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Ayn Rand and Objectivism have become the subjects of an extensive body of literature, both in favor of Objectivist ideals, and critical. There follows a general bibliography of major works dealing with Rand's ideology of Objectivism. Ayn Rand (IPA: , February 2 [O.S. January 20] 1905 – March 6, 1982), born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum (Russian: ), was a Russian-born American novelist and philosopher. ... Objectivism is the philosophical system developed by Russian-American philosopher and writer Ayn Rand. ...

Works by Ayn Rand

Fiction and drama

• Night of January 16th (1934)
• We the Living (1936, revised edition 1959)
• Anthem (1938, revised edition 1946)
• The Fountainhead (1943)
• Atlas Shrugged (1957)
• The Early Ayn Rand, Leonard Peikoff, ed. (1984, revised edition 2005)
• Three Plays, Richard E. Ralston, ed. (2005)

Night of January 16 was a play written by Ayn Rand, inspired by the death of the Match King, Ivar Kreuger. ... We the Living is Ayn Rands first novel. ... Anthem is a dystopian, science-fiction novella by philosopher Ayn Rand, first published in 1938. ... For the film, see The Fountainhead (film). ... For the film, see Atlas Shrugged (film). ... The Early Ayn Rand is a collection of unpublished early short stories, plays, and excerpts from We The Living and The Fountainhead, written by Ayn Rand and published after her death in 1984. ... Leonard Peikoff circa 1970 Leonard Peikoff (born 1933) is an Objectivist philosopher and author. ...

Non-fiction

• For the New Intellectual (1961)
• The Virtue of Selfishness (1964)
• Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1966)
• Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (1967)
• The Romantic Manifesto (1969)
• The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution (1971)
• Philosophy: Who Needs It, Leonard Peikoff, ed. (1982)
• The Voice of Reason: Essays in Objectivist Thought, Leonard Peikoff, ed. (1989)
• The Ayn Rand Column, Peter Schwartz, ed. (1991)
• Ayn Rand's Marginalia, Robert Mayhew, ed. (1995)
• Letters of Ayn Rand, Michael S. Berliner, ed. (1995)
• Journals of Ayn Rand, David Harriman, ed. (1997)
• The Ayn Rand Reader, Gary Hull and Leonard Peikoff, eds. (1999)
• Return of the Primitive: The Anti-Industrial Revolution, Peter Schwartz, ed. (1999) -- This is an updated edition of Rand's earlier book, The New Left.
• Russian Writings on Hollywood, Michael S. Berliner, ed.; Dina Garmong, trans. (1999)
• Why Businessmen Need Philosophy, Richard E. Ralston, ed. (1999)
• The Art of Fiction], Tore Boeckmann, ed. (2000)
• The Art of Non-Fiction, Robert Mayhew, ed. (2001)
• Ayn Rand Answers, Robert Mayhew, ed. (2005)

For the New Intellectual: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand is a 1961 book by Ayn Rand. ... The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism is a 1964 collection of essays and papers by Ayn Rand and Nathaniel Branden. ... Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, published in 1967, was Ayn Rands attempt to summarize the Objectivist theory of concepts, and to submit her solution to the problem of universals. ... The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy of Literature is Ayn Rands non-fiction work, a collection of essays regarding the nature of art. ... The Voice of Reason: Essays in Objectivist Thought is a collection of essays by Ayn Rand, Leonard Peikoff, and Peter Schwartz, and edited by Leonard Peikoff. ... The Ayn Rand Column: Written for the Los Angeles Times is a collection of the newspaper columns that Ayn Rand wrote for the Los Angeles Times, as well as other essays by Rand. ... Peter Schwartz is a writer and journalist who follows the Objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand. ...

