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The Bible (Hebrew: תנ״ך tanakh, Greek: η Βίβλος hē biblos) (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Work of God, The Word, The Good Book or Scripture), from Greek (τα) βίβλια, (ta) biblia, "(the) books", is the name used by Jews and Christians for their differing (and overlapping) canons of sacred texts.The Bible is believed to be the inspired word of God by Christians and Jews alike. Download high resolution version (925x625, 90 KB)Picture of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the US Library of Congress Taken by me on August 12, 2002. ...
Download high resolution version (925x625, 90 KB)Picture of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the US Library of Congress Taken by me on August 12, 2002. ...
The Gutenberg bible owned by the U.S. Library of Congress The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, and as the Mazarin Bible) is a print of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by its namesake, Johann Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany. ...
The Great Hall interior. ...
Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ...
Tanakh [×ª× ×´×š] (also Tanach, IPA: or ) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ...
Byblos (βύβλος) is the Greek name of the Phoenician city Gebal (earlier Gubla); Its present day Arabic name is Jbeil (جبيل ). // Ancient history It was known to the ancient Egyptians as Keben and Kepen (probably pronounced */g-b-l/). The Greeks apparently called it Byblos because it was through Gebal that bublos...
Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as recounted in the New Testament. ...
Look up canon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Many religions and spiritual movements believe that their sacred texts (or scriptures) are the Word of God, often feeling that the texts are wholly divine or spiritually inspired in origin. ...
The Jewish and Christian Bibles are actually collections of what were originally a number of independent books. The overwhelming majority of Christians refer to the Bible as the combination of Hebrew Scripture, known to Christians as the Old Testament or First Testament, and the New Testament, which describes the life and message of Jesus. For Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, and some protestants, the Deuterocanonical books — various writings important in the Second-Temple period of Judaism (often regarded by many protestants as the (or part of the) Apocrypha) — are considered to be part of the Old Testament and as such part of the Bible, although they are rejected by many protestants and are not in the Hebrew Bible as accepted in modern Judaism. Some books considered deuterocanonical by Orthodox Churches are considered apocyphal by other Orthodox Churches and/or Catholics. For Jews, the term refers only to the Hebrew Bible, also called the Tanakh, which includes the Five Books of Moses (the Torah) as well as the books of the Prophets and Writings. Both Christians and Jews regard the Bible as the revealed word of God, with widespread variation on its accuracy, interpretation and legitimacy. 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum This article discusses usage of the term Hebrew Bible. For the article on the Hebrew Bible itself, see Tanakh. ...
Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the concept of a New Testament. ...
John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...
Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE — 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ...
The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...
Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ...
Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
The deuterocanonical books are the books that Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Ethiopian Orthodoxy, and Oriental Orthodoxy include in the Old Testament that were not part of the Jewish Tanakh. ...
Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum This article discusses usage of the term Hebrew Bible. For the article on the Hebrew Bible itself, see Tanakh. ...
Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people with around 15 million followers as of 2006 [1]. It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. ...
Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ...
Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ...
Tanakh [×ª× ×´×š] (also Tanach, IPA: or ) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ...
Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ...
For information on the last book of the New Testament see the Book of Revelation. ...
Michelangelos depiction of God in the painting Creation of the Sun and Moon in the Sistine Chapel Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu, one of the manifestations of the ultimate reality or God in Hinduism This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ...
The Bible is the most widely distributed book in the world. Both Hebrew Scripture and the Christian Bible have been translated more times and into more languages — more than 2,100 languages in all — than any other book. It is said that more than five billion copies of the Bible have been sold since 1815, making it the best-selling book of all-time. In some cities, the Bible is considered to be the most frequently stolen book. [1]
Because of Christian domination of Europe from the late Roman era to the Age of Enlightenment, the Bible has influenced not only religion but language, law and the natural philosophy of mainstream Western Civilization. The Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution in Europe and America brought skepticism regarding the divine origin and historical accuracy of the Bible. Some scholars continue to use the Bible as a historical document, as there are archeological sites that match biblical descriptions of events and places, including possible sites for Sodom and Gomorrah, and the ruins remaining after the fall of Jericho. The Roman Era is a period in Western history, when ancient Rome was the center of power of the world around the Mediterranean Sea, where Latin was the lingua franca. ...
The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a period which includes the Age of Reason. ...
Natural philosophy is a term applied to the objective study of nature and the physical universe before the development of modern science. ...
The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ...
In the history of science, the scientific revolution was the period that roughly began with the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and others at the dawn of the 17th century, ended with the publication of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton, and led into a new period...
An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic), and which has been investigated using the discipline of archaeology. ...
In the Bible, Sodom and Gomorrah (עֲמוֹרָה, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , ) —were two cities destroyed by God for their sins. ...
The Taking of Jericho, by Jean Fouquet Near central Jericho, November 1996 For other meanings of the word Jericho, see: Jericho (disambiguation) Jericho (Arabic ; ʼArīḥÄ; Hebrew ; Standard Hebrew YÉ™riḥo; Tiberian Hebrew YÉ™rîḫô, YÉ™rîḥô, Greek ΊεÏιχώ = ΊεÏή ηχώ, HierÄ“ Ä“chÅ - Holy echo) is a town in the West Bank, near...
The term "Bible" is sometimes used to describe scriptures of other faiths. Thus the Guru Granth Sahib is often referred to as the "Sikh Bible", and the Qur'an is sometimes referred to as the "Muslim Bible".[2] After the publication of the Book of Mormon in 1830, it was sometimes known as the "Golden Bible" to those outside of Mormonism. The word "bible" is sometimes used to describe a book on a factual subject that is comprehensive and authoritative; some books making such a claim include "Bible" in their title (e.g., "PC Engine Software Bible; guitarists handbook or guitarists bible"). Illuminated Adi Granth folio with nisan (Mool Mantar) of Guru Gobind Singh. ...
The Harimandir SÄhib, known popularly as the Golden Temple, is a sacred shrine for Sikhs Sikhism (IPA: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is a religion that found its genesis in sixteenth century Northern India with the teachings of NÄnak and nine successive human Gurus. ...
The , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Alcoran, Turkish Kuran), is the central text of Islam. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ (softcover missionary edition) The Book of Mormon is one of the sacred texts of the Latter Day Saint movement. ...
See also: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Mormonism is a religion, movement, ideology, and subculture that originated in the early 1800s as a product of the Latter Day Saint movement led principally by Joseph Smith, Jr. ...
