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Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), skin and skin structure infections, and, in HIV and AIDS patients to prevent, and to treat, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex or MAC. The structure of clarithromycin I drew this. ...
The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ...
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ...
The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother. ...
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The macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) whose activity stems from the presence of a macrolide ring, a large lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, are attached. ...
An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ...
Pharyngitis is a painful inflammation of the pharynx, and is colloquially referred to as a sore throat. ...
The Palatine tonsils. ...
Sinusitis is inflammation, either bacterial, viral, allergic or autoimmune, of the paranasal sinuses. ...
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi of the lungs, that causes the cilia of the bronchial epithelial cells to stop functioning. ...
Pneumonia (the ancient Greek word for lungs) is defined as an inflammation, usually caused by infection, involving the alveoli of the lungs. ...
Binomial name Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae is a obligate intracellular bacterium. ...
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system. ...
The Red Ribbon symbol is used internationally to represent the fight against AIDS. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, rarely written Aids) is a disease characterized by the destruction of the human immune system. ...
In addition, it is sometimes used to treat Legionellosis. Legionellosis is an infection caused by species of the bacterium Legionella, most notably . ...
Clarithromycin is available under several brandnames for example Biaxin and Klacid.
History
Abbott Laboratories brought out clarithromycin in 1991. Abbott Laboratories (NYSE: ABT) is a pharmaceuticals and health care company. ...
1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Available forms Clarithromycin is commonly administered in tablets, extended-release tablets or oral suspension.
Mechanism of action Clarithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Clarithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Clarithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophilae. Besides this bacteriostatic effect, clarithromycin also has bactericidal effect on certain strains such as Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...
In biochemistry, protein synthesis refers to the creation of a macromolecule from amino acids. ...
Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ...
Peptides (from the Greek πεπτος, digestable), are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ...
Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Robert Pfeiffer during the influenza pandemic. ...
Binomial name Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae is a species of Streptococcus that is a major human pathogen. ...
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a species of Gram-negative (see also Gram Stain) bacteria responsible for the disease gonorrhoea. ...
Pharmacokinetics Unlike erythromycin, clarithromycin is acid-stable and can therefore be taken orally without being protected from gastric acids. It is readily absorbed, and diffused into most tissues and phagocytes. Due to the high concentration in phagocytes, clarithromycin is actively transported to the site of infection. During active phagocytosis, large concentrations of clarithromycin is released. The concentration of clarithromycin in the tissues can be over 10 times higher than in plasma. Highest concentrations were found in liver and lung tissue. A phagocyte is a cell that ingests (and destroys) foreign matter, such as microorganisms or debris via a process known as phagocytosis, in which these cells ingest and kill offending cells by cellular digestion. ...
Metabolism Clarithromycin has a fairly rapid first-pass hepatic metabolism, i.e it is metabolised by the liver. However, this metabolite, 14-hydroxy clarithromycin is almost twice as active as clarithromycin. The half-life of clarithromycin is about 5 hours and 14-hydroxy clarithromycin's about 7 hours. Clarithromycin's and its metabolites' main routes of elimination are urinary and biliary excretion.
Side effects Most common side-effects are gastrointestinal; diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting. Less common side-effects include headaches, rashes, alteration in senses of smell and taste.
Contraindications Clarithromycin should be used with caution if the patient has liver or kidney disease, certain heart problems (e.g., QTc prolongation or bradycardia), or a mineral imbalance (e.g., low potassium or magnesium levels).
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