Periodicals edited by Ayn Rand

• The Objectivist Newsletter 1962-1965
• The Objectivist 1966-1971
• The Ayn Rand Letter 1971-1976

The Objectivist Newsletter was an 4-page Objectivist magazine published monthly from January 1962 to December 1965, when it was replaced by The Objectivist. ... The Objectivist was an Objectivist magazine published from January 1966 to September 1971, as the successor to The Objectivist Newsletter. ... The Ayn Rand Letter was an Objectivist magazine published from October 1971 to February 1976, as successor to the previous The Objectivist. ...

Works by other Objectivist writers

• Anderson, Martin (1962, MIT Press). The Federal Bulldozer. 
• Anderson, Martin (1978, Hoover Institution Press). Welfare: the Political Economy of Welfare Reform in the U.S.. 
• Anderson (ed.), Martin (1982, Hoover Institution Press). The Military Draft: Selected Readings on Conscription. 
• Bernstein, Andrew (2005, University Press of America). The Capitalist Manifesto. 
• Bernstein, Andrew (2008, Hamilton Books). Objectivism in One Lesson: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Ayn Rand. 
• Biddle, Craig (2002, Glen Allen). Loving Life: The Morality of Self-Interest and the Facts that Support It. 
• Binswanger, Harry (1990, The Ayn Rand Institute Press). The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts. 
• Binswanger, Harry (1988, New American Library). The Ayn Rand Lexicon: Objectivism from A to Z. 
• Bowden, Thomas (2007, The Paper Tiger). The Enemies of Christopher Columbus. 
• Branden, Nathaniel and Barbara (1962, Random House). Who is Ayn Rand?. 
• Branden, Nathaniel (1969, Nash). The Psychology of Self-Esteem. 
• Branden, Nathaniel (1980, J. P. Tarcher). The Psychology of Romantic Love. 
• Britting, Jeff (2004, The Overlook Press). Ayn Rand. 
• Efron, Robert (1967, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 2, number 1, Autumn 1967). Biology Without Consciousness - And Its Consequences. 
• Gotthelf, Allan (1999, Wadsworth Philosophers Series). On Ayn Rand. 
• Gotthelf (ed.), Allan (1987, Cambridge University Press). Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology. 
• Hessen, Robert (1979, Hoover Institution Press). In Defense of the Corporation. 
• Holzer, Erika (2005, Madison Press). Ayn Rand: My Fiction Writing Teacher. 
• Holzer, Henry Mark (1982, Common Sense Press). Sweet Land if Liberty?. 
• Holzer, Henry Mark (2005, McFarland & Co.). Supreme Court Opinions of Clarence Thomas 1991-2006. 
• Hicks, Stephen. "Ayn Rand and Contemporary Business Ethics." Journal of Accounting, Ethics, and Public Policy 3.1 (2003): 1-26.
• Kelley, David (1986, Louisiana State University Press). The Evidence of the Senses. 
• Kelley, David (1999, The Objectivist Center Press). A Theory of Abstraction. 
• Kelley, David (1998, W.W. Norton). The Art of Reasoning. 
• Kelley, David (1996, The Objectivist Center Press). Unrugged Individualism: the Selfish Basis of Benevolence. 
• Kelley, David (2000, Transaction Publishers). The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand. 
• Kroy, Moshe (1975) (in Hebrew). Ḥayim ʻal-pi ha-śekhel : tenaʾim le-osher obyeḳṭivi [Rational existence: The conditions for objective happiness] (Mahad. 1. ed.). Tel Aviv: Metsiʾut. http://www.bookgallery.co.il/content/english/bookPageSchema.asp?BookPageID=55810. Retrieved on 2008-07-13. 
• Lepanto, Paul (1971, Exposition Press of Florida). Return to Reason. 
• Lewis, John (2008, Gerald Duckworth & Co.). Solon the Thinker: Political Thought in Archaic Athens. 
• Locke, Edwin (2004, AMACOM). The Prime Movers: Traits of the Great Wealth Creators. 
• Mayhew, Robert (2000, University of Chicago Press). The Female in Aristotle's Biology. 
• Mayhew (ed.), Robert (2004, Lexington Books). Essays on Ayn Rand's We the Living. 
• Mayhew (ed.), Robert (2005, Lexington Books). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. 
• Mayhew (ed.), Robert (2006, Lexington Books). Essays on Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead. 
• Mayhew (ed.), Robert (2009, Lexington Books). Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. 
• Mayhew, Robert (2005, The Scarecrow Press). Ayn Rand and Song of Russia: Communism and Anti-Communism in 1940s Hollywood. 
• Paxton, Michael (1998, Gibbs Smith, companion to the Oscar-nominated documentary). Ayn Rand: a Sense of Life. 
• Peikoff, Leonard (1991, E. P. Dutton). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. 
• Peikoff, Leonard (1982, Stein & Day). The Ominous Parallels. 
• Reisman, George (1996, Jameson Books). Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics. 
• Salsman, Richard (1990, American Institute for Economics Research). Breaking the Banks. 
• Salsman, Richard (1995, American Institute for Economics Research). Gold and Liberty. 
• Simpson, Brian (2005, Lexington Books). Markets Don't Fail!. 
• Smith, Tara (2000, Rowman & Littlefield). Viable Values. 
• Smith, Tara (2006, Cambridge University Press). The Virtuous Egoist: Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics. 
• Smith, Tara (1997, Open Court Publishing). Moral Rights and Political Freedom. 
• Sures, Charles and Mary Ann (2001, The Ayn Rand Institute Press). Facets of Ayn Rand. 
• Thompson, C. Bradley (2002, University Press of Kansas). John Adams and the Spirit of Liberty. 
• Valliant, James S. (2005, Durban House). The Passion of Ayn Rand's Critics. 
• Wortham, Anne (1981, Ohio State University Press). The Other Side of Racism. 
• Younkins, Edward (2005, Lexington Books). Philosophers of Capitalism: Menger, Mises, Rand and Beyond. 
• Younkins, Edward (2007, Ashgate Publishing). Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged: A Philosophical and Literary Companion. 
• Younkins, Edward (2008, Lexington Books). Champions of a Free Society: Ideas of Capitalism's Philosophers and Economists. 

Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... Hoover Tower at the Hoover Institution The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace is a public policy think tank and library founded by Herbert Hoover at Stanford University, his alma mater. ... Andrew Bernstein is an Objectivist philosopher and professor of philosophy at the State University of New York at Purchase. ... The Capitalist Manifesto : The Historic, Economic and Philosophic Case for Laissez-Faire is a book by Objectivist philosopher Andrew Bernstein, published in 2005. ... Andrew Bernstein is an Objectivist philosopher and professor of philosophy at the State University of New York at Purchase. ... The Objective Standard is an American journal on culture and politics written from the Objectivist perspective. ... Harry Binswanger (born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1944) is a philosopher and writer. ... The Ayn Rand Institute: The Center for the Advancement of Objectivism (ARI) was established in 1985, three years after Ayn Rands death, by Leonard Peikoff, Rands legal and intellectual heir. ... Harry Binswanger (born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1944) is a philosopher and writer. ... New American Library (aka NAL) began publishing paperbacks in the 1940s. ... Barbara Branden (born 1929, Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a writer, editor, and lecturer. ... // Random House is a publishing house based in New York City. ... Nathaniel Branden (b. ... Nathaniel Branden (b. ... Jeff Britting (b. ... Allan Gotthelf (born Brooklyn NY, 1942) is emeritus professor of philosophy at The College of New Jersey and visiting professor of history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh, where he holds the Universitys Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism (since 2003). ... Allan Gotthelf (born Brooklyn NY, 1942) is emeritus professor of philosophy at The College of New Jersey and visiting professor of history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh, where he holds the Universitys Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism (since 2003). ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... Robert Hessen, a Senior Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, is a historian specializing in American economic and business history. ... Erika Holzer is an American novelist and essayist1 who was a member of Ayn Rands inner circle. ... Stephen Ronald Craig Hicks (born 1960) is professor of philosophy at Rockford College. ... David Kelley For the producer of the same name, see David E. Kelley. ... David Kelley For the producer of the same name, see David E. Kelley. ... The Objectivist Center is a think tank in Washington, D.C. dedicated to Objectivism, the philosophy of Ayn Rand. ... David Kelley For the producer of the same name, see David E. Kelley. ... W. W. Norton & Company is an American book publishing company. ... David Kelley For the producer of the same name, see David E. Kelley. ... David Kelley For the producer of the same name, see David E. Kelley. ... The University of Chicago Press is the largest university press in the U.S. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including The Chicago Manual of Style, dozens of academic journals including Critical Inquiry, and a wide array of texts covering... Oscar Award The Academy Awards, commonly known as The Oscars, are the most prominent film awards in the United States and arguably the world. ... Leonard Peikoff circa 1970 Leonard Peikoff (born 1933) is an Objectivist philosopher and author. ... E. P. Dutton is an American book publishing company founded as a book retailer in Boston, Massachusetts in 1852 by Edward Payson Dutton. ... Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand, (ISBN 0-452-01101-9) is a book by Dr. Leonard Peikoff, which he claims is the first comprehensive statement of the philosophy of Objectivism. ... Leonard Peikoff circa 1970 Leonard Peikoff (born 1933) is an Objectivist philosopher and author. ... George Reisman is Professor of Economics at Pepperdine University, and author of the massive 1,050-page volume Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics (ISBN 0915463733). ... Richard Salsman is an an American economist and lecturer. ... Richard Salsman is an an American economist and lecturer. ... Tara Smith is a full professor of philosophy [1] at the University of Texas at Austin and author of books on rights, ethics and values. ... Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. ... Tara Smith is a full professor of philosophy [1] at the University of Texas at Austin and author of books on rights, ethics and values. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... Tara Smith is a full professor of philosophy [1] at the University of Texas at Austin and author of books on rights, ethics and values. ... This article is about publishing company. ... James S. Valliant (born September 29, 1963) was a Deputy District Attorney for San Diego County for 16 years, during which time he prosecuted offenders for violent crimes. ...