The Hebrew Bible
- Main article: Tanakh
 The holy Jewish scripture: The Torah. In the background are the Star of David and a Menorah, two important symbols of Judaism. The Hebrew Bible (also known as the Jewish Bible, or תנ"ך, Tanakh in Hebrew) consists of 24 books. Tanakh is an acronym for the three parts of the Hebrew Bible: the Torah (Penatateuch), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings). Tanakh [×ª× ×´×š] (also Tanach, IPA: or ) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ...
Download high resolution version (1777x1333, 411 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Download high resolution version (1777x1333, 411 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
The Star of David The Star of David (Magen David or Mogen David in Hebrew, Shield of David, Solomons Seal, or Seal of Solomon) is a generally recognized symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity. ...
Yarmulke and Menorah from the Harry S Truman collection The menorah, one of Judaisms oldest symbols, is a seven-branched candelabrum or oil lamp. ...
Tanakh [×ª× ×´×š] (also Tanach, IPA: or ) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ...
Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ...
Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ...
Neviim [× ×‘×™××™×] or Prophets is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible). ...
Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). ...
Torah The Torah, or "Teaching," is also known as the five books of Moses, thus Chumash or Pentateuch (Hebrew and Greek for "five," respectively). Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ...
Moses or Móshe (מֹשֶ××”, Standard Hebrew, Tiberian Hebrew MÅÅ¡eh, Arabic موسى MÅ«sa, Geez ሙሴ Musse) is a legendary Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian. ...
Humash or Chumash (Hebrew: חומש) is one name given to the Pentateuch in Judaism. ...
Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The five books are:
The Torah focuses on three moments in the changing relationship between God and people. Genesis (Greek: ΓÎνεσις, having the meanings of birth, creation, cause, beginning, source and origin), also called The First Book of Moses, is the first book of Torah (five books of Moses), and is the first book of the Tanakh, part of the Hebrew Bible; it is also the first book of...
Exodus is the second book of the Torah (the Pentateuch) and also the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), and the Christian Old Testament. ...
Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ...
Numbers can mean: Number The Book of Numbers, the fourth book of the Bible NUMB3RS, a CBS television show This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible. ...
- The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the creation (or ordering) of the world, and the history of God's early relationship with humanity.
- The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Hebrew patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (also called Israel), and Jacob's children (the "Children of Israel"), especially Joseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of Ur, eventually to settle in the land of Canaan, and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt.
- The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of Moses, who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. His story coincides with the story of the liberation of the Children of Israel from slavery in Egypt, to the renewal of their covenant with God at Mount Sinai, and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation would be ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the death of Moses.
Traditionally, the Torah contains 613 mitzvot, or commandments, of God, revealed during the passage from slavery in the land of Egypt to freedom in the land of Canaan. These commandments provide the basis for Halakha (Jewish religious law). Creation is a doctrinal position in many religions which maintains that one or a group of gods or deities is responsible for creating the universe. ...
Tomb of Abraham Abraham (ca. ...
It has been suggested that Ishaq be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that Yaqub be merged into this article or section. ...
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Ur seen across the Royal tombs, with the Great Ziggurat in the background, January 17, 2004 Ur was an ancient city in southern Mesopotamia, located near the original mouth of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers on the Persian Gulf and close to Eridu. ...
For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ...
Moses or Móshe (מֹשֶ××”, Standard Hebrew, Tiberian Hebrew MÅÅ¡eh, Arabic موسى MÅ«sa, Geez ሙሴ Musse) is a legendary Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Mitzvah (Hebrew: מצווה, commandment; plural, mitzvot; from צוה, tzavah, command) is a word is used in Judaism to refer to (a) the commandments, of which there are believed to be 613, given in the Torah (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible) or (b) any Jewish law at all. ...
Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ...
The Torah is divided into fifty-four portions which are read in turn in Jewish liturgy, from the beginning of Genesis to the end of Deuteronomy, each Sabbath. The cycle ends and recommences at the end of Sukkot, which is called Simchat Torah. Shabbat (שבת shabbÄt, rest Hebrew, or Shabbos in Ashkenazic pronunciation), is the weekly day of rest in Judaism. ...
Sukkot (סוכות or סֻכּוֹת sukkÅt, booths) or Succoth or Sukkos is a Biblical pilgrimage festival which occurs in autumn on the 15th day of the month of Tishri (mid- to late-October). ...
Simchat Torah (שמחת תורה) is a Hebrew term which means rejoicing with/of the Torah. It is a festivity that takes place on the Jewish holiday of Shemini Atzeret, or Eighth (day) of Assembly, which falls immediately after the 7-day holiday of Sukkot in the autumn (mid- to late-October). ...
The two Torahs By the Hellenistic period of Jewish history, Jews were divided over the nature of the Torah. Some (for example, the Sadducees) believed that the Chumash contained the entire Torah, that is, the entire contents of what God revealed to Moses at Sinai and in the desert. Others, principally the Pharisees, believed that the Chumash represented only that portion of the revelation that had been written down (i.e., the Written Torah or the Written Law), but that the rest of God's revelation had been passed down orally (thus composing the Oral Law or Oral Torah). Orthodox and Masorti and Conservative (Progressive) Judaism state that the Talmud contains some of the Oral Torah. Reform Judaism also gives credence to the Talmud containing the Oral Torah, but, as with the written Torah, asserts that both were inspired by, but not dictated by, God. The sect of the Sadducees (or Zadokites and other variants) - which may have originated as a political party - was founded in the 2nd century BC and ceased to exist sometime after the 1st century AD. Their rivals, the Pharisees, are said to have originated in the same time period, but...
The Pharisees (from the Hebrew perushim, from parash, meaning to separate) were, depending on the time, a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought among Jews that flourished during the Second Temple Era (536 BCE–70 CE). ...
The four sources - Main article: Documentary hypothesis
Th documentary hypothesis posits that the Written Torah has its origins in sources who lived during the time of the monarchy or later, labeled J (Yahwists), E (Elohim), D (Deuteronomists), and P (Priests). These in turn may go back to oral traditions and/or draw on (and sometimes parody) earlier ancient Near Eastern mythology. Julius Wellhausen, who in the late 1800s gave this hypothesis a definitive formulation, suggested that these sources were edited together or redacted during the time of Ezra, perhaps by Ezra himself. Since that time Wellhausen's theory has been widely debated by critical scholars (e.g. Yehezkel Kaufman). Many historians and academics in the fields of linguistics and source criticism have proposed the theory known as the documentary hypothesis: that the Five Books of Moses (the Torah) represent a combination of documents from different sources rather than a single text authored by one individual. ...
Many historians and academics in the fields of linguistics and source criticism have proposed the theory known as the documentary hypothesis: that the Five Books of Moses (the Torah) represent a combination of documents from different sources rather than a single text authored by one individual. ...
