Biaroza (Belarusian: Бяро́за also Бяро́за-Карту́ская, Russian: Берёза, Polish: Bereza Kartuska) is a town of 31 000 inhabitants (1995) in Western Belarus in Brest voblast, center of the Biaroza rayon. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Brest voblast is one of the administrative regions in the Republic of Belarus located in the south-west of Poland and Ukraine. ...

History

The village of Biaroza (meaning Birch) was first mentioned in 1477. In 15th century the village probably received the town charter. Between 1538 and 1600 it was an important centre of Calvinism. Soon afterwards the town became a private property of the Radziwiłł family. In 17th century the village was given to the Cartusian monks who were settled there by Lew Sapieha. In 1648 Sapieha built a fortified monastery and a palace, and the monastic order became the name-sake of the second part of the name. The monastery was also expanded and became one of the biggest such facilities in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Events January 5 - Battle of Nancy - Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, and this time is killed. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... In the United Kingdom and Canada a Royal Charter is a charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy Council, which creates or gives special status to an incorporated body. ... Events Treaty of Nagyvarad. ... // Events January January 1 - Scotland adopts January 1st as being New Years Day February February 17 - Giordano Bruno burned at the stake for heresy in Rome July July 2 - Battle of Nieuwpoort: Dutch forces under Maurice of Nassau defeat Spanish forces under Archduke Albert in a battle on the... Calvinism is a soteriological system of Christian theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and further developed by his followers, associates and admirers. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Lew Sapieha (1557-1633) (Lithuanian: Leu Sapega). ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

During the Great Northern War the monastery housed a conference held by August II of Poland and Peter I of Russia. In 1706 the fortified monastery was put under siege and then taken by assault and looted by the forces of Charles XII of Sweden. Two years later the Swedish forces looted the area again, which resulted in almost total depopulation of the town. It was also damaged by the armies of Alexander Suvorov in 1772, during the Partitions of Poland. The Great Northern War was the war fought between a coalition of Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland (from 1715 also Prussia and Hanover) on one side and Sweden on the other side from 1700 to 1721. ... Reign From 1697, until 1706 and from 1709, until February 1, 1733 Elected In 1697 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On September 15, 1697 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Wettin Parents John George III Wettin Anne Sophie Consorts  ? Children August III Sas Maurice de... Portrait of Peter by Paul Delaroche Peter I (Russian: ) (10 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672– 28 January 1725 O.S.] ) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ... Events March 27 - Concluding that Emperor Iyasus I of Ethiopia had abdicated by retiring to a monastery, a council of high officials appoint Tekle Haymanot I Emperor of Ethiopia May 23 - Battle of Ramillies September 7 - The Battle of Turin in the War of Spanish Succession - forces of Austria and... Carl XII, Karl XII or Carolus Rex, (June 17, 1682 – November 30, 1718), the Alexander of the North, nicknamed in Turkish as DemirbaÅŸ Åžarl (Charles the Habitue), was a King of Sweden from 1697 until his death in 1718. ... Monument to Suvorov as youthful Mars, the Roman god of war (1801). ... 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, commonly known as the Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ...