Other Periodicals

Rand endorsed two publications before her death in 1982:

• The Objectivist Forum (1980–1987), ed. Harry Binswanger
• The Intellectual Activist (1979- ), Peter Schwartz editor (1979-1996), Robert Tracinski editor (1996- )

Since 1999 The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies – R.W. Bradford (until his death in 2005), Stephen Cox and Chris Matthew Sciabarra, editors – has been published semi-annually as a "non-partisan," scholarly forum for the discussion of Rand's work and its application to many fields. None of its editors is an Objectivist, and scholars associated with the Ayn Rand Institute have not participated in its exchanges. The Objectivist Forum was an Objectivist bimonthly journal published from February 1980 through December 1987. ... Harry Binswanger (born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1944) is a philosopher and writer. ... The Intellectual Activist is a monthly Objectivist magazine based in Charlottesville, Virginia. ... Peter Schwartz is a writer and journalist who follows the Objectivist philosophy of Ayn Rand. ... The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies (JARS) is an academic journal devoted to the study of the philosophy of Ayn Rand. ... Raymond William (Bill) Bradford (September 20, 1947 – December 8, 2005) was an American writer chiefly known for editing, publishing, and writing for the libertarian magazine Liberty. ... sike steven is the best fire fighter ever!! he has saved so many ppl in fires!! yay me ♥ This article is about the entertainment writer Stephen Cox. ... Chris Matthew Sciabarra (b. ... The Ayn Rand Institute: The Center for the Advancement of Objectivism (ARI) was established in 1985, three years after Ayn Rands death, by Leonard Peikoff, Rands legal and intellectual heir. ...