Overview map of the Ancient Near East The term Ancient Near East or Ancient Orient encompasses the early civilizations predating Classical Antiquity in the region roughly corresponding to that described by the modern term Middle East (Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, Anatolia), during the time roughly spanning the Bronze Age from...
Julius Wellhausen (May 17, 1844 - January 17, 1918), was a German biblical scholar and Orientalist. ...
For other uses, see Ezra (disambiguation). ...
Scholars who accept the documentary hypothesis differ as to whether these sources were or were not divinely inspired, and also differ over the nature and extent of their obligation to the 613 commandments and to the body of law represented in the Oral Torah. Nonetheless, each branch of Judaism recognizes both the Written and Oral Torahs as central to Jewish tradition, whether it be conceived of as sacred, national, or cultural.
Nevi'im The Nevi'im, or "Prophets," tells the story of the rise of the Hebrew monarchy, its division into two kingdoms, and the prophets who, in God's name, judged the kings and the Children of Israel. It ends with the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians and the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians, and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Portions of the prophetic books are read by Jews on the Sabbath (Shabbat). The Book of Jonah is read on Yom Kippur. Neviim [× ×‘×™××™×] or Prophets is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible). ...
In the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Jonah is the 5th book in a series of books called the Minor Prophets (itself a subsection of the Nevi’im or Prophets). ...
Yom Kippur (×™×•× ×›×™×¤×•×¨ yom kippÅ«r) is the Jewish holiday of the Day of Atonement. ...
According to Jewish tradition, Nevi'im is divided into eight books. Contemporary translations subdivide these into seventeen books.
The eight books are:
- I. Joshua or Yehoshua [יהושע]
- II. Judges or Shoftim [שופטים]
- III. Samuel or Shmu'el [שמואל] (often divided into two books; Samuel may be considered the last of the judges or the first of the prophets, as his sons were named judges but were rejected by the Hebrew nation)
- IV. Kings or Melakhim [מלכים] (often divided into two books)
- V. Isaiah or Yeshayahu [ישעיהו]
- VI. Jeremiah or Yirmiyahu [ירמיהו]
- VII. Ezekiel or Yehezq'el [יחזקאל]
- VIII. Trei Asar (The Twelve Minor Prophets) תרי עשר
- Hosea or Hoshea [הושע]
- Joel or Yo'el [יואל]
- Amos [עמוס]
- Obadiah or Ovadyah [עבדיה]
- Jonah or Yonah [יונה]
- Micah or Mikhah [מיכה]
- Nahum or Nachum [נחום]
- Habakkuk or Habaquq [חבקוק]
- Zephaniah or Tsefania [צפניה]
- Haggai [חגי]
- Zechariah or Zekharia [זכריה]
- Malachi or Malakhi [מלאכי]
The Torah and the Nevi'im have an epical quality, although they have no human hero. Moses and David are, in many ways, antiheroes; one may consider the Children of Israel collectively to be the hero of the epic, or, if one must choose a single character, God. The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in both the Hebrew Tanakh and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ...
Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטי×) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ...
The Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמו×ל), are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaisms Hebrew Bible) and also of the Old Testament (of Christianity). ...
The Books of Kings (Hebrew: Sefer Melachim ספר מלכי×) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
For jer, an alternate spelling for the reduced vowels in Common Slavic, see yer. ...
This article is about the Book of Ezekiel. ...
A minor prophet is a book in Minor Prophets section of the Hebrew Bible also known to Christians as the Old Testament. ...
The Book of Hosea is a book of the Jewish Hebrew Bible, known to Christians as the Old Testament written by Hosea. ...
// Overview of Contents The book of Joel (MEW) is part of the Jewish Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, and also the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ...
// Who wrote it? Amos was a prophet during the reign of Jeroboam ben Joash (Jeroboam II), ruler of Israel from 793 BCE to 753 BCE, and the reign of Uzziah, King of Judah, at a time when both kingdoms (Israel in the North and Judah in the South) were peaking...
The Book of Obadiah is found in both the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, where it is the shortest book, only one chapter long. ...
In the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Jonah is the 5th book in a series of books called the Minor Prophets (itself a subsection of the Nevi’im or Prophets). ...
// Who wrote it? Micah wrote the book in the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, roughly 735-700 BC Few Old Testament scholars today would defend Micahs authorship of the entire book. ...
The book of Nahum is a book in the Bibles Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ...
// The Prophet There is not much biographical information on the prophet Habakkuk; in fact less is known about this prophet than any other. ...
// Who wrote it? The superscription of the Book of Zephaniah attributes its authorship to “Zephaniah son of Cushi son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah, in the days of King Josiah son of Amon of Judah†(1:1, NRSV). ...
The Book of Haggai is a book of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and of the Old Testament, written by the prophet Haggai. ...
Zechariah or Zecharya (זְכַרְיָה Renowned/Remembered of/is the LORD, Standard Hebrew Zəḫarya, Tiberian Hebrew Zəḵaryāh) was a person in the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ...
Malachi (or Malachias, מַלְ×ָכִי, Malʾaḫi, Málakhî) is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh, written by the prophet Malachi. ...
Ketuvim The Ketuvim, or "Writings," were probably written during or after the Babylonian Exile and were among the last books to be canonized. According to Rabbinic tradition, many of the psalms in the book of Psalms are attributed to King David; King Solomon is believed to have written Song of Songs in his youth, Proverbs at the prime of his life, and Ecclesiastes at old age; and the prophet Jeremiah is thought to have written Lamentations. The Book of Job is the only biblical book that centers entirely on a non-Jew. The book of Ruth tells the story of a non-Jew (specifically, a Moabite) who married a Jew and, upon his death, followed in the ways of the Jews; according to the Bible, she was the great-grandmother of King David. Five of the books, called "The Five Scrolls" (Megilot), are read on Jewish holidays: Song of Songs on Passover; the Book of Ruth on Shavuot; Lamentations on the Ninth of Av; Ecclesiastes on Sukkot; and the Book of Esther on Purim. Collectively, the Ketuvim contain lyrical poetry, philosophical reflections on life, and the stories of the prophets and other Jewish leaders during the Babylonian exile. It ends with the Persian decree allowing Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple. Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). ...
Psalms (Tehilim תהילי×, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh. ...
This page is about the Biblical king David. ...
It has been suggested that Sulayman be merged into this article or section. ...
Song of Solomon is also the title of a novel by Toni Morrison. ...
The Book of Proverbs is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh and of the Writings of the Old Testament. ...
