Berdichev (Polish language: Berdyczów, Ukrainian language: Бердичів, Russian language: Бердичев) is a town in Zhytomyrs'ka oblast', Ukraine, 44 km South of Zhytomyr. Pop. about 88,000 (data 2001). Polish (polski, język polski) is the official language of Poland. ... Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва) is an East Slavic language, one of three members of this language group, the other two being Russian and Belarusian. ... Russian (русский язык  listen?) is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ... Zhytomyrs’ka oblast’ (Житомирська область in Ukrainian) is an oblast ( province) of northern Ukraine. ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre/Kilometer (only km in minuscule is the correct representation of kilometer as an SI unit of length) Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management, in the field of Library and information science Knowledge Machine, the KM knowledge representation... Zhytomyr (Ukrainian Житомир) is the capital of the Zhytomyrska oblast in Ukraine. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

In 1430, Great Knight of Lithuania Vitautas (великий князь литовский Витовт) granted the rights over the area to Kalinik, the procurator (наместник) of Putivl' and Zvenigorod, and it is believed that his servant named Berdich founded a khutor (remote settlement) there, however the etymology of the name Berdichev is not known. Events May 23 - Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica from the Venetians Year in topics 1430 in art Births Robert Morton, English composer, approximate date Antoine Busnois, Burgundian composer, approximate date Deaths Christine de Pizan... Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ...

In 1483, Crimean Tatars destroyed the settlement. During the 1546 partition between Lithuania and Poland, the region was listed as a property of Lithuanian magnate Tyshkevich. According to the Treaty of Lublin (1569), Volhynia formed a province of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Events The São Tomé settlement is founded. ... For Crimean Tatar ethos see Crimean Tatars For Crimean Tatar language and alphabet see Crimean Tatar language ... Events Spanish conquest of Yucatan Peace between England and France Foundation of Trinity College, Cambridge by Henry VIII of England Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg Science Architecture Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. ... Events January 11 - First recorded lottery in England. ... Volhynia (Wołyń in Polish; Волинь, Volyn’ in Ukrainian; also called Volynia, Volyň in Czech) comprises the historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Pripyat and Western Bug. ... Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

The fortified Carmelite monastery (built in 1627), captured and plundered by Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1647, was reestablished in 1864. Origin and early history Carmelites (in Latin Ordo fratrum Beatæ Virginis Mariæ de monte Carmelo) is the name of a Roman Catholic order founded in the 12th century by a certain Berthold (d. ... Buddhist monastery near Tibet A monastery is the habitation of monks. ... Events A Dutch ship makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia. ... Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Bogdan Khmelnitsky) ( 1595 – August 6, 1657) was a Ruthenian (arguably) noble, leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine, noted for his revolt against Poland (1648 – 1654) and the Treaty... Events March 14 - Thirty Years War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm. ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1846, the town accounted 1893 buildings, 69 of which were brick-made, 11 streets, 80 walkways and 4 squares. Honore de Balzac visited it in 1850 and noted that its unplanned development made it resemble the dance of polka as some buildings leaned left, while others right. 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Honoré de Balzac Honoré de Balzac (May 20, 1799 - August 18, 1850), was a French novelist. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Polka is a type of dance and genre of dance music; it originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia, and is still a common genre of Czech folk music; it is also common both in Europe and in the Americas. ...

Jewish history

According to the census of 1789, the Jews constituted 75% of Berdichev's population (1,951 out of 2,640, of whom 246 were liquor-dealers, 452 houseowners, 134 merchants, 188 artisans, 150 clerks and 56 idlers). In 1797, Prince Radziwill granted seven Jewish families the monopoly privilege of the cloth trade in the town. Jews were a major driving force of the town's commerce in the first half of the 19th century. They founded a number of trading companies (some traded internationally), banking establishments, served as agents of the neighboring estates of Polish nobility (szlachta). A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Greek monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a kind of product or service. ... A privilege is an honour, or permissive activity granted by another person or even a government. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Szlachta ( pronounced: [ʃlaxta]) was the noble class in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). ...

By the end of the 18th century, Berdichev became an important center of Hasidism. As the town grew, a number of noted scholars served as rabbis there, including Lieber the Great and Joseph the Harif and the Tzadik Levi Yosef Yitzhak of Berdichev (the author of Kedushat Levi), who lived and taught there until his death in 1809. In its heyday, Berdichev accounted some eighty synagogues and battei midrash and was famous for its cantors. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Hasidic Judaism (Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... See Semicha for article about ordination of rabbis. ... Tzadik may mean one of the following: The eighteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, written צ or ץ; also spelled: tzadi, tzodek, sade, sadhe; The Hebrew word for righteous one, and a title given to a Hassidic spiritual leader; also spelled: tzaddik, tsadik, zadik; plural: tzadikkim; A New York-based... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... A synagogue (from Greek συναγωγη, transliterated sunagoge, place of assembly literally meeting, assembly) is a Jewish house of prayer and study. ... The word Cantor can mean more than one thing: Cantor is another name for a Hazzan, a member of the Jewish clergy Cantor is the title of a member of a student society who is the main singer at a cantus Famous people named Cantor include: Eddie Cantor, singer & entertainer...