After the partitions, the town and the monastery were annexed by Russia. After the November Uprising of 1831 the town was captured by the Russian armies and then looted. The monastery was closed by tsarist authorities and in 1866, after the January Uprising, the whole complex was partially demolished, and the bricks were used for construction of Russian prison and barracks nearby. The baroque church was destroyed in 1868. After the uprising the town became a part of the so-called Pale of settlement and was repopulated with Jews expelled from other areas of Russian Empire. By 20th century they constituted more than 70% of the city's inhabitants. In 1871 a Warsaw-Moscow railroad was laid only 20 miles from the town, which connected the town with the nearby major cities of Brest-Litovsk and Smolensk. In 1878 the town had a marketplace, 7 streets and ca. 200 houses. Both the town and the adjoining area had approximately 5 000 inhabitants. Apart from the Catholic and Uniate churches, there was also a sinagogue, Jewish baths and a market just outside of the city limits. In 1842 a new road was opened between Moscow and Warsaw and passed through the town, which started a period of economical prosperity. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... The January Uprising was the longest Polish uprising against Tsarist Russia: it began January 22, 1863, and the last insurgents were not captured until 1865. ... 1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта оседлости - cherta osedlosti) was a western border region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, extending from the pale or demarcation line, to near the border with eastern/central Europe. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Voivodship Masovian Municipal government Mayor MirosÅ‚aw Kochalski (acting) Area 516,9 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 1,692,900 (2004) 2,400,000 3258/km² Founded City rights 13th century turn of the 13th century Latitude Longitude 52... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: â–¶(?)) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... For a city in France, see Brest, France. ... A view of Smolensk in 1912 Smolensk (Russian: ) is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River at 54. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: â–¶(?)) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Voivodship Masovian Municipal government Mayor MirosÅ‚aw Kochalski (acting) Area 516,9 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 1,692,900 (2004) 2,400,000 3258/km² Founded City rights 13th century turn of the 13th century Latitude Longitude 52...

In 1917 the town was annexed by Germany and then passed to the short-lived Belarusian People's Republic. The town was captured by the Red Army on January 19, 1919, in the effect of the Target-Vistula offensive. However, on February 10, 1919, the Polish Army entered the area and recaptured the town on February 14. During the Polish-Bolshevik War the town was a battlefield of two notable battles (Battle of Bereza Kartuska). After the war the town was annexed by Poland. 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... National motto: None Official language Belarusian Capital Minsk, Currently in Exile National anthem Vajacki marÅ¡ Chairperson of the Rada Ivonka Survilla Independence  - Declared  - Forced into Exile Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 25, 1918 January 5, 1919 The Belarusian Peoples Republic (Belarusian: Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка) was fist independent belarusian state in history. ... Red Army flag The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya in Russian), the armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Target Vistula Conflict Polish-Bolshevik War Date November 18, 1918 to March, 1919 Place Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine Result Unconcluded Target Vistula was the code-name applied to the Bolshevik offensive of 1918 — 1919 that had eventually led to Polish-Bolshevik War. ... February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Polish Army (Polish Wojsko Polskie) is the name applied to the military forces of Poland. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Polish-Bolshevik War Conflict Polish-Bolshevik War Date 1919–1921 Place Central and Eastern Europe Result Polish victory The Polish-Soviet War (also known as the Polish-Bolshevik War or the Polish-Russian War) was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between the Russian Soviet Federated... The town of Bereza Kartuska was a battlefield of two notable battles during the Polish-Bolshevik War: Battle of Bereza Kartuska (1919), the first skirmish of the conflict fought on February 10, 1919 Battle of Bereza Kartuska (1920), the town retaken by Poland after the Battle of Warsaw This is...

Following the terrorist campaign in the early 1930s and the assassination of Minister of Internal Affairs Bronisław Pieracki and the deputy head of BBWR organisation Tadeusz Hołówka, the former tsarist barracks and prison were turned into a camp of internment of both Polish rightist extremists from the ONR, Ukrainian separatists from the OUN and the members of the Communist Party of Poland. The very existence of the camp, as well as the legal basis for its opening were openly questioned and often criticized by all the opposition to Sanacja movement. Especially due to the fact that the inmates were sent there for up to three months without any decision of the courts, basing solely on the administrative decision of the police or the voivod. However, the camp was not closed and with time it also became a place of internment of members of other political parties. The camp, headed by Police Inspector Jan Greffner from Poznań, housed up to 800 inmates. Despite the fact that the prisoners were tortured by the police officers only one man died from a stroke (two additional died in the hospitals in Brest and Hrodna), the post-war communist propaganda depicted it as a concentration camp and a proof that the government of Poland was indeed a fascist or even nazi regime. The BBWR abbreviation is related to two Polish political organisations: The Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem (Polish for Non-Party Block of Collaboration with the Government) was a non-political organization which existed from 1928 until 1935, closely affiliated with Piłsudski and his Sanacja movement. ... ONR can mean: the Ontario Northland Railway in Ontario, Canada [1] the U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research in the United States [2] Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny - Polish nationalist organisation before World War II This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ОУН) was a Ukrainian political movement whose immediate purpose was to protect the Ukrainian population from repression and exploitation by governing authorities; its ultimate goal was an independent and unified Ukrainian state. ... This article is about the 1918-1938 Communist Party of Poland. ... Flag of the Chief of State (1919-1927) Sanacja was a coalition political movement of the Second Polish Republic in the inter war years. ... Voivod or (more common) voivoda is a Slavic term initially denoting first in command of a military unit. ... The Poznan is also a breed of horse. ... Brest (Belarusian: ; also known as Brest-Litovsk and in Polish as Brześć Litewski, Brześć nad Bugiem or Brześć BiaÅ‚oruski; Russian: , Lithuanian: Lietuvos Brasta (literally meaning shallows of Lithuania) is a city (population 290,000 in 2004) in Belarus close to the Polish border where the Western... Hrodna (or Grodno, Horadnia) (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ) is a city in Belarus. ... A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The term National Socialism has been used in self-description by a number of different political groups and ideologies, some of which have no connection with the Nazis; see National socialism (disambiguation). ...

