NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Berkeley Software Distribution

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is the UNIX derivative distributed by the University of California, Berkeley, starting in the 1970s. BSD can refer to any of the following acronyms: Berkeley Software Distribution, a free Unix-like operating system, and the BSD license. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... The term software company could be applied to: a) a company that produces software, distributes software from a third party, or provides services such as custom software development. ... For other uses, see Software developer (disambiguation). ... Computer Systems Research Group was a research group that was dedicated to enhancing AT&T Unix operating system and funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIXÂ®, sometimes also written as or Â® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer. ... It has been suggested that Monolithic system be merged into this article or section. ... A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ... The BSD daemon BSD licenses represent a family of permissive free software licenses. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIXÂ®, sometimes also written as or Â® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ...

Historically, BSD has been considered as a branch of UNIX — 'BSD UNIX', because it had shared the initial codebase and design with the original UNIX by AT&T and collaborated on the development in the pioneer days of UNIX. It was widely identified with the versions of UNIX available for workstation-class systems, that can be attributed to the ease with which it could be licensed and the familiarity it found among the founders of many technology companies during the 1980s. The familiarity often came from using similar systems — notably DEC's ULTRIX and Sun Microsystems SunOS — during their education. Though BSD itself was largely superseded by the System V Release 4 and OSF/1 systems in the 1990s (both of which incorporated BSD code), the modified codebase as open source — mostly derived from 4.4BSD-Lite have seen increasing use and development recently. Sun SPARCstation 1+, 25 MHz RISC processor from early 1990s A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or engineering workstation, is a high-end desktop or deskside microcomputer designed for technical applications. ... The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ... The DEC logo Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... Ultrix (officially all-caps ULTRIX) was the brand name of Digital Equipment Corporations (DEC) native Unix systems. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... SunOS was the version of the UNIX operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstations and server systems until the early 1990s. ... It has been suggested that Traditional Unix be merged into this article or section. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ... Open source software is computer software which source code is available under a license (or arrangement such as the public domain) that meets the Open_source_definition. ...

Today, the term of "BSD" is often non-specifically used to refer to any of the BSD descendants, e.g. FreeBSD, NetBSD or OpenBSD, which forms a branch of Unix-like operating systems. FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-like BSD computer operating system. ... OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ...

History

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIXÂ®, sometimes also written as or Â® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ...

PDP-11 beginnings

The earliest distributions of Unix from Bell Labs in the 1970s included the source code to the operating system, allowing researchers at universities to modify and extend Unix. The first Unix system at Berkeley was a PDP-11 installed in 1974, and the computer science department used it for extensive research thereafter. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... The PDP-11 was a 16-bit minicomputer sold by Digital Equipment Corp. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ...

Other universities became interested in the software at Berkeley, and so in 1977 Bill Joy, then a graduate student at Berkeley, assembled and sent out tapes of the first Berkeley Software Distribution (1BSD). 1BSD was an add-on to Sixth Edition Unix rather than a complete operating system in its own right; its main components were a Pascal compiler and Joy's ex line editor. Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Bill Joy William Nelson Joy (born Nov 8, 1954), commonly known as Bill Joy, is an American computer scientist. ... Sixth Edition Unix (also known as V6 Unix) was the first version of Unix to see wide release outside Bell Labs. ... Pascal is an imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... Ex (disambiguation) ex, short for EXtended, was a line editor for UNIX. It was an advanced version of the standard UNIX editor ed, included in the Berkeley Software Distribution. ... A line editor is a text editor computer program that is oriented around lines. ...

The Second Berkeley Software Distribution (2BSD), released in 1978, included updated versions of the 1BSD software as well as two new programs by Joy that persist on Unix systems to this day: the vi text editor (a visual version of ex) and the C shell. Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... vi editing a temporary, empty file. ... Visual editors are editors which display the text being edited on the screen as it is being edited, as opposed to line-oriented editors (such as ed, ex and edlin). ... ex, short for EXtended, is a line editor for Unix systems. ... The C shell (csh) is a Unix shell developed by Bill Joy for the BSD Unix system. ...

