NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Benzylpiperazine

Benzylpiperazine (street names include "A2", "frenzy" and "nemesis" ^[1] However, there are some references to BZP in the literature that predate interest in piperazines as anthelmintics. The majority of the early work with the piperazines were investigations into their potential use as anthelmintics with the earliest clinical trials in the literature relating to piperazine being articles in the British Medical Journal in the 1950s.^[2]^[3] It was discovered that BZP had side effects and was largely abandoned as a worm treatment. It next crops up in the literature in the 1970s when it was investigated as a potential antidepressant medication, but rejected when research reported that BZP had amphetamine-like effects and was liable to abuse. The study suggested that BZP “should be placed under statutory control similar to those regulating the use of amphetamine.”^[4] In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ... Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ... In health care, including medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a process in which a medicine or other medical treatment is tested for its safety and effectiveness, often in comparison to existing treatments. ... Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ... The British Medical Journal (BMJ) is a medical journal published weekly in the United Kingdom by the British Medical Association (BMA)which published its first issue in 1845. ... Side-effect can mean: Side-effect (computer science), a state change caused by a function call Adverse drug reaction, an unintended consequence specifically arising from drug therapy Therapeutic effect (medicine), a desirable consequence of any kind of medical treatment, even though resulting as an unintended, unexpected consequence of the treatment... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Prozac, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant, is a psychiatric medication or other substance (nutrient or herb) used for alleviating depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ...

In the early 1990s, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration noted the drug was being used recreationally in California. It also reported that BZP was being used as an adulterant in illicit drugs. Not long after, there was an explosion in the drug's use worldwide — a situation which was soon followed by legislative control in many countries. Since 1999 benzylpiperazine has become increasingly popular in New Zealand where they initially had a complete lack of regulation; quickly becoming widely used (subsequently the New Zealand Government created a new schedule limiting the sale of party pills to those 18 years and older; restricted advertising, packaging, and labelling; and required package health warnings).^[5] Their popularity now means that an estimated 5 million pills will be sold in New Zealand in 2007.^[6] Piperazine based stimulants began to appear in Europe in 2000^[7] but had remained virtually unavailable in the rest of the world until recently. In early 2006 pills containing the active ingredients BZP and TFMPP first began to appear in the city of Vancouver, Canada, where they quickly gained popularity with late-night partygoers as a safer alternative to the illicit street drugs currently available there. BZP based "Legal Highs" are marketed to Canadians under the name "Lovely" and the pills are often referred to as "Lovelies" by the locals. For the band, see 1990s (band). ... The DEAs enforcement activities may take agents anywhere from distant countries to suburban U.S. homes. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ... Adulterants are chemical substances which should not be contained within other substances (eg. ... This article is about the year. ... Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (or simply TFMPP) is a piperazine-based drug, related to benzylpiperazine. ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ...

Production

BZP is a piperazine derivative which comes as either the hydrochloride salt or a free base. The hydrochloride salt is a white solid while the base form is a slightly yellowish-green liquid. BZP base is corrosive and causes burns.^[8] A few brands of BZP available in New Zealand. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Where legal, BZP is often produced in small specialist laboratories. The raw materials can be purchased from various chemical supply agencies and formed into tablets or capsules using relatively cheap production techniques. The resulting product can be marketed at extremely high markup (end-user prices can be as high as 300 times the bulk cost of raw ingredients). This article or section needs to be wikified. ...

BZP is often marketed ostensibly as a "dietary supplement"* to avoid meeting stricter laws that apply to medicines and drugs, despite the fact that BZP has no dietary value. As of late 2005 the Misuse of Drugs Act ensured it can no longer be classified or marketed as a dietary supplement in New Zealand.^[5] Some retailers claim that BZP is a "natural" product, describing it as a "pepper extract" or "herbal high." In fact, the drug is entirely synthetic,^[6] and has not been found to occur naturally.^[9] A dietary supplement is intended to supply nutrients, (vitamins, minerals, fatty acids or amino acids) that are missing or not consumed in sufficient quantity in a persons diet. ... In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. ...