During the Polish Defence War of 1939 the camp was closed, all of its inmates were liberated and it was turned into a Prisoner of War camp for German soldiers. Also, approximately 12 German diversants and spies were court martialled there, found guilty of espionage and high treason and executed. After the Soviet Union's entry into war against Poland, which was a result of the Nazi-Soviet Alliance, the town was captured by the Red Army and incorporated into the Belarusian SSR. After the outbreak of Nazi-Soviet War the town was captured by Germany on June 22, 1941. Polish Defence War of 1939 Conflict World War II Date 1 September - 6 October 1939 Place Poland Result Decisive German and Soviet victory The Polish September Campaign (alternatively refered to as the German plan Fall Weiss) refers to the conquest of Poland by the armies of Nazi Germany and the... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Wehrmacht! â–¶(?) was the name of the armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... Fifth Column can refer to either: An allusion by National General Mola during the Spanish Civil War. ... A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ... Espionage is the practice of obtaining secrets (spying) from rivals or enemies for military, political, or economic advantage. ... Under English, and later British law, high treason is the crime of disloyalty to the Sovereign. ... Molotov (left), Ribbentrop (in black) and Stalin The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, also known as the Hitler-Stalin pact or Nazi-Soviet pact, was a non-aggression treaty between Germany and Russia, or more precisely between the Soviet Union and the Third Reich. ... language None. ... Original German plan Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the German codename for Nazi Germanys invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that commenced on June 22, 1941. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

During the World War II a minor ghetto was created in the town for Jews rushed there from all over the area. More than 8 000 people were killed in mass executions or starved to death by the Germans. Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th century conflict that engulfed much of the globe and is accepted as the largest and deadliest... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific ethnic background or united in a given culture or religion live as a group, voluntarily or involuntarily, in milder or stricter seclusion. ...

After the war the town was annexed by the Soviet Union and the remaining Polish inhabitants of the town were forcibly expelled. The town was repopulated with Belarusian and Russian peasants, and rebuilt after the damages done by the World War II. Also, a minor building materiel factory was opened in the town, which led to yet another period of fast growth.

In 1991, after the dissolution of USSR, the town became part of the independent Republic of Belarus. 1991 (MCMXCI) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Landmarks

Although the 17th century monastery has been mostly destroyed in 19th century, there are some ruins remaining. Among them are: (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

• Historical gateway with a decorative façade
• Parts of fortifications surrounding the monastery with several towers partially preserved
• Ruins of the octagonal church tower
• Ruins of the hospital
• Several buildings later incorporated into the tsarist prison.

See also

• Brest voblast

Brest voblast is one of the administrative regions in the Republic of Belarus located in the south-west of Poland and Ukraine. ...

External links

• Census of inhabitants of Bereza Kartuska in 1878
• Pictures of ruins of the monastery
• Pictures of Biereza Kartuskaya in 1968
• Photos on Radzima.org