Later releases of 2BSD contained ports of changes to the VAX-based releases of BSD back to the PDP-11 architecture. 2.9BSD from 1983 included code from 4.1cBSD, and was the first release that was a full OS (a modified Version 7 Unix) rather than a set of applications and patches. The most recent release, 2.11BSD, was first released in 1992, with maintenance updates from volunteers continuing until 2006 (patch 445 was released on December 26, 2006). VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Seventh Edition Unix, also called Version 7 Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

VAX versions

A VAX computer was installed at Berkeley in 1978, but the port of Unix to the VAX architecture, UNIX/32V, did not take advantage of the VAX's virtual memory capabilities. The kernel of 32V was largely rewritten by Berkeley students to include a virtual memory implementation, and a complete operating system including the new kernel, ports of the 2BSD utilities to the VAX, and the utilities from 32V was released as 3BSD at the end of 1979. 3BSD was also alternatively called Virtual VAX/UNIX or VMUNIX (for Virtual Memory Unix), and BSD kernel images were normally called /vmunix until 4.4BSD. VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... In computer science, porting is the process of adapting software so that an executable program can be created for a computing environment that is different from the one for which it was originally designed (e. ... UNIX/32V was an early version of the Unix operating system from Bell Laboratories, released late in 1978. ... How virtual memory maps to physical memory Virtual memory is an addressing scheme implemented in hardware and software that allows non-contiguous memory to be addressed as if it were contiguous. ... A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...

The success of 3BSD was a major factor in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) decision to fund Berkeley's Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG), which would develop a standard Unix platform for future DARPA research in the VLSI Project. CSRG released 4BSD, containing numerous improvements to the 3BSD system, in October 1980. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ... Computer Systems Research Group was a research group that was dedicated to enhancing AT&T Unix operating system and funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. ... DARPAs VLSI Project provided research funding to a wide variety of university-based teams in an effort to improve the state of the art in microprocessor design. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ...

4BSD (November 1980) offered a number of enhancements over 3BSD, notably job control in the previously-released csh, delivermail (the antecedent of sendmail), "reliable" signals, and the Curses programming library. Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... On operating systems that support executing multiple processes in parallel or in series (batch processing), job control refers to the orchestration of multiple batch jobs. ... The C shell (csh) is a Unix shell developed by Bill Joy for the BSD Unix system. ... The ancestor of sendmail, delivermail used the FTP protocol on the early ARPANET to transmit e-mail to the recipient. ... Sendmail is a mail transfer agent (MTA) that is a well known project of the open source, free software and Unix communities, which is distributed both as free software and proprietary software. ... A signal is a limited form of inter-process communication used in Unix, Unix-like, and other POSIX-compliant operating systems. ... Curses is a terminal control library for Unix-like systems, enabling the construction of text user interface (TUI) applications. ...

4.1BSD (June 1981) was a response to criticisms of BSD's performance relative to the dominant VAX operating system, VMS. The 4.1BSD kernel was systematically tuned up by Bill Joy until it could perform as well as VMS on several benchmarks. (The release would have been called 5BSD, but the name was changed to avoid confusion with AT&T's UNIX System V release. One early, never-released test version was in fact called 4.5BSD.) Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... OpenVMS[1] (Open Virtual Memory System or just VMS) is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX[2] and Alpha[3] family of computers developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts (DIGITAL was then purchased by Compaq, and is now owned... Bill Joy William Nelson Joy (born Nov 8, 1954), commonly known as Bill Joy, is an American computer scientist. ... This article is about the current AT&T. For the 1885-2005 company, see American Telephone & Telegraph. ... It has been suggested that Traditional Unix be merged into this article or section. ...

4.2BSD would take over two years to implement and contained several major overhauls. Before its official release came three intermediate versions: 4.1a incorporated a modified version of BBN's preliminary TCP/IP implementation; 4.1b included the new Berkeley Fast File System, implemented by Marshall Kirk McKusick; and 4.1c was an interim release during the last few months of 4.2BSD's development. BBN Technologies (originally Bolt Beranek and Newman) is a high technology company that provides research and development services. ... The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs. ... In computing, the Berkeley Fast File System (or FFS) is a file system used mostly by BSD-derivative Unix variants. ... Marshall Kirk McKusick (b. ...