Mechanism of action

BZP has been shown to have a mixed mechanism of action, acting on the serotonergic and dopaminergic receptor systems in a similar fashion to MDMA.^[10] BZP has amphetamine-like actions on the serotonin reuptake transporter, which increase serotonin concentrations in the extracellular fluids surrounding the cell and thereby increasing activation of the surrounding serotonin receptors.^[11]^[12] BZP has a lower potency effect on the noradrenaline reuptake transporter and the dopamine reuptake transporter.^[10] BZP has a high affinity action at the alpha2-adrenoreceptor, it is an antagonist at the receptor, like yohimbine, which inhibits negative feedback, causing an increase in released noradrenaline.^[13] Serotonin (pronounced ) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. ... For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ... Monoamine transporters, as the name implies, transfer monoamine neurotransmitters in or out of a cell. ... In some animals, including mammals, the two types of extracellular fluids are interstitial fluid and blood plasma. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... Monoamine transporters, as the name implies, transfer monoamine neurotransmitters in or out of a cell. ... Monoamine transporters, as the name implies, transfer monoamine neurotransmitters in or out of a cell. ... The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G_protein coupled receptors that is the target of catecholamines. ... Yohimbine, also known under the outdated names quebrachin, aphrodin, corynine, yohimvetol and hydroergotocin, is the principal alkaloid of the bark of the West-African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre (formerly Corynanthe yohimbe), family Rubiaceae (Madder family). ... Norepinephrine, known as noradrenaline outside the USA, is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula C8H11NO3. ...

BZP also acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist on a wide variety of serotonin receptors;^[11] binding to 5HT_2A receptors may explain its mild hallucinogenic effects at high doses, while partial agonist or antagonist effects at the 5HT_2B receptors may explain some of BZPs peripheral side effects, as this receptor is expressed very densely in the gut, and binding to 5HT₃ receptors may explain the common side effect of headaches, as this receptor is known to be involved in the development of migraine headaches. In the field of neurochemistry, 5-HT receptors are receptors for the neurotransmitter and peripheral signal mediator serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT. 5-HT receptors are located on the cell membrane of nerve cells and other cell types in animals and mediate the effects of serotonin... Agonists An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell. ...

There is much that is still not known about the pharmacokinetics of benzylpiperazine. It's metabolism is mainly through the enzymes CYP2D6 and COMT[1]. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. ... Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) (EC 2. ...

Effects

The effects of BZP are largely similar to, but much weaker than, amphetamines,^[14] with one study finding that former amphetamine addicts were unable to distinguish between dextroamphetamine and BZP administered intravenously.^[15] Users report alertness, euphoria and a general feeling of well being. The perception of certain sensations such as taste, colour or music may be subjectively enhanced. The average duration is longer than that of dextroamphetamine, typically lasting 4-6 hours with reports as long as 8 hours depending on the dose.^{[citation needed]} A recent study has shown that mixtures of BZP with other piperazine drugs such as TFMPP share certain pharmacodynamic traits with MDMA.^[10] Sometimes with the same dose, there are reports of, extreme anxiety, lack of concentration and difficulty to deal with every day problems (the latter two more common during the "comedown" period). Cellphone resolution picture of the eye of someone on BZP. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Cellphone resolution picture of the eye of someone on BZP. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... 3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (or simply TFMPP) is a piperazine-based drug. ... Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ...

Subjective Effects

Upon ingestion of between 50 mg and 200 mg of BZP, the user may experience any or all of the following:

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... For a person to flush is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. ... Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. ... Bruxism (from the Greek Î²ÏÏ…Î³Î¼ÏŒÏ‚ (brugmÃ³s), gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth, typically accompanied by the clenching of the jaw. ... Dilation in physiological context may mean: pupil dilation (mydriasis) dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation) cervical dilation (or dilation of the cervix) in childbirth Dilation and curettage (surgical dilation) In mathematics: Dilation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... The human eye The pupil is the central transparent area (showing as black). ... The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Urination, also called micturition, is the process of disposing urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. ... A bladder is a pouch or other flexible enclosure with waterproof or gasproof walls. ... A headache (cephalalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... For other uses, see Hangover (disambiguation). ... The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Look up Confusion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Confusion can have the following meanings: Unclarity or puzzlement, e. ... Anorexia (deriving from the Greek Î±(Î½)- (a(n)-, a prefix that denotes absence) + ÏŒÏÎµÎ¾Î· (orexe) = appetite) is the decreased sensation of appetite. ...

