made by historians such as Benny Morris, Plan Dalet [the name given to the ethnic cleansing plan] was handed down to the brigade commanders not as vague guidelines, but as clear-cut operative orders for action."^[2] Like Morris, Pappé's analysis is based solidly on Israeli and Zionist archival material. Ilan Pappé (born 1954) is an Israeli historian who teaches at Haifa University. ...

Benny Morris in quotes

All of the following quotes are excerpts from an interview titled "Survival of the Fittest?" with him by Ari Shavit that appeared in Haaretz in January, 2004 (part one, part two): Haaretz (Hebrew: (help· info), The Land) is an Israeli newspaper, founded in 1919. ...

Regarding the evolution of his ideas based upon events since the signing of the Oslo Accords and the consequent creation of the Palestinian Authority, he writes: Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993. ... The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ...

The bombing of the buses and restaurants really shook me. They made me understand the depth of the hatred for us. They made me understand that the Palestinian, Arab and Muslim hostility toward Jewish existence here is taking us to the brink of destruction. I don't see the suicide bombings as isolated acts. They express the deep will of the Palestinian people. That is what the majority of the Palestinians want. They want what happened to the bus to happen to all of us.

For a critique which casts doubt on the honesty of Morris' supposed conversion, see Benny Morris: The Kiss That Kills

Regarding the rise of Islamic terrorism, he writes: Islamist terrorism, sometimes called Islamic terrorism, is terrorism that is carried out to further the political and religious ambitions of a segment of the Muslim community. ...

There is a deep problem in Islam. It’s a world whose values are different. A world in which human life doesn't have the same value as it does in the West, in which freedom, democracy, openness and creativity are alien. A world that makes those who are not part of the camp of Islam fair game. Revenge is also important here. Revenge plays a central part in the Arab tribal culture. Therefore, the people we are fighting and the society that sends them have no moral inhibitions. If it obtains chemical or biological or atomic weapons, it will use them. If it is able, it will also commit genocide.

Regarding the contacts between Western Civilization and Islam, he writes: For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ...

Yes. I think that the war between the civilizations is the main characteristic of the 21st century. I think President Bush is wrong when he denies the very existence of that war. It’s not only a matter of bin Laden. This is a struggle against a whole world that espouses different values. And we are on the front line. Exactly like the Crusaders, we are the vulnerable branch of Europe in this place. Cover of The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order The Clash of Civilizations is a controversial theory that peoples cultural/religious identity will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. ...

He denounced alleged atrocities committed against Palestinians but supported the policy of expelling them: The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ...

There is no justification for acts of rape [...] or acts of massacre. Those are war crimes. But in certain conditions, expulsion is not a war crime. I don't think that the expulsions of 1948 were war crimes. You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs.

There are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing. I know that this term is completely negative in the discourse of the 21st century, but when the choice is between ethnic cleansing and genocide—the annihilation of your people—I prefer ethnic cleansing.

That was the situation. That is what Zionism faced. A Jewish state would not have come into being without the uprooting of 700,000 Palestinians. Therefore it was necessary to uproot them. There was no choice but to expel that population. It was necessary to cleanse the hinterland and cleanse the border areas and cleanse the main roads. It was necessary to cleanse the villages from which our convoys and our settlements were fired on.

In contrast to his earlier conclusions (and see below), Morris believes the atrocities were part of a conscious strategy:

Apparently, various officers who took part in the operation understood that the expulsion order they received permitted them to do these deeds in order to encourage the population to take to the roads. The fact is that no one was punished for these acts of murder. Ben-Gurion silenced the matter. He covered up for the officers who did the massacers."

Morris says Prime Minister Ben-Gurionn ardently supported population transfer of Arabs: Population transfer is a term referring to a policy by which a state, or international authority, forces the movement of a large group of people out of a region, most frequently on the basis of their ethnicity or religion. ...

From April 1948, Ben-Gurion is projecting a message of transfer. There is no explicit order of his in writing, there is no orderly comprehensive policy, but there is an atmosphere of [population] transfer. The transfer idea is in the air. The entire leadership understands that this is the idea. The officer corps understands what is required of them. Under Ben-Gurion, a consensus of transfer is created.

He understood that there could be no Jewish state with a large and hostile Arab minority in its midst. There would be no such state. It would not be able to exist. [...] If he had not done what he did, a state would not have come into being. [...] Without the uprooting of the Palestinians, a Jewish state would not have arisen here.