Ecclesiastes, Qohelet in Hebrew, is a book of the Hebrew Bible. ...
Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem by Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. ...
The Book of Lamentations is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
This page is about the Biblical king David. ...
Passover (Hebrew: פסח; transliterated as Pesach or Pesah), also called חג המצות (Chag HaMatzot - Festival of Matzot) is a Jewish holiday which is celebrated in the spring. ...
The Book of Ruth is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh/Hebrew Bible and of the Writings of the Old Testament. ...
Shavuot, also spelled Shavuos (Hebrew: שבועות (Israeli Heb. ...
The Book of Lamentations is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ...
Tisha BAv (תשעה באב tish‘āh bə-āḇ) means the ninth day of the Jewish month of Av, which is a month in the lunar calendar used for purposes of Jewish holidays, etc. ...
Sukkot (סוכות or סֻכּוֹת sukkÅt, booths) or Succoth or Sukkos is a Biblical pilgrimage festival which occurs in autumn on the 15th day of the month of Tishri (mid- to late-October). ...
The Book of Esther is a book of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and of the Old Testament. ...
Purim (Hebrew: ×¤×•×¨×™× Pûrîm Lots, from Akkadian pÅ«ru) is a joyous Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of Persian Jews from the plot of the evil Haman to exterminate them, as recorded in the biblical Book of Esther. ...
Ketuvim contains eleven books:
הימים Psalms (Tehilim תהילי×, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh. ...
The Book of Proverbs is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh and of the Writings of the Old Testament. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Song of Solomon is also the title of a novel by Toni Morrison. ...
The Book of Ruth is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh/Hebrew Bible and of the Writings of the Old Testament. ...
The Book of Lamentations is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ...
Ecclesiastes, Qohelet in Hebrew, is a book of the Hebrew Bible. ...
The Book of Esther is a book of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and of the Old Testament. ...
The Book of Daniel, written in Hebrew and Aramaic, is a book in both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament. ...
The Book of Ezra is a book of the Bible in the Old Testament and Hebrew Tanakh. ...
The Book of Nehemiah is a book of the Hebrew Bible, known to Jews as the Tanakh and to Christians as the Old Testament. ...
The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ...
Translations and editions The Tanakh was mainly written in Biblical Hebrew, with some portions (notably in Daniel and Ezra) in Aramaic. Categories: Language stubs | Judaism-related stubs | Canaanite languages | Hebrew language ...
The Book of Daniel, written in Hebrew and Aramaic, is a book in both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament. ...
The Book of Ezra is a book of the Bible in the Old Testament and Hebrew Tanakh. ...
Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. ...
Some time in the 2nd or 3rd century BC, the Torah was translated into Koine Greek, and over the next century, other books were translated (or composed) as well. This translation became known as the Septuagint and was widely used by Greek-speaking Jews, and later by Christians. It differs somewhat from the later standardized Hebrew (Masoretic Text). This translation was promoted by way of a legend that seventy separate translators all produced identical texts, indicating that the translation was divinely inspired. (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 3rd century BC started on January 1, 300 BC and ended on December 31, 201 BC. // Events The Pyramid of the Moon, one of several monuments built in Teotihuacán Teotihuacán, Mexico begun The first two Punic Wars between Carthage...
Koine Greek () is an ancient Greek dialect which marks the second stage in the history of the Greek language. ...
The Septuagint (LXX) is the name commonly given in the West to the Greek Alexandrine translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) translated some time between the 3rd to 1st century BC. The Septuagint translation includes additional books and chapters of the Hebrew text, including the books of the...
The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ...
From the 800s to the 1400s, Rabbinic Jewish scholars known as the Masoretes compared the text of all known Biblical manuscripts in an effort to create a unified, standardized text; a series of highly similar texts eventually emerged, and any of these texts are known as Masoretic Texts (MT). The Masoretes also added vowel points (called niqqud) to the text, since the original text only contained consonants. This sometimes required the selection of an interpretation, since some words differ only in their vowels— their meaning can vary in accordance with the vowels chosen. In antiquity, variant Hebrew readings existed, some of which have survived in the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea scrolls, and other ancient fragments, as well as being attested in ancient versions in other languages. Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century Decades: 750s 760s 770s 780s 790s - 800s - 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s Years: 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 Significant Events and Trends Swedish town of Birka founded as a centre of trade on the island of Björk...
Events and Trends Categories: 1400s ...
The Masoretes (baalei masorah) were scribes based primarily in at least three places, Tiberias (the best known); Eretz Yisrael, or the land of Israel; and Babylonia. ...
Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Standard Hebrew × Ö´×§Ö¼×•Ö¼×“, Biblical Hebrew × Ö°×§Ö»×“Ö¼×•Ö¹×ª, Tiberian Hebrew vowels) is the system of diacritical vowel points (or vowel marks) in the Hebrew alphabet. ...
A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ...
This entry incorporates text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation. ...
Fragments of the scrolls on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman The Dead Sea scrolls comprise roughly 825-870 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in and around the Wadi Qumran (near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet Qumran...
Versions of the Septuagint contain several passages and whole books beyond what was included in the Masoretic texts of the Tanakh. In some cases these additions were originally composed in Greek, while in other cases they are translations of Hebrew books or variants not present in the Masoretic texts. Recent discoveries have shown that more of the Septuagint additions have a Hebrew origin than was once thought. While there are no complete surviving manuscripts of the Hebrew texts on which the Septuagint was based, many scholars believe that they represent a different textual tradition ("vorlage") from the one that became the basis for the Masoretic texts.
Jews also produced nonliteral translations or paraphrases known as targums, primarily in Aramaic. They frequently expanded on the text with additional details taken from Rabbinic oral tradition. A targum (plural: targumim) is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) written or compiled in the Land of Israel or in Babylonia from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages (late first millennium). ...
The Christian Bible Part of a series of articles on
Christianity | | | | History of Christianity
Timeline of Christianity
The Apostles
Ecumenical councils
Great Schism
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Reformation Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as recounted in the New Testament. ...
Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as recounted in the New Testament. ...
image of a Latin cross. ...
This article outlines the history of Christianity and provides links to relevant topics. ...
Timeline of Christianity (1 Anno Domini-Present) The purpose of this chronology is to give a detailed account of Christianity from 1 AD to the present. ...
The Twelve Apostles (in Koine Greek απόστολος apostolos [1], someone sent forth/sent out, an emissary) were probably Galilean Jewish men (10 names are Aramaic, 4 names are Greek) chosen from among the disciples, who were sent forth by Jesus of Nazareth to preach the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles...