Tolerance

Research into BZP's tolerance is sparse. Anecdotal evidence from online sources claim tolerance to the central action of BZP will develop quickly.^[13] Due to tiredness associated with the body's recovery from stimulants, such as BZP, it is uncommon for users to be able to sustain a week long intake. Anecdotal evidence is an informal account of evidence in the form of an anecdote, or hearsay. ...

Toxic effects of BZP

As with most sympathomimetic stimulants there appear to be significant side effects associated with BZP use. BZP reportedly produces insomnia and a mild to severe hangover after the drug effect wears off,^[17] however, some manufacturers in New Zealand have started including recovery pills which contain 5-HTP and vitamins which allegedly ease these hangovers. Sympathomimetics are a class of drugs whose properties mimic those of a stimulated sympathetic nervous system. ... Stimulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and wakefulness. ... For other uses, see Hangover (disambiguation). ... 5-Hydroxytryptophan or 5-HTP is a naturally-occurring amino acid, a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin and an intermediate in tryptophan metabolism. ...

The major side effects include dilated pupils, dryness of the mouth, extreme alertness, pruritus, confusion, agitation, tremor, dystonia, headache, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, vomiting, chest pain, tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, collapse, hyperventilation, hyperthermia, and problems with urine retention.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] The more severe toxic effects include psychosis,^[21] renal toxicity,^[9] and seizure.^[17]^[18] An itch (Latin: pruritus) is a sensation felt on an area of skin that makes a person or animal want to scratch it. ... Look up Confusion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Confusion can have the following meanings: Unclarity or puzzlement, e. ... Agitation may have the following special meanings Agitation, an emotional state Agitation, putting into motion (by shaking or stirring) Agitation, a term from the lexicon of Communists: political activities aimed at urging people to do something This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that... Dystonia (literally, abnormal muscle tone) is a generic term used to describe a neurological movement disorder involving involuntary, sustained muscle contractions. ... A headache (cephalalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... // Pre-syncope is a sensation of feeling faint. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Emesis redirects here. ... In medicine, chest pain is a symptom of a number of conditions and is generally considered a medical emergency, unless the patient is a known angina pectoris sufferer and the symptoms are familiar (appearing at exertion and resolving at rest, known as stable angina). When the chest pain is not... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In medicine, hyperventilation (or hyperpnea) is the state of breathing faster or deeper (hyper) than necessary, and thereby reducing the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood below normal. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about epileptic seizures. ...

The majority of the toxic effects information came from a study conducted between 1 April 2005 to 1 September 2005. The study recorded all presentations associated with party pill use at the Emergency Department of Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand by recording them on a prospective data collection form. The aim was to study the patterns of human toxicity related to the use of benzylpiperazine-based 'party pills'. 61 patients presented on 80 occasions. Patients with mild to moderate toxicity experienced symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, dystonia, and urinary retention. Significantly fourteen toxic seizures were recorded with two patients suffering life-threatening toxicity with status epilepticus and severe respiratory and metabolic acidosis. They concluded that BZP appears to induce toxic seizures in neurologically normal subjects.^[18] The results of this study and others like it^[17]^[19] showed that BZP can cause unpredictable and serious toxicity in some individuals, but the data and dosage collection were reliant on self reporting by drug users, which may result in under-reporting, and there were complicating factors of the frequent presence of alcohol and other drugs.^[19] The emergency department (ED), sometimes termed the emergency room (ER), emergency ward (EW), accident & emergency (A&E) department or casualty department is a hospital or primary care department that provides initial treatment to patients with a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, some of which may be life-threatening and... For other uses, see Christchurch (disambiguation). ... This article is about the medical condition. ... // Toxic and Intoxicated redirect here â€“ toxic has other uses, which can be found at Toxicity (disambiguation); for the state of being intoxicated by alcohol see Drunkenness. ... In medicine, metabolic acidosis is a state in which the blood pH is low (under 7. ...