Since 2006 The Objective Standard – Craig Biddle, editor – has been published quarterly as scholarly forum for the discussion of Rand's work as it applies to "politics and culture." The Objective Standard is an American journal on culture and politics written from the Objectivist perspective. ... The Objective Standard is an American journal on culture and politics written from the Objectivist perspective. ...

An online publication, Capitalism Magazine (or "CapMag.com") [1], posts articles on a variety of political and economic topics.

A student newspaper which networks colleges around the United States is also published, The Undercurrent [2].

Works of writers influenced by Objectivism

There are, as well, a number of writers who cannot be classified as "Objectivist," but who still exhibit a significant influence of Objectivism in their own work. Prominent among these is John Hospers, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, University of Southern California, who credited Rand's political ideas (see Libertarianism, 1971, Nash) as helping to shape his own, while in other areas sharp difference remained. Another is Murray N. Rothbard, who, like Rand, advocated volition, Aristotle and natural rights (see Individualism and the Methodology of the Social Sciences, 1979, Cato Paper no. 4, Cato Institute, and The Ethics of Liberty, 1982, Humanities Press), but who also advocated anarchism, anathema to Rand. Also in this category are: journalist Edith Efron, The Apocalyptics: Cancer and the Big Lie (1984, Simon and Schuster), The News Twisters (1973, Manor Books); scientist Petr Beckmann, The Health Hazards of Not Going Nuclear (1976, Golem Press); and, Charles Murray (author), Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950-1980 (1984, Basic Books) and What It Means to Be a Libertarian: A Personal Interpretation (1996, Broadway Books). It should be noted that all of these writers, except Charles Murray, had been personally acquainted with Rand at one time. (See also Neo-Objectivism.) This article is about the philosophy of Ayn Rand. ... John Hospers (born 9 June 1918) was the first presidential candidate of the United States Libertarian Party, running in the 1972 presidential election. ... The Trojan Shrine, better known as Tommy Trojan located in the center of University of Southern California campus. ... Murray Newton Rothbard Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 - January 7, 1995) was an American economist and political theorist belonging to the Austrian School of Economics who helped define modern libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. ... For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Universalism (disambiguation). ... The Cato Institute is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and peace by striving to achieve greater involvement... The Ethics of Liberty, by American economist and historian Murray N. Rothbard, first published in 1982, is a rigorous and philosophically sophisticated exposition of the libertarian political position. ... Theory and practice Issues History Culture Economics By region Lists Related Anarchism Portal Philosophy Portal Politics Portal        Anarchism (from Greek ἀν (without) + ἄρχειν (to rule) + ισμός (from stem -ιζειν), without archons, without rulers)[1] is a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory government[2][3][4][5... Edith Efron (1922 – April 20, 2001) was a conservative-to-libertarian author. ... Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ... Petr Beckmann (1924-1993) was a physicist who defected to the United States from Czechoslovakia in 1963 and became a Professor of electrical engineering at the University of Colorado. ... Charles Murray Charles Alan Murray (born 1943) is a controversial libertarian American political scientist. ... Neo-Objectivism covers a large family of philosophical viewpoints and cultural values descended from Objectivist philosophy. ...

Objectivism has influenced the independent work of Spider-Man cartoonist Steve Ditko, and Rand's ideas also appear in the lyrics of rock group Rush, who dedicated an early album "To the Genius of Ayn Rand." Spider-Man swinging around his hometown, New York City. ... Stephen Ditko (born 2 November 1927) is a renowned American comic book artist and writer best known as the co-creator of Spider-Man and Doctor Strange. ... Rush is a Canadian rock band originally formed in August 1968, in the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario; presently comprised of bassist, keyboardist, and lead vocalist Geddy Lee, guitarist Alex Lifeson, and drummer and lyricist Neil Peart. ...