In Christianity, an ecumenical council or general council is a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice. ...
Great Schism redirects here. ...
This article is about the medieval crusades. ...
The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ...
| | The Trinity
God the Father
The Son (Jesus Christ)
The Holy Spirit For other uses, see Trinity (disambiguation). ...
In many religions, the supreme God is given the title and attributions of Father. ...
Christology is that part of Christian theology that studies and defines Jesus, the Christ. ...
Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE — 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ...
This page is about the title. ...
In various religions, most notably Trinitarian Christianity, the Holy Spirit (also called the Holy Ghost; in Hebrew רוח הקודש Ruah haqodesh) is the third Person of the Holy Trinity. ...
| | The Bible
Old Testament
New Testament
Apocrypha
The Gospels
Ten Commandments
Sermon on the Mount The Bible (From Greek βιβλια—biblia, meaning books, which in turn is derived from βυβλος—byblos meaning papyrus, from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported papyrus) is the sacred scripture of Christianity. ...
Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the concept of a New Testament. ...
John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ...
The Ten Commandments on a monument on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated 1675 decalogue at the Esnoga synagogue of Amsterdam The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to religious tradition, were...
The Sermon on the Mount by Carl Heinrich Bloch. ...
| | Christian theology
Fall of Man · Grace
Salvation · Justification
Christian worship
Antichrist It has been suggested that Christian theological controversy be merged into this article or section. ...
Essentially, original sin is the doctrine, shared in one form or another by most Christian churches, that the sin of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden changed or damaged human nature, such that all human beings since then are innately predisposed to sin, and are powerless to overcome...
Divine grace is believed by Christians to be the sovereign favor of God exercised in the bestowment of blessings upon those who do not merit them. ...
For other uses, see Salvation (disambiguation). ...
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Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
| | Christian Church
Catholicism
Orthodox Christianity
Protestantism In Christian theology, One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church is a phrase describing the nature of the Christian community and/or Christian Church, in the various meanings it has. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Roman Catholic Church. ...
Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions (which descend through, or alongside of, the Roman Catholic Church) or the Eastern Rite Catholic churches. ...
Protestantism is one of three primary branches of Christianity. ...
Christian denominations
Christian movements
A denomination, in the Christian sense of the word, is an identifiable religious body under a common name, structure, and/or doctrine. ...
Christian movements are theological, political, or philosophical intepretations of Christianity that are not generally represented by a specific church, sect, or denomination. ...
|
 A Bible handwritten in Latin, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. This Bible was transcribed in Belgium in 1407 for reading aloud in a monastery. The Bibles used by the various branches of Christianity comprise an Old Testament followed by a New Testament; versions and translations of the texts vary. The Old Testament is based on the Hebrew Bible, sometimes with additions; the New Testament deals with the life and teachings of Jesus. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1993x1300, 432 KB) A Bible handwritten in Latin, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1993x1300, 432 KB) A Bible handwritten in Latin, on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...
Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as recounted in the New Testament. ...
Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the concept of a New Testament. ...
John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...
The Bible has been translated into many languages. ...
Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE — 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ...
Storyline While individual books within the Christian Bible present narratives set in certain historical periods, most Christian denominations teach that the Bible itself has an overarching storyline. There are enormous variations in details, such as whether particular incidents are interpreted as literal history, mythologized history or pure mythology, and as to what meaning should be attached to various prophecies, but the general outline, as described by C.S. Lewis, is as follows:
The term denomination can refer to: A religious denomination A unit of currency (See Denomination (currency)) A naming. ...
Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an author and scholar. ...
- At some point in the past, mankind learned to depart from God's will and began to sin.
- Because no one is free from sin, humanity cannot deal with God directly, so God revealed Himself in ways people could understand.
- God called Abraham and his progeny to be the means for saving all of mankind.
- To this end, He gave the Law to Moses.
- The resulting nation of Israel went through cycles of sin and repentance, yet the prophets show an increasing understanding of the Law as a moral, not just a ceremonial, force.
- Jesus brought a perfect understanding of the Mosaic Law and a "new Law" of love and salvation.
- By His death and resurrection, all who believe are saved and reconciled to God.
SiN is a computer game developed by Ritual Entertainment and published by Activision in late 1998. ...
Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ...
Moses or Móshe (מֹשֶ××”, Standard Hebrew, Tiberian Hebrew MÅÅ¡eh, Arabic موسى MÅ«sa, Geez ሙሴ Musse) is a legendary Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian. ...
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The Old Testament The Septuagint (Greek translation, from Alexandria, Egypt under the Ptolomies) was generally abandoned in favor of the Masoretic text as the basis for translations of the Old Testament into Western languages from Saint Jerome's Vulgate to the present day. In Eastern Christianity, translations based on the Septuagint still prevail. Some modern Western translations make use of the Septuagint to clarify passages in the Masoretic text that seem to have suffered corruption in transcription. They also sometimes adopt variants that appear in texts discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Septuagint (LXX) is the name commonly given in the West to the Greek Alexandrine translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) translated some time between the 3rd to 1st century BC. The Septuagint translation includes additional books and chapters of the Hebrew text, including the books of the...
The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ...
The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ...
Jerome (ca. ...
The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century translation of the Bible into Latin made by St. ...
It has been suggested that Eastern Church be merged into this article or section. ...
Fragments of the scrolls on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman The Dead Sea scrolls comprise roughly 825-870 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in and around the Wadi Qumran (near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet Qumran...
A number of deuterocanonical books which are part of the Greek Septuagint but are not found in the Hebrew Bible are often referred to as the Apocrypha. Most modern Protestant traditions do not accept the Apocrypha as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them until around the 1820s. However, most other Christians (including members of the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches) include the Apocrypha as part of the Old Testament. The Roman Catholic Church recognizes seven such books (Tobit, Judith, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, and Baruch), as well as some passages in Esther and Daniel. Various Orthodox Churches include a few others, typically 3 Maccabees, Psalm 151, 1 Esdras, Odes, Psalms of Solomon, and occasionally 4 Maccabees. The deuterocanonical books are the books that Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Ethiopian Orthodoxy, and Oriental Orthodoxy include in the Old Testament that were not part of the Jewish Tanakh. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Protestantism is one of three primary branches of Christianity. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Catholicism. ...
...
The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only the first three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus — and rejected the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. ...
Tobias and the Angel, by Filippino Lippi The Book of Tobit (or Book of Tobias in older Catholic Bibles) is a book of scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox biblical canon, pronounced canonical by the Council of Carthage of 397 and confirmed for Roman Catholics by the...