However, well over 20 million pills containing BZP have been consumed in New Zealand with no available record attributing deaths or lasting injuries to a single ingestion of BZP. Additionally a retrospective study carried out at an Auckland emergency department found that BZP presentations only made a minor contribution to their overdose database with most cases not producing any significant toxicity.^[19] Several cases where BZP individually or combined with alcohol or other medicines or illicit drugs resulting in complications exist. One such example is the well publicised case of a combination of BZP and MDMA by a 23 year old from Greymouth, New Zealand. Ben Rodham, a DJ, ingested BZP and MDMA in February 2007, which nearly resulted in his death. Ben was put into an induced coma in an effort to prevent him from dying. He later recovered.^[22] Two deaths have been officially recorded in connection with the use of BZP.^[23]^[24] In both cases, the individual had consumed a quantity of BZP as well as MDMA. In the first case in Zurich in 2001 a 23-year-old took two BZP tablets as well as ecstasy and drank more than 10 litres of water in a 15-hour period, subsequently dying of cerebral edema due to hyponatremia resulting from water intoxication. ^[23] In the second case a 25 year old male ingested a large quantity of alcohol alongside BZP and MDMA.^[24] The cause of death of this individual has not been released. It is uncertain what role the BZP may have had in these deaths; death from hyponatremia is a well known consequence of drinking too much fluid after consuming MDMA,^[18]^[25] it is likely that the additional hyponatremic effects from the BZP may have increased the hyponatremic effects from the MDMA, to the point that death resulted. For other uses, see Auckland (disambiguation). ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ... Greymouth is the largest town in the West Coast region on the South Island of New Zealand, and the seat of the Grey District Council. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Location within Switzerland ZÃ¼rich[?] (German pronunciation IPA: ; usually spelled Zurich in English) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of ZÃ¼rich. ... Cerebral edema (cerebral oedema in British English) is an excess accumulation of water in the intra- and/or extracellular spaces of the brain. ... The electrolyte disturbance hyponatremia or hyponatraemia exists in humans when the sodium level in the plasma falls below 135 mmol/l. ... Water intoxication (also known as hyperhydration or water poisoning) is a potentially fatal disturbance in brain function that results when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside of safe limits, ironically by that which makes up the majority of it - common water. ...

Addictive Effects

1 in every 45 (2.2%) last year users of BZP in New Zealand is classed as dependent upon it, although 97.9% of users said that "it would not be difficult to stop using legal party pills", and 45.2% of people who reported using both BZP and illegal drugs such as methamphetamine reported that they used BZP so that they did not have to use methamphetamine, which was perceived as more harmful.^[26] Still, most of the people that used BZP, even though they say it's quite easy to stop, don't want to stop, and continue to use the drug, feeling that the drug helps them to reach higher levels of mood, sociability, or energy. Studies undertaken on animals have indicated that BZP can substitute for methamphetamine in addicted rats, although it is ten times less potent and produces correspondingly weaker addictive effects.^[27] This article is about the psychostimulant, d-methamphetamine. ...

Legal issues

The drug was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States in 2002,^[8] following a report by the DEA which incorrectly stated that BZP was 10 to 20 times more potent than amphetamine, ^[28] when in fact BZP is ten times less potent than dexamphetamine.^[29] The DEA subsequently admitted this mistake, but nevertheless retained the Schedule 1 classification. BZP is banned in all Australian states. Victoria, the last state in which it was legal, changed its classification on September 1 2006.^[30] This is the date BZP and piperazine analogs become illegal in the federal schedules which are now enacted by all Australian states and territories. BZP is also a banned substance in Japan, along with TFMPP. Both Australia and Japan admit that their scheduling decisions were made primarily in response to the Schedule 1 classification given to BZP in the USA, although some instances of BZP use had been reported by law enforcement authorities in both countries. BZP is also banned in Denmark and Sweden.^[6] Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The DEAs enforcement activities may take agents anywhere from distant countries to suburban U.S. homes. ...

Piperazine and salts of piperazine are classified as Prescription Only Medicines in the UK. Any products containing salts of piperazine would be licensable under the Medicines Act^[31] and consequently anyone manufacturing and supplying it legally must hold the relevant licenses to do so. BZP is not a salt of piperazine, but mislabelling of BZP products as containing "piperazine blend" (perhaps in a poorly judged attempt by marketers to conceal the identity of the active ingredient from competitors) has resulted in some prosecutions of suppliers in the UK by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.^[32] Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ... Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ... A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. ... Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ... E.W. Kembles Deaths Laboratory in Colliers Magazine in 1906 Patent medicine is the term given to various medical compounds sold under a variety of names and labels, though they were for the most part actually trademarked medicines, not patented. ... Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ... An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ...

