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Bethlehem Steel Corporation's manufacturing facility in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

The Bethlehem Steel Corporation (1857-2003), based in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, once was the second largest steel producer in the United States (after Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based US Steel). But following its 2001 bankruptcy, the company was dissolved and the remaining assets sold to International Steel Group in 2003. In 2005, ISG merged with Mittal Steel, ending U.S. ownership of the assets of Bethlehem Steel. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Bethlehem Steel Corp. ... Image File history File links Bethlehemsteel. ... Image File history File links Bethlehemsteel. ... Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania Counties Lehigh and Northampton Founded 1741 Mayor John B. Callahan Area    - City 50. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania Counties Lehigh and Northampton Founded 1741 Mayor John B. Callahan Area    - City 50. ... The old Steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ... Nickname: Steel City, Iron City, City of Champions, City of Bridges, City of Colleges Location in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Allegheny County Founded 1758 Mayor Luke Ravenstahl (D) Area    - City 151. ... The United States Steel Corporation (NYSE: X), later named USX Corporation in 1991, then renamed the United States Steel Corporation again in 2001 when the shareholders of USX spun off the steelmaking assets of the company after its acquisition of Marathon Oil, was once the largest steel producer and largest... This article is about the year 2001. ... Mittal Steel Company N.V. (NYSE: MT) is the worlds largest steel producer. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mittal Steel Company N.V. (NYSE: MT) is the worlds largest steel producer. ...

During its life, Bethlehem Steel was also one of the largest shipbuilding companies in the world and was one of the most powerful symbols of American industrial manufacturing leadership. Men from Francisco de Orellanas expedition building a small brigantine, the San Pedro, to be used in the search for food Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. ...

Bethlehem Steel's demise often is cited as one of the most prominent examples of the U.S. economy's transition away from industrial manufacturing and its inability to compete with cheap foreign labor.

Founding

The company began on April 8, 1857 as the Saucona Iron Works in South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Then, on May 1, 1861, the company changed its name to Bethlehem Iron Works. Alfred Hunt was elected president by the board of directors on July 15, 1860. In its early years, it produced railroad rails and armor plating for the US Navy. In 1899, the company assumed the name, Bethlehem Steel Company. April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Alfred Hunt Alfred Hunt (April 5, 1817 - March 27, 1888) was the first president of the Bethlehem Iron Company, precursor of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Armor or armour (see spelling differences) is protective clothing intended to defend its wearer from intentional harm in combat and military engagements, typically associated with soldiers. ... USN redirects here. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1904, Charles M. Schwab (then recently resigned from US Steel, and unrelated to the stockbroker Charles R. Schwab) and Joseph Wharton formed the Bethlehem Steel Corporation with Schwab becoming its first president and chairman of its board of directors. The Bethlehem Steel Corporation ascended to great prominence in American industry, installing the revolutionary grey rolling mill and producing the first wide-flange structural shapes to be made in America. These shapes were largely responsible for ushering in the age of the skyscraper and establishing Bethlehem Steel as the leading supplier of steel to the construction industry. 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Charles Michael Schwab (February 18, 1862 in Williamsburg, Pennsylvania - October 18, 1939 in London, England) was an American industrialist who became a multimillionaire in the steel industry but died bankrupt. ... Charles R. Schwab (born 1937) is the founder and CEO of the Charles Schwab Corporation. ... Joseph Wharton ( March 3, 1826 – January 11, 1909) founded the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and co-founded the Bethlehem Steel company. ... In relation to a company, a director is an officer of the company charged with the conduct and management of its affairs. ... The Sears Tower in Chicago is still the tallest building in the world with its antennas included. ... Cranes are essential in large construction projects, such as this skyscraper In project architecture and civil engineering, construction is the building or assembly of any infrastructure on a site. ...