The Book of Judith is a deuterocanonical book, included in the Septuagint and in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Old Testament of the Bible, but excluded by Jews and Protestants. ...
1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. ...
2 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which focuses on the Jews revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 BC by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. ...
Wisdom, also known as the Wisdom of Solomon, is one of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible that are not translations of Hebrew originals. ...
The Wisdom of Ben Sirach, (or The Wisdom of Joshua Ben Sirach or merely Sirach), called Ecclesiasticus by Christians, is a book written circa 180 BCE in Hebrew. ...
The Book of Baruch is a deuterocanonical book, found in the Greek Bible (LXX) and in the Vulgate Bible, but not in the Hebrew Bible, although it was included in Theodotions version¹. ...
The Book of Esther is a book of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and of the Old Testament. ...
The Book of Daniel, written in Hebrew and Aramaic, is a book in both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament. ...
The Biblical book 3 Maccabees is found in most Orthodox Bibles as a part of the deuterocanonical books. ...
This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...
1 Esdras is a deuterocanonical book accepted by most Orthodox Christians, but rejected as apocryphal by Jews, Catholics, and Protestants. ...
Odes is the title of an album of Greek Folk Songs by Vangelis and Irene Papas. ...
The Psalms of Solomon are a group of eighteen psalms (religious songs or poems) not accepted as canonical scripture by any significant group. ...
The book of 4 Maccabees is a homily or philosophic discourse praising the supremacy of pious reason over the passions. ...
The New Testament The New Testament is a Christian collection of 27 books with Jesus as its central figure, written primarily in Koine Greek in the early Christian period. Nearly all Christians recognize the New Testament (as stated below) as canonical scripture. These books can be grouped into: John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...
Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE — 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ...
Koine Greek () is an ancient Greek dialect which marks the second stage in the history of the Greek language. ...
Many religions and spiritual movements believe that their sacred texts (or scriptures) are the Word of God, often feeling that the texts are wholly divine or spiritually inspired in origin. ...
The Synoptic Gospels is a term used by modern New Testament scholars for the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke of the New Testament in the Bible. ...
The Gospel of Matthew is one of the four Gospels of the New Testament. ...
The Gospel of Mark is the second in the familiar sequence of the New Testament Gospels, as they were established by Jerome and appear in many but not all early manuscripts of complete gospels, and as they are commonly printed. ...
The Gospel of Luke is the third of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ...
The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the sequence of the canon as printed in the New Testament, and scholars agree it was the fourth to be written. ...
The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Epistle to the Romans is one of the epistles, or letters, included in the New Testament canon of the Christian Bible. ...
The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. ...
See also: First Epistle to the Corinthians and Third Epistle to the Corinthians The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible New Testament. ...
The Epistle to Galatians is a book of the New Testament. ...
Philippians redirects here. ...
The Epistle to Philemon is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. ...
The First Epistle to the Thessalonians, also known as the First Letter to the Thessalonians, is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ...
The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, also known as the Second Letter to the Thessalonians, is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ...
The Epistle to the Ephesians is one of the books of the Bible in the New Testament, traditionally said to be written by Paul at Rome about the same time as that to the Colossians, which in many points it resembles. ...
The Epistle to the Colossians is a book of the Bible New Testament. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
This article or section should be merged with Second Epistle to Timothy The First Epistle to Timothy is a book of the canonic New Testament, one of the three so-called pastoral epistles (1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and the Epistle to Titus). ...
This article or section should be merged with First Epistle to Timothy The Pastoral Epistles are often considered together, as each throws light upon the others. ...
The Pastoral Epistles are often considered together, as each throws light upon the others. ...
The Epistle to the Hebrews (abbreviated Heb. ...
General epistles are books in the New Testament in the form of letters. ...
The Epistle of James is a book of the New Testament, best known for its teaching that faith without works is dead (James 2:26 KJV). ...
In Christianity, the First Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament. ...
The Second Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament of the Bible. ...
The First Epistle of John is a book of the Bible New Testament. ...
The Second Epistle of John (normally just called 2nd John or 2 John) is a book of the Bible New Testament. ...
The Third Epistle of John is the 64th book of the Bible. ...
The brief Epistle of Jude is a book in the Christian New Testament canon. ...
Visions of John the Evangelist, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ...
Original language The New Testament was probably completely composed in Greek. The three main textual traditions are sometimes called the Western text-type, the Alexandrian text-type, and Byzantine text-type. Together they compose the majority of New Testament manuscripts. There are also several ancient versions in other languages, most important of which are the Syriac (including the Peshitta and the Diatessaron gospel harmony) and the Latin (both the Vetus Latina and the Vulgate). John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...
The Western text-type is a diverse group of manuscripts of the New Testament whose text is similar to that of early Christian writers in Rome and Gaul, including Justin Martyr and Irenaeus. ...
The Alexandrian text-type (also called Neutral or Egyptian) is a group of early manuscripts of the New Testament in the original Greek. ...
The Byzantine text-type (also called Constantinopolitan, Syrian, ecclesiastical, and majority) is the largest group of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. ...
A manuscript (Latin manu scriptus, written by hand), strictly speaking, is any written document that is put down by hand, in contrast to being printed or reproduced some other way. ...
Syriac ( SuryÄyÄ) is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ...
The Peshitta is the standard version of the Bible in the Syriac language. ...
Tatians Diatessaron was one of a number of harmonies of the four Gospels, that is, the material of the four distinct Gospels rewritten as a continuous narrative resolving all conflicting statements. ...
Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
Vetus Latina is a collective name given to the Biblical texts in Latin that were translated before St Jeromes Vulgate bible became the standard Bible for Latin-speaking Western Christians. ...
Some scholars believe in Aramaic primacy — that parts of the Greek New Testament are actually a translation of an Aramaic original, in particular, the Gospel of Matthew. Of these, a small number accept the Syriac Peshitta as representative of the original. Aramaic Primacists believe that the Christian New Testament and/or its sources were originally written in the Aramaic language, not Koine Greek as is generally claimed. ...
Historic editions The earliest printed edition of the New Testament in Greek appeared in 1516 from the Froben press. It was compiled by Desiderius Erasmus on the basis of the few recent Greek manuscripts, all of Byzantine tradition, at his disposal, which he completed by translating from the Vulgate parts for which he did not have a Greek text. He produced four later editions of the text. // Events March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I. July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria. ...
Johann Froben (latin: Johannes Frobenius; * approx. ...
Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 – July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ...
Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βυζαντινή ΑυτοκÏατοÏία) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ...