The official 4.2BSD release came in August 1983. It was notable as the first version released after the 1982 departure of Bill Joy to co-found Sun Microsystems; Mike Karels and Marshall Kirk McKusick took on leadership roles within the project from that point forward. On a lighter note, it also marked the debut of BSD's daemon mascot in a drawing by McKusick that appeared on the cover of the printed manuals distributed by USENIX. Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... Marshall Kirk McKusick (b. ... BSD Daemon, aka Beastie BSD Daemon is the BSD operating systems mascot, named after a daemon, a type of software program common on Unix-like operating systems, but taking the (albeit less arcane) shape of the classic mythical demon. ... The USENIX Association is the Advanced Computing Technical Association. ...

4.3BSD

4.3BSD was released in June 1986. Its main changes were to improve the performance of many of the new contributions of 4.2BSD that had not been as heavily tuned as the 4.1BSD code. Prior to the release, BSD's implementation of TCP/IP had diverged considerably from BBN's official implementation. After several months of testing, DARPA determined that the 4.2BSD version was superior and would remain in 4.3BSD. (See also History of the Internet.) Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... In the fifties and early sixties, prior to the widespread inter-networking that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the network. ...

After 4.3BSD, it was determined that BSD would move away from the aging VAX platform. The Power 6/32 platform (codenamed "Tahoe") developed by Computer Consoles Inc. seemed promising at the time, but was abandoned by its developers shortly thereafter. Nonetheless, the 4.3BSD-Tahoe port (June 1988) proved valuable as it led to a separation of machine-dependent and machine-independent code in BSD which would improve the system's future portability. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...

Until this point, all versions of BSD had incorporated proprietary AT&T Unix code and therefore required licenses from AT&T for their use. Source code licenses had become very expensive by this point, and several outside parties had expressed interest in a separate release of the networking code, which had been developed entirely outside AT&T and would not be subject to the licensing requirement. This led to Networking Release 1 (Net/1), which was made available to non-licensees of AT&T code and was freely redistributable under the terms of the BSD license. It was released in June 1989. Clockwise from top: The logo of the GNU Project, the Linux kernel mascot Tux, and the BSD Daemon Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only... The BSD license is a permissive license and is one of the most widely used free software licenses. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ...

4.3BSD-Reno came in early 1990. It was an interim release during the early development of 4.4BSD, and its use was considered a "gamble", hence the naming after the gambling center of Reno, Nevada. This release was clearly moving towards POSIX compliance, and, according to some, away from the BSD philosophy (as POSIX is very much based on System V, and Reno was quite bloated compared to previous releases). Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Caravaggio, The Cardsharps, c. ... Reno redirects here. ... POSIX or Portable Operating System Interface[1] is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API) for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system. ...

In August 2006, Information Week magazine rated 4.3BSD as the "Greatest Software Ever Written"[1], commenting that "BSD 4.3 represents the single biggest theoretical undergirder of the Internet."

Net/2 and legal troubles

After Net/1, BSD developer Keith Bostic proposed that more non-AT&T sections of the BSD system be released under the same license as Net/1. To this extent, he started a project to reimplement most of the standard Unix utilities without using the AT&T code. For example, vi, which had been based on the original Unix version of ed, was rewritten as nvi (new vi). Within eighteen months, all the AT&T utilities had been replaced, and it was determined that only a few AT&T files remained in the kernel. These files were removed, and the result was the June 1991 release of Networking Release 2 (Net/2), a nearly complete operating system that was freely distributable. Member of the UCB Computer Science Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley, who created BSD. Worked at Berkeley Software Design, who produced BSD/OS (also known as BSDi), a commercial version of BSD. Now works at Sleepycat Software, who produce Berkeley DB. Author of nvi. ... vi editing a temporary, empty file. ... The text editor ed was the original standard on the Unix operating system. ... nvi (new vi) is a re-implementation of the classic Berkeley editor, ex/vi, traditionally distributed with BSD, and later, Unix systems. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...

Net/2 was the basis for two separate ports of BSD to the Intel 80386 architecture: the free 386BSD by William Jolitz and the proprietary BSD/386 (later renamed BSD/OS) by Berkeley Software Design (BSDi). 386BSD itself was short-lived, but became the initial code base of the NetBSD and FreeBSD projects that were started shortly thereafter. The Intel386[1] is a microprocessor which was used as the central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers from 1986 until 2007. ... 386BSD, also known as JOLIX, is a free BSD operating system for the Intel 80386. ... William Frederick(Bill) Jolitz (born 1957), commonly known as Bill Jolitz, co-wrote 386BSD in 1989 along with Lynne Jolitz. ... It has been suggested that closed source be merged into this article or section. ... BSD/OS (originally called BSD/386 and commonly known as BSDi) was a commercial version of the BSD Unix operating system developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. ... Berkely Software Design Inc. ... NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-like BSD computer operating system. ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ...