Berdichev was also one of the centers of the conflict between Hasidim and Mitnagdim. As the ideas of Haskalah influenced parts of the Jewish communities, a large group of Maskilim formed in Berdichev in the 1820s. Hasidim can refer to Saintly Pharisees Hasidic Judaism This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Mitnagdim (also: misnagdim) is a Hebrew word (מתנגדים) meaning opponents; this term was used to refer to European religious Jews who opposed Hasidic Judaism. ... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Haskalah (from the Hebrew word sekhel, meaning intellect) was the movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing secular knowledge, Hebrew language, and... This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Haskalah (השכלה, from the Hebrew word sekhel, meaning intellect) was the movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing secular knowledge, Hebrew language... Events and Trends Nationalistic independence movements helped reshape the world during this decade: Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire (1821). ...

In 1847 23,160 Jews resided in Berdichev and by 1861 the number doubled to 46,683, constituting the second largest Jewish community in the Russian Empire. The May Laws of 1882 and other government persecutions affected Jewish population and in 1897, out of the town's population of 53,728, 41,617 (about 80%) were Jewish. 58% of Jewish males and 32% of Jewish females were literate. 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... On May 15, 1882, Tsar Alexander III of Russia introduced the so-called Temporary laws which stayed in effect for more than thirty years and came to be known as the May Laws. ... 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Literacy is the ability to use text to communicate across space and time. ...

Until World War I, the natural growth was balanced by the emigration. During the 1917 October Revolution and Russian Civil War, the mayor of the town was the Bundist leader D. Lipets. In early 1919, the Jews of Berdichev became victims of a pogrom perpetrated by the Ukrainian army (See Symon Petliura). Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... The Russian Civil War was fought between 1918 and 1920. ... The word may have one of the following meanings. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Russian word pogrom (погром) refers to a massive violent attack on people with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). ... Symon Petlyura (Симон Петлюра; also spelled Simon, Semen, Semyen Petliura or Petlura, May 10, 1879 – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician. ...

The Soviet authorities closed or destroyed most of the town's synagogues. (See Yevsektsiya) Yevsektsiya (alternative spelling: Yevsektsia), Russian: ЕвСекция, the abbreviation of the phrase Еврейская секция (Yevreyskaya sektsiya) was the Jewish section of the Soviet Communist party created to challenge and eventually destroy the rival Bund and Zionist parties, suppress Judaism and bourgeois nationalism and replace traditional Jewish culture with proletarian culture, as...

In the 1920s, Yiddish language was officially recognized and in 1924, the first in Ukraine official law court to conduct its affairs in Yiddish was established in the city, but in the 1930s, the use of Yiddish was curtailed and all Jewish cultural activities were suspended before World War II. Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years: 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Referred to as the Roaring 20s. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur Tansley coins term ecosystem War, peace and politics Socialists proclaim The death of Capitalism Rise to... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

Most civilians from areas near the border did not have a chance to evacuate when the Nazi began their invasion on June 22, 1941. An "extermination" unit was established in Berdichev in early July 1941 and a Jewish ghetto was set up. It was liquidated on October 5, 1941, after all the inhabitants were murdered. The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ... October 5 is the 278th day of the year (279th in Leap years). ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

A 1973 Ukrainian-language article ¹ about the history of Bedichev says: "Гестапівці стратили 38 536 чоловік." (Gestapo killed 38,536 persons.) In line with the official Soviet policy regarding the Jews and the Holocaust, the article does not mention the word "Jew" and does not acknowledge the genocide of the Jews. Gestapo is a portmanteau contraction of the name of the official secret police force of Nazi Germany, Geheime Staatspolizei, (German for secret state police). During the reign of Nazi Germany, the Gestapo was the central intelligence agency of Germany, under the overall administration of the SS. It was administrated by... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II, starting in 1941 and continuing through 1945. ... Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. ...

Demographics

See also

• Shtetl
• List of European cities with alternative names
• Vassily Grossman
• History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union

A shtetl or shtetele (little town/city in Yiddish) was typically a small town or village with a large Jewish population in pre-Holocaust Central Europe and Eastern Europe. ... Most cities in Europe have different names in different languages. ... Vasily Semyonovich Grossman (alternatively spelled Vassily, Vasiliy, Russian language: Василий Гроссман), December 12, 1905 – September 14, 1964, was a prominent Soviet-era writer and journalist. ... Historical background As waves of anti-Jewish pogroms and expulsions from the countries of Western Europe marked the last centuries of the Middle Ages, a sizable portion of the Jewish populations there moved to the more tolerant countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Middle East. ...

Footnotes

Note 1: A Soviet article about the history of Berdichev (1973) (http://www.ws.net.ua/berd/berdichev/doc/berdichev/berdichev.html) (in Ukrainian language: ІСТОРІЯ МІСТ І СІЛ УРСР (житомирська область) Бердичів Є. Громенко, О. О. Павлов) Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва) is an East Slavic language, one of three members of this language group, the other two being Russian and Belarusian. ...

External links

• Jewish History of Berdichev, Part 1 (http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/berdichev/berdichev1.html) and Part 2 (http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/berdichev/Berdichevhistory.html) at Jewishgen.org
• Berdichev  (http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/pages/t007/t00719.html) at Simon Wiesenthal Center
• The history of Berdichev (1999) (http://www.ws.net.ua/berd/berdichev/doc/markov/main.htm) (in Ukrainian language: Бердичівська земля з найдавнішших часів до початку ХХ ст.]

Simon Wiesenthal Center - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва) is an East Slavic language, one of three members of this language group, the other two being Russian and Belarusian. ...

Resources

• From Berdichev to Jerusalem by Miriam Sperber, 1980
• The Bones of Berdichev: The Life and Fate of Vasily Grossman by John Garrand, 1996