Morris takes Ben-Gurion to task for not doing the job more thoroughly:

I think he made a serious historical mistake in 1948. Even though he understood the demographic issue and the need to establish a Jewish state without a large Arab minority, he got cold feet during the war. In the end, he faltered. If he was already engaged in expulsion, maybe he should have done a complete job. [...] my feeling is that this place would be quieter and know less suffering if the matter had been resolved once and for all. If Ben-Gurion had carried out a large expulsion and cleansed the whole country -- the whole Land of Israel, as far as the Jordan River. If he had carried out a full expulsion -- rather than a partial one -- he would have stabilized the State of Israel for generations."

There is no question in his mind of the legitimacy of the Zionist project:

The desire to establish a Jewish state here is legitimate, there was no other choice. It was impossible to leave a large fifth column in the country. [...] Even the great American democracy could not have been created without the annihilation of the Indians. There are cases in which the overall, final good justifies harsh and cruel acts that are committed in the course of history.

You have to put things in proportion. These are small war crimes. All told, if we take all the massacres and all the executions of 1948, we come to about 800 who were killed. In comparison to the massacres that were perpetrated in Bosnia, that’s peanuts. In comparison to the massacres the Russians perpetrated against the Germans at Stalingrad, that’s chicken feed. When you take into account that there was a bloody civil war here and that we lost an entire 1 percent of the population, you find that we behaved very well. [1]

Regarding the suffering and condition of the Palestinians, he writes:

I feel sympathy for the Palestinian people, which truly underwent a hard tragedy. I feel sympathy for the refugees themselves. But if the desire to establish a Jewish state here is legitimate, there was no other choice. It was impossible to leave a large fifth column in the country. From the moment the Yishuv [pre-1948 Jewish community in Palestine] was attacked by the Palestinians and afterward by the Arab states, there was no choice but to expel the Palestinian population. To uproot it in the course of war.

Remember another thing: the Arab people gained a large slice of the planet. Not thanks to its skills or its great virtues, but because it conquered and murdered and forced those it conquered to convert during many generations. But in the end the Arabs have 22 states. The Jewish people did not have even one state. There was no reason in the world why it should not have one state. Therefore, from my point of view, the need to establish this state in this place overcame the injustice that was done to the Palestinians by uprooting them.

Morris' willingness to reverse his earlier opinion he bases on his access to newly released military documents, as he described in an article that appeared in the Guardian, in accordance with the law that government archives release their records after 50 years. Thus the cabinet deliberations, Haganah and IDF archives in the run up to and during the 1948-1949 Arab-Israeli war came into the public sphere at the end of the 1990s.

Books by Morris

• The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949, (Cambridge University Press, 1989)
• The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, (2004)
• Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Service, (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991)
• Israel's Border Wars 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993)
• 1948 and after; Israel and the Palestinians, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1994)
• Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1999, (Alfred A. Knopf, 1999)
• Correcting a Mistake? Jews and Arabs in Palestine/Israel, 1936-1956, (Am Oved Publishers, 2000)
• The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews.New York: I.B. Tauris, 2003

The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... Israels Border Wars 1949-1956 is a 1993 book written by Benny Morris concerning the Arab infiltration from Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria into Israel after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and before the Suez Crisis war in 1956. ... 1948 and after, Israel and the Palestinians is a collection of essays by the Israeli historian Benny Morris. ... In a cable dated October 31, 1948 by Major General Moshe Carmel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war addressing all division and district commanders under his command is found the following: That is the focal point of Benny Morris article The Deportations of the Hiram Operation: Correcting a Mistake. ...

References

1. ^ Finkelstein, Norman. Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict. (London: Verson, 2003), 53-60.
2. ^ Pappé, Ilan - The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Journal of Palestine Studies, Issue 141 (Fall 2006)

See also

• Avi Shlaim
• Anita Shapira

Avi Shlaim was born in Baghdad in 1945 and grew up in Israel where he did national service from 1964 to 1966. ... Anita Shapira is founder of the Yitzhak Rabin Center for Israel Studies, Ruben Merenfeld Professor of the Study of Zionism and head of the Weizmann Institute for the Study of Zionism at Tel Aviv University. ...

External links

• Survival of the Fittest? - interview w/Benny Morris
• "Benny Morris and the Reign of Error" - Efraim Karsh, The Middle East Quarterly]
• Benny Morris essay regarding a nuclear Iran - Jerusalem Post, January 18, 2007