BSDi soon found itself in legal trouble with AT&T's Unix System Laboratories subsidiary, then the owners of the System V copyright and the Unix trademark. The USL v. BSDi lawsuit was filed in 1992 and led to an injunction on the distribution of Net/2 until the validity of USL's copyright claims on the source could be determined. UNIX Systems Laboratories or USL was originally organized as part of Bell Labs in 1989. ... Not to be confused with copywriting. ... â€œ(TM)â€ redirects here. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Look up Injunction in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The lawsuit slowed development of the free-software descendants of BSD for nearly two years while their legal status was in question, and as a result systems based on the Linux kernel, which did not have such legal ambiguity, gained greater support. Linux and 386BSD began development at about the same time, and Linus Torvalds has said that if 386BSD had been available at the time, he would probably not have created Linux.[2] The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... 386BSD, also known as JOLIX, is a free BSD operating system for the Intel 80386. ... Linus Benedict Torvalds ; born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland, is a Finnish software engineer best known for initiating the development of the Linux kernel. ...

4.4BSD and descendants

The lawsuit was settled in January 1994, largely in Berkeley's favor. Of the 18,000 files in the Berkeley distribution, only 3 had to be removed and 70 modified to show USL copyright notices. A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the Berkeley-owned code in the upcoming 4.4BSD release. There are a number of Unix-like operating systems based on, or descended from, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) series of Unix variants. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...

In June 1994, 4.4BSD was released in two forms: the freely distributable 4.4BSD-Lite contained no AT&T source, whereas 4.4BSD-Encumbered was available, as earlier releases had been, only to AT&T licensees. Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...

The final release from Berkeley was 1995's 4.4BSD-Lite Release 2, after which the CSRG was dissolved and development of BSD at Berkeley ceased. Since then, several distributions based on 4.4BSD (such as FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD) have been maintained. Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-like BSD computer operating system. ... OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. ...

In addition, the permissive nature of the BSD license has allowed many other operating systems, both free and proprietary, to incorporate BSD code. For example, Microsoft Windows has used BSD-derived code in its implementation of TCP/IP and bundles recompiled versions of BSD's command line networking tools with its current releases. Also Darwin, the system on which Apple's Mac OS X is built, is partly derived from FreeBSD 5. Various commercial UNIXes, such as Solaris, also contain varying amounts of BSD code. â€œWindowsâ€ redirects here. ... A command line interface or CLI is a method of interacting with a computer by giving it lines of textual commands (that is, a sequence of characters) either from keyboard input or from a script. ... Darwin is a free and open source, Unix-like operating system first released by Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X (IPA: ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIXÂ®, sometimes also written as or Â® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ...

Technology

BSD pioneered many of the advances of modern computing. Berkeley's Unix was the first Unix to include libraries supporting the Internet Protocol stacks: Berkeley sockets. By integrating sockets with the Unix operating system's file descriptors, it became almost as easy to read and write data across a network as it was to access a disk. The AT&T laboratory eventually released their own STREAMS library, which incorporated much of the same functionality in a software stack with a better architecture, but the wide distribution of the existing sockets library, together with the unfortunate omission of a function call for polling a set of open sockets equivalent to the select call in the Berkeley library, reduced the impact of the new API. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ... The Berkeley sockets application programming interface (API) comprises a library for developing applications in the C programming language that perform inter-process communication, most commonly across a computer network. ... The term file descriptor is generally used in POSIX operating systems. ... Computer networks may be classified according to the network layer at which they operate according to some basic reference models that are considered to be standards in the industry such as the seven layer OSI reference model and the four layer Internet Protocol Suite model. ... STREAMS is the Unix System V networking architecture. ... API and Api redirect here. ...

Today, BSD continues to be used as a testbed for technology by academic organizations, as well as finding uses in a lot of commercial and free products and, increasingly, in embedded devices. The general quality of its source code, as well as its documentation (especially reference manual pages, commonly referred to as man pages), make it well-suited for many purposes. A router, an example of an embedded system. ... The man page on man Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for manual pages). The Unix command used to display them is man. ...