Erasmus was a Roman Catholic, but his preference for the textual tradition represented in Byzantine Greek text of the time rather than that in the Latin Vulgate led to him being viewed with suspicion by some authorities of his church. Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική) is a linguistic term that describes the third period in the history of the Greek language. ...
The first edition with critical apparatus (variant readings in manuscripts) was produced by the printer Robert Estienne of Paris in 1550. The type of text printed in this edition and in those of Erasmus became known as the Textus Receptus (Latin for "received text"), a name given to it in the Elzevier edition of 1633, which termed it the text nunc ab omnibus receptum ("now received by all"). Upon it, the churches of the Protestant Reformation based their translations into vernacular languages, such as the King James Version. Robert I Estienne (Paris 1503 – Geneva September 7, 1559), also known as Robert Stephens (Latin: Stephanus), was a 16th century printer in Paris. ...
Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ...
Textus Receptus (Latin: received text) is the name given to the first Greek language text of the New Testament to be published. ...
Elseviers logo Elsevier, the worlds largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. ...
Events February 13 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. ...
The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ...
The vernacular is the native language of a country or locality. ...
This articles subsection called Criticism is missing references or citation of sources. ...
The discovery of older manuscripts, such as the Codex Sinaiticus and the Codex Vaticanus, led scholars to revise their opinion of this text. Karl Lachmann’s critical edition of 1831, based on manuscripts dating from the fourth century and earlier, was intended primarily to demonstrate that the Textus Receptus must finally be rejected. Later critical texts are based on further scholarly research and the finding of papyrus fragments dating in some cases from within a few decades of the composition of the New Testament writings. It is on the basis of these that nearly all modern translations or revisions of older translations have, for more than a century, been made, though some still prefer the Textus Receptus or the similar "Byzantine Majority Text". A portion of the Codex Sinaiticus, containing Esther 2:3-8. ...
A section of the Codex Vaticanus, containing 1 Esdras 2:1-8 The Codex Vaticanus (The Vatican, Bibl. ...
Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann (March 4, 1793 - March 13, 1851), was a German philologist and critic. ...
Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
The Byzantine text-type (also called Constantinopolitan, Syrian, ecclesiastical, and majority) is the largest group of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. ...
The canonization of the Bible - Main article: Biblical Canon
It has been theorized that the canonical status of some books was discussed between 200 BC and AD 100, though it is unclear at what point during this period the Jewish canon was decided. Protestants cite the Jewish canon, among other reasons, as their basis for not including the deuterocanonical books (known as the Apocrypha to Protestants) in their canon. The Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may...
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC 202 BC 201 BC - 200 BC - 199 BC 198 BC...
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To the books accepted by Judaism as canonical, Christianity subsequently added those of the New Testament, the 27-book canon which was finally fixed in the 4th century. Catholicism mostly considers certain deuterocanonical books to be part of the Old Testament, though Protestantism in general accepts only the books in the canon of Judaism as part of the Old Testament and uses the term Apocrypha for the deuterocanonical books. Thus, the Protestant Old Testament has a 39-book canon—the number varies from that of the books in the Tanakh (though not in content) because of a different method of division—while the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books as part of the canonical Old Testament. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ...
Canonicity is distinct from questions of human authorship and the formation of the books of the Bible; which are issues of higher criticism and textual criticism. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with The Historical-Critical Method. ...
Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of philology or bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from texts. ...
Bible versions and translations In scholarly writing, ancient translations are frequently referred to as "versions", with the term "translation" being reserved for medieval or modern translations. Bible versions are discussed below, while Bible translations can be found on a separate page.
The original texts of the Tanakh were in Hebrew, although some portions were in Aramaic. In addition to the authoritative Masoretic Text, Jews still refer to the Septuagint, the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, and the Targum Onkelos, an Aramaic version of the Bible. Categories: Judaism-related stubs | Jewish texts ...
Early Christians produced translations of the Hebrew Bible into several languages; their primary Biblical text was the Septuagint. Translations were made into Syriac, Coptic and Latin, among other languages. The Latin translations were historically the most important for the Church in the West, while the Greek-speaking East continued to use the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament and had no need to translate the New Testament. Coptic is the last phase of ancient Egyptian. ...
The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or Vetus Latina, which, from internal evidence, seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time. It was based on the Septuagint, and thus included books not in the Hebrew Bible.
The ever-increasing number of variants in Latin manuscripts induced Pope Damasus, in 382, to commission his secretary, Saint Jerome, to produce a reliable and consistent text. Jerome later took it on himself to make a completely new translation directly from the Hebrew of the Tanakh. This translation became the basis of the Vulgate Latin translation. Though he also translated Psalms from Hebrew, the earlier Septuagint-based version, slightly revised by him, is the text that was actually used in Church and is included in editions of the Vulgate. This includes the deuterocanonical books, also revised by Jerome, and became the official translation of the Roman Catholic Church. Damasus I ( 305 - 383) was pope from 366 to 383. ...
Events October 3 - Theodosius I commands his general Saturninus to conclude a peace treaty with the Visigoths, allowing them to settle south of the Danube. ...
The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century translation of the Bible into Latin made by St. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Catholicism. ...
The work of Bible translation continues, including by Christian organisations such as Wycliffe Bible Translators (wycliffe.org), New Tribes Missions (ntm.org) and the Bible Societies. Of the world's 6,900 languages, 2.400 have some or all of the Bible, 1,600 (spoken by more than a billion people) have translation underway, and some 2,500 (spoken by 270m people) are judged as needing translation to begin (www.vision2025.org). Wycliffe Bible Translators is an international, interdenominational or parachurch organization with U.S. headquarters in Orlando, Florida. ...
The introduction of chapters and verses - Main article: Chapters and verses of the Bible; see Tanakh for the Jewish textual tradition.
The Hebrew Masoretic text contains verse endings as an important feature. According to the Talmudic tradition, the verse endings are of ancient origin. The Masoretic textual tradition also contains section endings called parashiyot, which are indicated by a space within a line (a "closed" section") or a new line beginning (an "open" section). The division of the text reflected in the parashiyot is usually thematic. The parashiyot are not numbered. For chapters and verse numbers in the Jewish tradition, see Tanakh. ...
Tanakh [×ª× ×´×š] (also Tanach, IPA: or ) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ...
Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ...
The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ...
The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions of Jewish law, ethics, customs, legends, and stories, which Jewish tradition considers authoritative. ...