In the early 1900s, the corporation branched out from steel, with iron mines in Cuba and shipyards around the country. In 1913, it acquired the Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, Massachusetts, thereby assuming the role of one of the world's major shipbuilders. // First flight by the Wright brothers, December 17, 1903. ... Small shipyard in Klaksvík (Faroe Islands), reparing fishing vessels Dockyards and shipyards are places which repair and build ships. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Fore River Ship and Engine Company was a shipyard in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s. ...   Settled: 1625 â€“ Incorporated: 1792 Zip Code(s): 02169, 02170, 02171 â€“ Area Code(s): 617 / 857 Location Location in Massachusetts Government County Norfolk County Form of Government Mayor-council city Mayor William J. Phelan Geography Area Total 26. ...

Behind American landmarks

In 1916, Eugene Grace became the company's president, and, in 1945, he became its chairman, leading the company until 1957. Grace acquired a number of additional steel plants in the 1920s, and Bethlehem produced the steel for many of the country's most prominent landmarks, including New York City's Rockefeller Center and Madison Square Garden and San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge. 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Eugene Gifford Grace (August 27, 1876–July 7, 1960) was the president of Bethlehem Steel Corporation from 1916 to 1945, and chairman of the board from 1945 until his retirement in 1957. ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 1920s was a decade sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... Nickname: Big Apple, City that never Sleeps, Gotham Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Manhattan Queens Brooklyn Staten Island Settled 1613 Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area    - City 1,214. ... Lower Plaza at Rockefeller Center. ... Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, known colloquially simply as The Garden, has been the name of four arenas in New York City, United States. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening into the San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. ...

The steel for American armed forces

During World War I and World War II, Bethlehem Steel was a major supplier of armor plate and ordnance products to the U.S. armed forces. Many of the nation's fighting ships used armor plate and large caliber guns supplied by Bethlehem steel. Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...

During World War II, Bethlehem's 15 shipyards produced a total of 1,121 ships, more than any other builder during the war, employing as many as 180,000 persons in the process (company total employment was 30,000). When peacetime came, the plant continued to supply a wide variety of structural shapes for the construction trades and forged products for defense, power generation and steel-producing companies. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... Small shipyard in Klaksvík (Faroe Islands), reparing fishing vessels Dockyards and shipyards are places which repair and build ships. ... Italian ship-rigged vessel Amerigo Vespucci in New York Harbor, 1976 A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft. ...

Bethlehem Steel's high point came in the 1950s, as the company began manufacturing some 23 million tons per year, and it built its largest plant, at Burns Harbor, Indiana, between 1962 and 1964. In 1958, the company's president, Arthur B. Homer, was the highest paid business executive in the US. The 1950s was the decade spanning from the 1st of January, 1950 to the 31st December, 1959. ... Burns Harbor is a town in Porter County, Indiana, United States. ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from...

Shipyards

• Fore River Shipyard - Massachusetts
• Sparrows Point Shipyard - Maryland (now Barletta Industries Sparrows Point Shipyard and Industrial Complex)
• Alameda Shipyard - California
• San Francisco Shipyard - California (formerly U.S. Iron Works, now BAE Systems San Francisco Ship Repair)

Fore River Ship and Engine Company was a shipyard in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s. ... Sparrows Point is an unincorporated area in Baltimore County, Maryland. ... BAE Systems plc is the worlds fourth largest defence contractor[2] and a commercial aerospace manufacturer. ...

Freight cars

From 1923 to 1991, Bethlehem Steel was one of the world's leading producers of railroad freight cars through their purchase of the former Midvale Steel and Ordinance Company of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Despite its status as a major integrated steel maker, Bethlehem Steel Freight Car Division pioneered the use of aluminum in freight car construction. The Johnstown plant was purchased from Bethlehem Steel through a management buyout in 1991, creating Johnstown America Industries. Johnstown America has since expanded with the accquisition of a second manufacturing plant in Danville, Illinois and a public offering on the Nasdaq under the new name FreightCar America Corporation. FreightCar America is the only American-owned part of the former Bethlehem Steel that remains publicly-traded. Johnstown is a small village in North Wales Johnstown, Wrexham Johnstown is a village in the Republic of Ireland Johnstown, County Kildare Johnstown is the name of several places in the United States of America: Johnstown, Colorado Johnstown, Maryland, a settlement located in the southern part of Maryland Johnstown, Nebraska... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ... Danville is a city in Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. ... NASDAQ in Times Square, New York City. ...