In some other places (such as New Zealand), BZP is legal. It is classed in New Zealand as a "Restricted Substance" by the Misuse of Drugs Act and restricted to those over 18 years, ^[5] but will likely be banned by the end of 2007. ^[33] Products containing BZP are marketed by manufacturers and sellers as a harm-reduction measure, however the legislation is currently under review pending the findings of a number of research projects into the effects of the drug. Research into the long term effects of BZP use are scarce. To date, the drug has been considered to be of low risk of harm to users, but more information is required, and the New Zealand government is considering introducing tighter restrictions in 2007. BZP and TFMPP are legal and uncontrolled recreational drugs in many countries such as Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom,^[34] and are not controlled under any UN convention, so the compounds themselves are legal throughout most of the world, although in most countries their use is restricted to pharmaceutical manufacturing and recreational use is unknown.^[35] Benzylpiperazine is, however, to be the subject of a European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) risk assessment, the results of which will determine what, if any, control is placed on BZP throughout the European Union. The risk assessment comes about as the result of a joint Europol – EMCDDA report which concluded that BZP needs to be looked at in more detail. The results will be published in June 2007.^[36] Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (or simply TFMPP) is a piperazine-based drug, related to benzylpiperazine. ... The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is an agency of the European Union. ... Risk assessment is a step in the risk management process. ...

See also

Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (or simply TFMPP) is a piperazine-based drug, related to benzylpiperazine. ... Tablets containing mCPP confiscated by the DEA in Vernon Hills, Illinois 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine (or meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, mCPP) is a piperazine-based 5-HT receptor agonist that has been used as a challenge drug in MDMA research. ... 4-methoxyphenylpiperazine (Paraperazine, MeOPP, 4-MeOPP) is a piperazine derivative with stimulant effects which has been sold as an ingredient in Party pills, initially in New Zealand and subsequently in other countries around the world. ... Parafluorophenylpiperazine (flippiperazine, fluoperazine, pFPP, 4-FPP) is a piperazine derivative with mildly hallucinogenic and euphoric effects which has been sold as an ingredient in legal recreational drugs known as Party pills, initially in New Zealand and subsequently in other countries around the world. ... MBZP (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine) is a stimulant drug which is a derivative of benzylpiperazine. ... MDBZP (Piperonylpiperazine) or 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)piperazine is a piperazine derivative related to the stimulant drug benzylpiperazine. ... 2C-B-BZP is a research chemical and stimulant of the piperazine family. ... Dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP) is a piperazine derivative often found as an impurity in the recreational stimulant drug Benzylpiperazine (BZP). ... A selection of products containing BZP. Party Pills, also known as Herbal Highs, Pep Pills and Dance Pills, is a colloquialism for a type of recreational drug whose main ingredient is Benzylpiperazine (BZP). ... Basic piperazine structure Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image). ... Comparison of the perceived harm for various psychoactive drugs from a poll among medical psychiatrists specialized in addiction treatment[1] This article is an overview of the nontherapeutic use of alcohol and drugs of abuse. ... Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational rather than medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ...