Rand was a novelist as well as a philosopher, and her stylistic influence can be seen in the work of novelists such as Erika Holzer–Double Crossing (1983) and Eye for an Eye (1993)–and Kay Nolte Smith–The Watcher (1981), Catching Fire (1982), Mindspell (1984), Elegy for a Soprano (1985), Country of the Heart (1987), A Tale of the Wind (1991), and Venetian Song (1994)–both women were students of Rand herself. Another student of Rand, philosopher Andrew Bernstein has written the novel Heart of a Pagan (2002). Objectivism has also influenced the themes of the novels of Terry Goodkind–Wizard's First Rule (1994), Stone of Tears (1995), Blood of the Fold (1996), Temple of the Winds (1997), Soul of the Fire (1999), Faith of the Fallen (2000), The Pillars of Creation (2002), Naked Empire (2003), Chainfire (2005), Phantom (2006) and Confessor (2007). Science-fiction legend Robert Heinlein explicitly acknowledged his admiration for "Randians" in the text of his novel The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966), and Rand's influence can be detected in some of his other novels, such as Stranger in a Strange Land (1961). Screenwriter Sterling Silliphant–Pearl (1978)–who worked with Rand on the proposed (but unrealized) television adaption of Atlas Shrugged, expressed his admiration for Rand's skill; novelist James Clavell–Shōgun (1975)–has also expressed his admiration of Rand; and in Touched by its Rays Objectivist Roger Donway seeks "to explore the diversity, power, and beauty of the traditional discipline and forms of poetry." Erika Holzer is an American novelist and essayist1 who was a member of Ayn Rands inner circle. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Andrew Bernstein is an Objectivist philosopher and professor of philosophy at the State University of New York at Purchase. ... Terry Goodkind (born 1948) is a contemporary American writer and author of the best-selling epic fantasy series, The Sword of Truth, which according to his publisher TOR in an August, 2006 press release[1] has more than 10 million copies in print and has been translated into 20 different... Robert A. Heinlein Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the most influential authors in the science fiction genre. ... The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, about a lunar colonys revolt against rule from Earth. ... For other uses, see Stranger in a Strange Land (disambiguation). ... Stirling Dale Silliphant (16 January 1918 - 26 April 1996) was a prolific American screenwriter and producer. ... Pearl was a 1978 American miniseries on ABC about events leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor. ... James Clavell, born Charles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell (10 October 1924 – 7 September 1994) was a British novelist, screenwriter, director and World War II hero and POW. Clavell is best known for his epic Asian Saga series of novels and their televised adaptations, along with such films as The Great Escape... This page is about the James Clavell novel. ...

Critiques published during Rand's lifetime

Few published critiques of Objectivism appeared during Rand's lifetime. John Hospers, later the first Libertarian Party presidential candidate in the United States of America, devoted some positive critical attention to Rand's ethic of rational egoism in his Human Conduct: An Introduction to the Problems of Ethics (1961, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.). But his discussion occupied only a few pages, and not many other philosophers offered any response to Rand either positively or negatively. John Hospers (born 9 June 1918) was the first presidential candidate of the United States Libertarian Party, running in the 1972 presidential election. ... The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11, 1971. ...

The major pre-1982 critiques included (alphabetically by author):

• Childs, Roy. "Objectivism and the State: An Open Letter to Ayn Rand". [3] In this short open letter, Roy Childs portrays Objectivism as fundamentally contradictory because initiation of force, which Objectivism prohibits, must exist to maintain the monopolistic form of government that Objectivism mandates.

• Ellis, Albert. Is Objectivism a Religion? (1968, New York: Lyle Stuart, Inc.). Ellis answers his titular question with a "yes". In effect he regards Objectivism as a sort of Puritanism without God: a "dogmatic, fanatical, absolutist, anti-empirical, people-condemning creed".