The permissive nature of the BSD license allows companies to distribute derived products as proprietary software without exposing source code and sometimes intellectual property to competitors. Searching for strings containing "University of California, Berkeley" in the documentation of products, in the static data sections of binaries and ROMs, or as part of other information about a software program, will often show BSD code has been used. This permissiveness also makes BSD code suitable for use in open source products, and the license is compatible with many other open source licenses. The BSD license is a permissive license and is one of the most widely used free software licenses. ... It has been suggested that closed source be merged into this article or section. ... For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (film). ... An executable or executable file, in computer science, is a file whose contents are meant to be interpreted as a program by a computer. ... Read-only memory (usually known by its acronym, ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... An open-source license is a copyright license for computer software that makes the source code available under terms that allow for modification and royalty-free redistribution. ...

BSD operating systems can run much native software of several other operating systems on the same architecture, using a binary compatibility layer. Much simpler and faster than emulation, this allows, for instance, applications intended for Linux to be run at effectively full speed. This makes BSDs not only suitable for server environments, but also for workstation ones, given the increasing availability of commercial or closed-source software for Linux only. This also allows administrators to migrate legacy commercial applications, which may have only supported commercial Unix variants, to a more modern operating system, retaining the functionality of such applications until they can be replaced by a better alternative. A typical vision of a computer architecture as a series of abstraction layers: hardware, firmware, assembler, kernel, operating system and applications (see also Tanenbaum 79). ... In software engineering, a compatibility layer allows binaries for an emulated system to run on a host system. ... This article is about emulation in computer science. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ...

Current BSD operating system variants support many of the common IEEE, ANSI, ISO, and POSIX standards, while retaining most of the traditional BSD behavior. Like AT&T Unix, the BSD kernel is monolithic, meaning that device drivers in the kernel run in privileged mode, as part of the core of the operating system. Early versions of BSD were used to form Sun Microsystems' SunOS, founding the first wave of popular Unix workstations. Not to be confused with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). ... The American National Standards Institute or ANSI (pronounced an-see) is a nonprofit organization that oversees the development of standards for products, services, processes and systems in the United States. ... â€œISOâ€ redirects here. ... POSIX or Portable Operating System Interface[1] is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API) for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system. ... UNIX® (or Unix) is a portable, multi-task and multi-user computer operating system originally developed by a group of AT&T Bell Labs employees including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... It has been suggested that Monolithic system be merged into this article or section. ... In processors with memory protection, privileged mode (as opposed to user mode) is the mode in which the operating system kernel runs. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... SunOS was the version of the UNIX operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstations and server systems until the early 1990s. ...

Significant BSD descendants

BSD has been the base of a large number of operating systems. Most notable among these today is perhaps the major open source BSDs, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD—sometimes known as the BSDs—which have themselves spawned a number of children, including DragonFly BSD, FreeSBIE, MirOS BSD, DesktopBSD, and PC-BSD. They are targeted at an array of systems for different purposes and are common in government facilities, universities and in commercial use. A number of commercial operating systems are also partly or wholly based on BSD or its descendants, including Sun's SunOS and Apple Inc.'s Mac OS X. A selection of significant Unix versions and Unix-like operating systems that descend from BSD includes: There are a number of Unix-like operating systems based on, or descended from, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) series of Unix variants. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-like BSD computer operating system. ... OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. ... DragonFly BSD is a free Unix-like operating system created as a fork of FreeBSD 4. ... FreeSBIE FreeSBIE is a LiveCDâ€”an operating system that is able to load directly from a bootable CD without any installation process and without any hard disk. ... MirOS BSD (the original name MirBSD is deprecated) is a free operating system, which started as a fork of OpenBSD 3. ... DesktopBSD is a UNIX-derivative, desktop-oriented operating system based on FreeBSD. Its goal is to combine the stability of FreeBSD with the ease-of-use of KDE, which is the default graphical user interface. ... PC-BSD is a Unix-like, desktop-oriented operating system based on FreeBSD similar to DesktopBSD. It aims to be easy to install by using a graphical installation program, and easy- and ready-to-use immediately by providing KDE as the default, pre-installed graphical user interface. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... SunOS was the version of the UNIX operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstations and server systems until the early 1990s. ... Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X (IPA: ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ...

FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ... DragonFly BSD is a free Unix-like operating system created as a fork of FreeBSD 4. ... Symmetric multiprocessing, or SMP, is a multiprocessor computer architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single shared main memory. ... NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-like BSD computer operating system. ... OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. ... In software engineering, a project fork or branch happens when a developer (or a group of them) takes a copy of source code from one software package and starts to independently develop a new package. ... PC-BSD is a Unix-like, desktop-oriented operating system based on FreeBSD similar to DesktopBSD. It aims to be easy to install by using a graphical installation program, and easy- and ready-to-use immediately by providing KDE as the default, pre-installed graphical user interface. ... DesktopBSD is a UNIX-derivative, desktop-oriented operating system based on FreeBSD. Its goal is to combine the stability of FreeBSD with the ease-of-use of KDE, which is the default graphical user interface. ... Tru64 UNIX is HPs (formerly Compaq; formerly DEC) 64-bit Unix operating system for the DEC Alpha AXP platform. ... DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor die photo Package for DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor Alpha AXP 21064 bare die mounted on a business card with some statistics The DEC Alpha, also known as the Alpha AXP, is a 64-bit RISC microprocessor originally developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corp... The DEC logo Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... Juniper Networks NASDAQ: JNPR is a telecommunications equipment company. ... Apple Inc. ... Darwin is a free and open source, Unix-like operating system first released by Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X (IPA: ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... XNU is the name of the kernel that Apple acquired and developed for use in the Mac OS X operating system and released as open source as part of the Darwin operating system. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... SunOS was the version of the UNIX operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstations and server systems until the early 1990s. ... Motorola Inc. ... The Motorola 680x0/0x0/m68k/68k/68K family of CISC microprocessor CPU chips were 32-bit from the start, and were the primary competition for the Intel x86 family of chips in personal computers of the 1980s and early 1990s. ... Sun-2 was the name given to a series of UNIX computer workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched in 1983. ... Sun-3 was the name given to a series of UNIX computer workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched in 1985. ... Sun UltraSPARC II Microprocessor Sun UltraSPARC T1 (Niagara 8 Core) SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a RISC microprocessor instruction set architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ... x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ... The Sun386i (codenamed Roadrunner) was a hybrid UNIX workstation/PC compatible computer system produced by Sun Microsystems, launched in 1988. ... Ultrix (officially all-caps ULTRIX) was the brand name of Digital Equipment Corporations (DEC) native Unix systems. ... The PDP-11 was a 16-bit minicomputer sold by Digital Equipment Corp. ... VAX is a 32-bit computing architecture that supports an orthogonal instruction set (machine language) and virtual addressing (i. ... A DECstation 5000/120 The DECstation was a brand of computers used by DEC, and refers to three distinct lines of computer systemsâ€”the first released in 1978 as a word processing system, and the latter (more widely known) two both released in 1989. ... Graphical overview of a microkernel A microkernel is a minimal computer operating system kernel providing only basic operating system services (system calls), while other services (commonly provided by kernels) are provided by user-space programs called servers. ... The Open Software Foundation (OSF) was an organization founded in 1988 to create an open standard for an implementation of the Unix operating system. ... Mach is an operating system kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University to support operating system research, primarily distributed and parallel computation. ... In political science, the demos (Greek: people) is the common populace of a state. ... CCCP redirects here. ... For other meanings, see Next. ... NEXTSTEP is the original object-oriented, multitasking operating system that NeXT Computer, Inc. ... OPENSTEP on Windows NT. OpenStep is an object-oriented API specification for an object-oriented operating system that uses any modern operating system as its core, principally developed by NeXT with Sun Microsystems. ... Mac OS X (IPA: ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... 386BSD, also known as JOLIX, is a free BSD operating system for the Intel 80386. ... BSD/OS (originally called BSD/386 and commonly known as BSDi) was a commercial version of the BSD Unix operating system developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. ...

Contents

History

PDP-11 beginnings

VAX versions

4.3BSD

Net/2 and legal troubles

4.4BSD and descendants

Technology

Significant BSD descendants

See also

Further reading

External links

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

PDP-11 beginnings

VAX versions

4.3BSD

Net/2 and legal troubles

4.4BSD and descendants

Technology

Significant BSD descendants

See also

Further reading

External links

History