Footnotes

^ www.benzylpiperazine.com/bzp.html<ref> ) ('''BZP''') is a [[recreational drug]] with [[Euphoria (emotion)|euphoric]], [[stimulant]] properties. Its [[mechanism of action]] is believed to be similar to [[MDMA]] and the effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by [[amphetamine]]. Adverse effects have been reported following its use including [[psychosis]], [[renal]] toxicity, and [[seizures]]. It does not appear to be very addictive and no deaths have been reported following a sole ingestion of BZP. It is banned in a few countries, including the [[United States]], [[Australia]] and in parts of [[Europe]]. However, its [[legal status]] is less restrictive in some other countries such as [[Ireland]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Canada]]. ==History== The first mention of benzylpiperazine was a paper received for publication in August 1943 studying the removal of benzyl groups from piperazines from work done as early as 1941.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} It is often claimed that BZP was originally synthesized as a potential [[anthelmintic]] (anti-parasitic) agent for use in farm animals.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title = Lay off the party pills | publisher = New Zealand Medical Association | date = 1 November 2006 | url =http://www.nzma.org.nz/news/media-releases/1nov06-BZP.html | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-1">'''[[#_ref-1|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=White R, Standen O |title=Piperazine in the treatment of threadworms in children; report on a clinical trial |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=4839 |pages=755-7 |year=1953 |pmid=13082101}}</li> <li id="_note-2">'''[[#_ref-2|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=Standen O |title=Activity of piperazine, ''in vitro'', against Ascaris lumbricoides |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=4930 |pages=20-2 |year=1955 |pmid=14378628}}</li> <li id="_note-3">'''[[#_ref-3|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=Campbell H, Cline W, Evans M, Lloyd J, Peck A |title=Comparison of the effects of dexamphetamine and 1-benzylpiperazine in former addicts |journal=Eur J Clin Pharmacol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=170-6 |year=1973 |pmid=4586849}}</li> <li id="_note-Misuse-2005">^ [[#_ref-Misuse-2005_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Misuse-2005_1|'''''b''''']] [[#_ref-Misuse-2005_2|'''''c''''']] {{cite web | title =Misuse of Drugs Amendment Act 2005. | work = | publisher = New Zealand Government | date = 17 June 2005 | url =http://www.ndp.govt.nz/legalpartypills/documents/misuse-drugs-act-2005.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | doi = | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-Gee-2007">^ [[#_ref-Gee-2007_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Gee-2007_1|'''''b''''']] [[#_ref-Gee-2007_2|'''''c''''']] {{cite journal |author=Gee P, Fountain J |title=Party on? BZP party pills in New Zealand |journal=[[The New Zealand Medical Journal|N Z Med J]] |volume=120 |issue=1249 |pages=U2422 |year=2007 |pmid=17308559}}</li> <li id="_note-4">'''[[#_ref-4|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=de Boer D, Bosman I, Hidvégi E, Manzoni C, Benkö A, dos Reys L, Maes R |title=Piperazine-like compounds: a new group of designer drugs-of-abuse on the European market |journal=Forensic Sci Int |volume=121 |issue=1-2 |pages=47-56 |year=2001 |pmid=11516887}}</li> <li id="_note-DEA-2006">^ [[#_ref-DEA-2006_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-DEA-2006_1|'''''b''''']] {{cite web | title =Drugs and Chemicals of Concern: N-Benzylpiperazine | work = | publisher = US DEA | date = June 2006 | url =http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/bzp_tmp/bzp_tmp.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-Alansari-2006">^ [[#_ref-Alansari-2006_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Alansari-2006_1|'''''b''''']] {{cite journal |author=Alansari M, Hamilton D |title=Nephrotoxicity of BZP-based herbal party pills: a New Zealand case report |journal=[[The New Zealand Medical Journal|N Z Med J]] |volume=119 |issue=1233 |pages=U1959 |year=2006 |pmid=16680176}}</li> <li id="_note-Baumann">^ [[#_ref-Baumann_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Baumann_1|'''''b''''']] [[#_ref-Baumann_2|'''''c''''']] {{cite journal |author=Baumann M, Clark R, Budzynski A, Partilla J, Blough B, Rothman R |title=Effects of "Legal X" piperazine analogs on dopamine and serotonin release in rat brain |journal=Ann N Y Acad Sci |volume=1025 |issue= |pages=189-97 |year= |pmid=15542717}}</li> <li id="_note-Tekes">^ [[#_ref-Tekes_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Tekes_1|'''''b''''']] {{cite