• Nozick, Robert. "On the Randian Argument" (Spring, 1971, The Personalist, reprinted in Nozick, Socratic Puzzles (1997).^[1]. Certainly the most serious of the critiques of Objectivism published in Rand's lifetime, Nozick is actually sympathetic to Rand's political conclusions. However, he does not think her arguments justify them. In particular, his essay criticizes her foundational argument in ethics — laid out most explicitly in her book The Virtue of Selfishness — which claims that one's own life is, for each individual, the ultimate value because it "makes all other values possible."^[2] Nozick states that to make this argument sound one needs to explain why someone could not rationally prefer dying and thus having no values. Thus, he argues, her attempt to defend the morality of selfishness is essentially an instance of begging the question. Nozick also argues that Rand's solution to David Hume's famous is-ought problem is unsatisfactory. However, Professors Douglas Rasumussen and Douglas Den Uyl have found Nozick's article itself had misstated Rand's case, and that case has subsequently been defended in detail by Professor Tara Smith, among others.^[3]

• O'Neill, William. With Charity Toward None: An Analysis of Ayn Rand's Philosophy (1971, Totowa: Littlefield, Adams & Company). This work provides an academic discussion of Objectivism and its shortcomings according to the author's own outlook, which seems to represent a sort of analytic pragmatism.

• Robbins, John. Answer to Ayn Rand: A Critique of the Philosophy of Objectivism (1974, Washington: Mount Vernon). Robbins, a Calvinist Christian (a phrase he would regard as redundant) follows in the philosophical footsteps of theologian Gordon Haddon Clark. A revised and much expanded version of this work appeared in 1997 under the title Without A Prayer: Ayn Rand and the Close of Her System: see the discussion of that work below.

Roy A. Childs, Jr. ... Origins Ideas Topics Related Philosophy Portal Politics Portal        Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 â€“ January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher and Pellegrino University Professor at Harvard University. ... Socratic Puzzles is a collection of essays by Robert Nozick. ... The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism is a 1964 collection of essays and papers by Ayn Rand and Nathaniel Branden. ... In logic, begging the question describes a type of logical fallacy, petitio principii, in which the conclusion of an argument is implicitly or explicitly assumed in one of the premises. ... For other persons named David Hume, see David Hume (disambiguation). ... David Hume raised the is-ought problem in his Treatise of Human Nature. ... Tara Smith is a professor of philosophy at The University of Texas at Austin who has specialized in moral and political theory. ... Gordon Clark Gordon Haddon Clark (August 31, 1902-April 9, 1985) was an American philosopher and Calvinist theologian. ...

Other works, both pro and con, published after Rand's death

The secondary literature on Rand and Objectivism underwent a veritable explosion after Rand's death in 1982. First, and perhaps most obviously, we have the two biographical accounts by Nathaniel and Barbara Branden:

• Branden, Barbara (1986). The Passion of Ayn Rand. New York: Doubleday. 

  Ms. Branden's biography of Rand burst onto the Objectivist scene in 1986 to both accolades and denunciations. In it she revealed a great deal of hitherto unknown biographical trivia about Rand (including her birth name, which Branden gives as "Alice Rosenbaum") and presented her as a great but deeply flawed human being. When first published, the biography arguably had the primary appeal of presenting the Brandens' side of their famous excommunication from the Objectivist movement — following Nathaniel Branden's affair with Rand and her anger at his four-year deception of her.

• Branden, Nathaniel (1989). Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand. Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. 
• Branden, Nathaniel (1999). My Years with Ayn Rand. Hoboken: Jossey-Bass. 

  The second edition constitutes a revision of the first edition. Unlike his ex-wife's account, Branden's biography focuses more on his own role in the history of Objectivism and retells many of the same events from his own point of view. It includes his full account of the reported affair between Branden and Rand.

The biographical works of Nathaniel Branden and Barbara Branden have been the subject of extensive criticism, most notably in The Passion of Ayn Rand's Critics by James S. Valliant which utilized previously unseen entries from Rand's own private journals, and which challenged the biases and credibility of the Brandens as witnesses, especially given their own roles in the events related in their works. Barbara Branden (born 1929, Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a writer, editor, and lecturer. ... Nathaniel Branden (b. ... Nathaniel Branden (b. ...