Facing foreign competition

While the US steel industry prospered during World War II, the steel industries in Germany and Japan were devastated by Allied bombardment. As a result, they had to be rebuilt after the war, but were rebuilt with more modern techniques such as continuous casting in their now newer plants. This efficiency, plus the high benefit concessions given to US steelworkers during the two decades that the US steel Industry operated without signfificant foreign competition, and unwillingness of the US steel industry to invest their profits into newer technology, set the stage for a significant price differential in the 1980s. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... Continuous casting is a refinement of the casting process for the continuous, high-volume production of metal sections with a constant cross-section. ...

Cheaper foreign steel began being imported in the 1980s, negatively impacting Bethlehem Steel's market share in the U.S. steel industry. In 1982, the company reported a loss of US$1.5 billion and was forced to shut down many of its operations. Profitability returned briefly in 1988, but restructuring and shutdowns continued through the 1980s and 1990s. The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Germans dancing on the Berlin Wall in late 1989, the symbol of the cold war divide falls down as the world unites in the 1990s. ...

In the mid-1980s, the market for the plant's structural products began to diminish, and new competition entered the marketplace. Lighter, lower construction styles, resulting in low-rise buildings not requiring the heavy structural grades produced at the Bethlehem plant, caused Bethlehem Steel to discontinue its steelmaking activities at the main Bethlehem plant by the end of 1995. After roughly 140 years of metal production at its Bethlehem, Pennsylvania plant, Bethlehem Steel ceased operations in Bethlehem. Bethlehem Steel exited the railroad car business in 1993 and ceased shipbuilding activities in 1997 in an attempt to preserve its core steelmaking operations. The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania Counties Lehigh and Northampton Founded 1741 Mayor John B. Callahan Area    - City 50. ...

Management Failings

Jim Collins in the book "Good to Great" compares the long term decline of Bethlehem with the meteoric rise of Nucor, and argues that cheap imports were not the only cause of decline. Rather the lack of a long term perspective and the desire to renew & innovate were core to their failure. Jim Collins Jim Collins is considered to be one of the major American business gurus. ... Good to Great ISBN: 0066620996,Hardcover: 320 pages Publisher: Collins (October, 2001) Good to Great is a management book by Jim Collins that describes how companies transition from being average companies to great companies and how companies can fail to make the transition. ...

Ironically in recent years Nucor can now be heard lamenting the problems caused by cheap imports!

Closing and bankruptcy

With the closing of its local operations and its extraordinary ensuing impact on the local Lehigh Valley area, Bethlehem Steel decided to help revitalize the South Side of Bethlehem, and hired outside consultants to develop conceptual plans on the reuse of the massive property. The consensus was to rename the 163-acre (660,000 m²) site Bethlehem Works and to use the land for cultural, recreational, educational, entertainment and retail development. The National Museum of Industrial History, in association with the Smithsonian Institution, and the Bethlehem Commerce Center, consisting of 1,600 acres (6.5 km²) of prime industrial property, were erected on the site. Counties comprising the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania For the railroad company, see Lehigh Valley Railroad. ... The Bethlehem Steel Corp. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ...

In 2001, Bethlehem Steel formally filed for bankruptcy. Two years later, in 2003, the company's remnants, including its six massive plants, were acquired by the International Steel Group. This article is about the year 2001. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mittal Steel Company N.V. (NYSE: MT) is the worlds largest steel producer. ...

References

• Hall, P. J. (1915), "History of South Bethlehem, Pa.", Semi-centennial, the borough of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1865-1915, Quinlan Printing Co.

External links

• "The Sinking of Bethlehem Steel", Fortune magazine, April 5, 2004.
• Photo documentary of the Bethlehem Steel plant
• "Forging America: The History of Bethlehem Steel", The (Allentown) Morning Call.
• "Almost Gone", Photographer Marc Reed's study of the ruins of Bethlehem Steel.