journal |author=Tekes K, Tóthfalusi L, Malomvölgyi B, Hermán F, Magyar K |title=Studies on the biochemical mode of action of EGYT-475, a new antidepressant |journal=Pol J Pharmacol Pharm |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=203-11 |year= |pmid=2448760}}</li> <li id="_note-5">'''[[#_ref-5|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=Lyon R, Titeler M, McKenney J, Magee P, Glennon R |title=Synthesis and evaluation of phenyl- and benzylpiperazines as potential serotonergic agents |journal=J Med Chem |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=630-4 |year=1986 |pmid=3701781}}</li> <li id="_note-BilZ0r">^ [[#_ref-BilZ0r_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-BilZ0r_1|'''''b''''']] {{cite web | last = | first = BilZ0r | title =Neuropharmacology of BZP | publisher = Erowid.org | date = November 2003 | url =http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bzp/bzp_article1.shtml | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-6">'''[[#_ref-6|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=Fantegrossi W, Winger G, Woods J, Woolverton W, Coop A |title=Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of 1-benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine in rhesus monkeys |journal=Drug Alcohol Depend |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=161-8 |year=2005 |pmid=15664717}}</li> <li id="_note-7">'''[[#_ref-7|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=Campbell H, Cline W, Evans M, Lloyd J, Peck A |title=Comparison of the effects of dexamphetamine and 1-benzylpiperazine in former addicts |journal=Eur J Clin Pharmacol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=170-6 |year=1973 |pmid=4586849}}</li> <li id="_note-8">'''[[#_ref-8|^]]''' http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=23485<ref>
- Skin tingling
- Feelings of [[Euphoria (emotion)|euphoria]], wonder, amazement, well-being, energy and elation
- Increased desire to move{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, also slight increase in [[stereotypy]]
- Closed-eye [[hallucinations]] with music{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
- Temporary impotence and penile "shrinkage"{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
- [[Time Dysmorphia]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Coming down:<ref name="Nicholson-2006">{{cite journal |author=Nicholson T |title=Prevalence of use, epidemiology and toxicity of 'herbal party pills' among those presenting to the emergency department |journal=Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=180-4 |year=2006 |pmid=16669944}}</li> <li id="_note-Nicholson-2006">'''[[#_ref-Nicholson-2006_3|^]]''' Cite error 8; No text given.</li> <li id="_note-Gee-2005">^ [[#_ref-Gee-2005_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Gee-2005_1|'''''b''''']] [[#_ref-Gee-2005_2|'''''c''''']] [[#_ref-Gee-2005_3|'''''d''''']] {{cite journal |author=Gee P, Richardson S, Woltersdorf W, Moore G |title=Toxic effects of BZP-based herbal party pills in humans: a prospective study in Christchurch, New Zealand |journal=[[The New Zealand Medical Journal|N Z Med J]] |volume=118 |issue=1227 |pages=U1784 |year=2005 |pmid=16372033}}</li> <li id="_note-Theron-2007">^ [[#_ref-Theron-2007_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Theron-2007_1|'''''b''''']] [[#_ref-Theron-2007_2|'''''c''''']] [[#_ref-Theron-2007_3|'''''d''''']] {{cite journal |author=Theron L, Jansen K, Miles J |title=Benzylpiperizine-based party pills' impact on the Auckland City Hospital Emergency Department Overdose Database (2002-2004) compared with ecstasy (MDMA or methylene dioxymethamphetamine), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, cocaine, and alcohol |journal=[[The New Zealand Medical Journal|N Z Med J]] |volume=120 |issue=1249 |pages=U2416 |year=2007 |pmid=17308553}}</li> <li id="_note-9">'''[[#_ref-9|^]]''' {{cite web | last = Middleton | first = Julie | title =Legal party drugs facing ban | publisher = New Zealand Herald | date = 18 March 2004 | url =http://www.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=19A40CC6-39E1-11DA-8E1B-A5B353C55561 | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-10">'''[[#_ref-10|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=Austin H, Monasterio E |title=Acute psychosis following ingestion of 'Rapture' |journal=Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=406-8 |year=2004 |pmid=15715818}}</li> <li id="_note-11">'''[[#_ref-11|^]]''' {{cite web | title =Party On? | work = | publisher = TV3 New Zealand | date = 9 April 2007 | url =http://www.tv3.co.nz/Programmes/NewsandCurrentAffairs/60Minutes/tabid/88/ArticleID/24491/Default.aspx | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-04-14 }}</li> <li id="_note-Balmelli">^ [[#_ref-Balmelli_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Balmelli_1|'''''b''''']] {{cite journal |author=Balmelli C, Kupferschmidt H, Rentsch K, Schneemann M |title= Fatal brain edema after ingestion of ecstasy and benzylpiperazine |journal=Dtsch Med Wochenschr |volume=126 |issue=28-29 |pages=809-11 |year=2001 |pmid=11499262}} 11.