In early manuscripts (most importantly in Tiberian Masoretic manuscripts, such as the Aleppo codex) an "open" section may also be represented by a blank line, and a "closed" section by a new line that is slightly indented (the preceding line may also not be full). These latter conventions are no longer used in Torah scrolls and printed Hebrew Bibles. In this system the one rule differentiating "open" and "closed" sections is that "open" sections must always begin at the beginning of a new line, while "closed" sections never start at the beginning of a new line. The Aleppo Codex (the Keter (Crown) Aram Tzova) is the oldest complete manuscript Hebrew Bible, though scrolls of individual books of the Tanakh are much older (see Dead Sea scrolls). ...
11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum This article discusses usage of the term Hebrew Bible. For the article on the Hebrew Bible itself, see Tanakh. ...
Another related feature of the Masoretic text is the division of the sedarim. This division is not thematic, but is almost entirely based upon the quantity of text.
The Byzantines also introduced a chapter division of sorts, called Kephalaia. It is not identical to the present chapters.
The current division of the Bible into chapters and the verse numbers within the chapters have no basis in any ancient textual tradition. Rather, they are medieval Christian inventions. They were later adopted by many Jews as well, as technical references within the Hebrew text. Such technical references became crucial to medieval rabbis in the historical context of forced debates with Christian clergy (who used the chapter and verse numbers), especially in late medieval Spain. Chapter divisions were first used by Jews in a 1330 manuscript, and for a printed edition in 1516. However, for the past generation, most Jewish editions of the complete Hebrew Bible have made a systematic effort to relegate chapter and verse numbers to the margins of the text. Events The Bulgars under Michael III are beaten by the Serbs at Velbuzhd, and large parts of Bulgaria fall to Serbia. ...
// Events March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I. July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria. ...
The division of the Bible into chapters and verses has often elicited severe criticism from traditionalists and modern scholars alike. Critics charge that the text is often divided into chapters in an incoherent way, or at inappropriate rhetorical points, and that it encourages citing passages out of context, in effect turning the Bible into a kind of textual quarry for clerical citations. Nevertheless, the chapter divisions and verse numbers have become indispensable as technical references for Bible study.
Stephen Langton is reputed to have been the first to put the chapter divisions into a Vulgate edition of the Bible, in 1205. They were then inserted into Greek manuscripts of the New Testament in the 1400s. Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1565 (New Testament) and 1571 (Hebrew Bible).[3][4] Stephen Langton (c. ...
Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Walter IV of Brienne Wenceslaus I, King of...
Events and Trends Categories: 1400s ...
Robert I Estienne (Paris 1503 – Geneva September 7, 1559), also known as Robert Stephens (Latin: Stephanus), was a 16th century printer in Paris. ...
Events The pencil is first documented by Conrad Gesner March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded April 27 - Cebu City is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines. ...
Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ...
References - Berlin, Adele, Marc Zvi Brettler and Michael Fishbane. The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0195297512
- Anderson, Bernhard W. Understanding the Old Testament (ISBN 0139483993)
- Dever, William B. Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did they Come from? Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2003. ISBN 0802809758.
- Head, Tom. The Absolute Beginner's Guide to the Bible. Indianapolis, IN: Que Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0789734192.
- Hoffman, Joel M. In the Beginning. New York University Press. 2004. ISBN 0814736904.
- Lienhard, Joseph T. "The Bible, The Church, and Authority." Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota, 1995.
- Miller, John W. The Origins of the Bible: Rethinking Canon History Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1994. ISBN 0809135221.
- Riches, John. The Bible: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0192853430
- Silberman, Neil A. and colleagues. The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0684869136.
- Taylor, Hawley O., "Mathematics and Prophecy," Modern Science and Christian Faith, Wheaton,: Van Kampen, 1948, pp.175-183.
- Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, subject: prophecy, page 1410, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, 1986
- Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, subject: Book of Ezekiel, page 580, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, 1986
Bernhard Word Anderson is a United Methodist pastor and one of the best known Old Testament scholars of the twentieth century. ...
See also Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Wikisource has original text related to this article: Wikisource has original text related to this article: 1911 Britannica entry Image File history File links Portal. ...
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Wiktionary is a Wikimedia Foundation project intended to be a free wiki dictionary (hence: Wiktionary) (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ...
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Wikiquote logo Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ...
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Wikisource – The Free Library – is a Wikimedia project to build a free, wiki library of source texts, along with translations into any language and other supporting materials. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikisource – The Free Library – is a Wikimedia project to build a free, wiki library of source texts, along with translations into any language and other supporting materials. ...
Biblical analysis The canonical list of the Books of the Bible differs among Jews, and Catholic, Protestant, and Greek Orthodox Christians, even though there is a great deal of overlap. ...
Table of Books of Judeo-Christian Scripture Categories: | ...
The Bible has been translated into many languages. ...
The Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may...
It has been suggested that List of Christian claims of fulfilled Bible prophecies be merged into this article or section. ...
A chronology of the Bibles major events and figures based largely on the Old Testament, New Testament, and Mishna sources, and on the work of James Ussher. ...
The Ten Commandments on a monument on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated 1675 decalogue at the Esnoga synagogue of Amsterdam The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to religious tradition, were...
The Ritual Decalogue is one of the two very different lists within the Torah that are known as the Decalogue or Ten Commandments (the name decalogue (δÎκα λόγοι) merely means ten sayings). ...
This article presents a description of Jesus life, as based on the four gospels. ...
Perspectives on the Bible Suggestion: The following categories should each contain one or a just a few brief paragraphs summing up the main exegetes and their works, with numerous internal links to individual articles. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
History and the Bible For a historical description of Biblical times see: History of ancient Israel and Judah The article concerns the historicity of the Bible. ...
The efforts of translating the Bible from the original languages it was written in has spanned for over two millennia. ...
Biblical scholarship and criticism Biblical archaeology involves the recovery and scientific investigation of the material remains of past cultures that can illuminate the periods and descriptions in the Bible. ...
With the exception of a couple of fragments (found among the Dead Sea scrolls, discussed below), no Bible texts that we currently have predate about 200 BCE. Nor are they mentioned by historians outside Israel. ...
A Bible conspiracy theory is any conspiracy theory that posits that much of what is known about the Bible is a deception created to suppress some secret, ancient truth. ...
Biblical inerrancy is the belief that the Bible is without error. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
External links
Bible texts PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ...
Commentaries and resources New Testament First Published 1582 by the English College at Rheims. Revised and Annotated 1749 by Bishop Richard Challoner. Rashi Rashi רשי, an acronym for Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac (Hebrew: רבי שלמה בן יצחק) or Shlomo Yitzchaki, (February 22, 1040 – July 17, 1105) is one of Judaisms classic meforshim (Bible and Talmud commentators), and wrote the first comprehensive commentaries on the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and Talmud. ...
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