</li> <li id="_note-Carter">^ [[#_ref-Carter_0|'''''a''''']] [[#_ref-Carter_1|'''''b''''']] {{cite web | last = Carter | first = Bridget | title =Coroner probes party pill link in New Year death | publisher = New Zealand Herald | date = 7 January 2007 | url =http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10418032 | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-12">'''[[#_ref-12|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=Hall A, Henry J |title=Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=678-85 |year=2006 |pmid=16595612}}</li> <li id="_note-13">'''[[#_ref-13|^]]''' {{cite web | author=Wilkins C, Girling M, Sweetsur P, Huckle T, Huakau J | title =Legal party pill use in New Zealand: Prevalence of use, availability, health harms and ‘gateway effects’ of benzylpiperazine (BZP) and triflourophenylmethylpiperazine (TFMPP) | publisher = Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE) | url =http://www.spiritualhigh.co.uk/spiritualhigh.co.uk/downloads/Legal-party-pills-in-New-Zealand-report.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2007-04-14}}</li> <li id="_note-14">'''[[#_ref-14|^]]''' {{cite journal |author=Brennan K, Johnstone A, Fitzmaurice P, Lea R, Schenk S |title=Chronic benzylpiperazine (BZP) exposure produces behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization to methamphetamine (MA) |journal=Drug Alcohol Depend |volume=88 |issue=2-3 |pages=204-13 |year=2007 |pmid=17125936}}</li> <li id="_note-15">'''[[#_ref-15|^]]''' {{cite web | title =BZP: Fast Facts. | publisher = National Drug Intelligence Center |date=September 2004 | url =http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs11/11052/index.htm | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-16">'''[[#_ref-16|^]]''' {{cite web | title =DEA error on BZP potency | work = | publisher = Stargate International | date = 15 September 2004 | url =http://www.stanz.org.nz/DEA-Error.pdf | format = [[PDF]] | doi = | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-17">'''[[#_ref-17|^]]''' {{cite web | title =Warning on buying banned drug over web | work = | publisher = [[The Australian]] | date = 10 October 2006 | url =http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20557915-29277,00.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-04-14}}</li> <li id="_note-18">'''[[#_ref-18|^]]''' Sect. 8 of Medicines Act 1968 - Schedule 3, SI 3144 The Medicines for Human Use (Marketing Authorisations Etc) Regulations 1994</li> <li id="_note-19">'''[[#_ref-19|^]]''' {{cite web | title =Thousands of 'pep' pills seized in Middlesbrough | work = | publisher = Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency | date = 17 August 2006 | url =http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&useSecondary=true&ssDocName=CON2024549&ssTargetNodeId=389 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-04-14}}</li> <li id="_note-20">'''[[#_ref-20|^]]''' {{cite web | title =Party Pills to be Banned | work= | Publisher = http://stuff.co.nz | date = 28 June 2007 | url=http://stuff.co.nz/4111259a10.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 28 June 2007}}</li> <li id="_note-21">'''[[#_ref-21|^]]''' Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</li> <li id="_note-22">'''[[#_ref-22|^]]''' {{cite web | title =Benzylpiperazine Legal Status | work = | publisher = Erowid.org | date = 17 November 2002 | url =http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/bzp/bzp_law.shtml | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-04-22 }}</li> <li id="_note-23">'''[[#_ref-23|^]]''' {{cite web | title =New drug under formal scrutiny: Council asks EMCDDA to assess risks of BZP | work = | publisher = European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction | date = 23 March 2007 | url =http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.AttachmentDownload&nNodeID=27522&slanguageISO=EN | format = [[PDF]] | doi = | accessdate = 2007-04-14}}</li></ol></ref>

Contents

Production

Mechanism of action

Effects

Subjective Effects

Tolerance

Toxic effects of BZP

Addictive Effects

Legal issues

See also

Footnotes

External links

Contents

Production GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Mechanism of action

Effects

Subjective Effects

Tolerance

Toxic effects of BZP

Addictive Effects

Legal issues

See also

Footnotes

External links

Production