• Valliant, James (2005). The Passion of Ayn Rand's Critics. Dallas: Durban House. 

After Rand's death, critical discussions of Objectivism appeared rapidly. Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas Rasmussen published the first major collection of such critiques in 1984, and other critiques have followed. They include the following (alphabetically by author): James S. Valliant (born September 29, 1963) was a Deputy District Attorney for San Diego County for 16 years, during which time he prosecuted offenders for violent crimes. ...

• Den Uyl, Douglas, and Douglas Rasmussen, eds. The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand (1984, Chicago: University of Illinois Press). This volume, a collection of critical essays, deserves note as the first single volume of strictly philosophical criticism of Objectivism since O'Neill's With Charity Toward None. The editors of this volume are largely sympathetic to Rand's arguments, and all of its contributors regard these arguments as a worthy subject of rigorous academic attention.

• Gladstein, Mimi Reisel, and Chris Matthew Sciabarra, eds. Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand (1999, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press). This volume includes a wide-ranging collection of writings on Rand's relationship to feminism. Since Rand regarded herself as an opponent of feminism and indeed regarded "man-worship" ("man" decidedly meaning "male") as the very essence of femininity, one might expect that feminists would regard Rand as an enemy. Some, unsurprisingly, do; Susan Brownmiller, in comments reproduced here (pp. 63-65), famously characterized Rand as a "traitor to her own sex". Others, like Camille Paglia, have more nuanced views. At any rate, this volume attempts to accord Rand some academic and scholarly consideration even while subjecting her to critical analysis.
• Huemer, Michael. "Is Benevolent Egoism Coherent?" Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 3 (2002): 259-88. Portrays ethical egoism as implausible and as incompatible with Rand's conception of rights. Suggests that Rand may not have been an ethical egoist.

• Long, Roderick T. Reason and Value: Rand versus Aristotle (2000, Poughkeepsie: The Objectivist Center). Long, a professor of philosophy at Auburn University, maintains that Rand was not as Aristotelian as she thought she was and that Objectivism shares certain features with the philosophies of Hume and Hobbes. The book also includes replies from Aristotle scholar Fred D. Miller, Jr., and Objectivist Eyal Mozes, and a counter-reply from Long.

• Nyquist, Greg S. Ayn Rand Contra Human Nature (2001, San Jose: Writers Club Press). Nyquist apparently takes Machiavelli, Santayana, and Lovejoy as his philosophical guides, and he largely ignores the work of other Objectivist writers (above). His critique of Objectivism argues that Rand was a poor philosopher who, contrary to her claims, did not subject her principles to empirical verification, and he alleges that when they are thus subjected, they are found wanting.

• Plasil, Ellen. Therapist (New York: St. Martin's/Marek). Plasil had affiliations with the Objectivist movement and came under the influence of self-described "Objectivist psychotherapist" Lonnie Leonard (who was never associated with Rand). This autobiographical work details her relationship with Leonard and, whether rightly or wrongly, attributes at least some of the blame for his behavior to the principles of Objectivism itself.

• Raimondo, Justin. Reclaiming the American Right (1993, Burlingame: Center for Libertarian Studies), and An Enemy of the State (2000, Amherst: Prometheus Books). Each of these two works includes a section critiquing Rand and Objectivism. In Reclaiming the American Right, Raimondo uncovers what he alleges are the actual sources for Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged — notably Garet Garrett's 1922 novel The Driver, which features a businessman-hero named Henry Galt – despite the fundamental philosophical differences between the two authors. In An Enemy of the State, Raimondo provides an account of economist Murray Rothbard's period of affiliation with the Objectivist movement and defends Rothbard against the charge that he plagiarized Barbara Branden's master's dissertation for a paper of his own. The degree of influence Rand had on Rothbard remains controversial.

• Robbins, John W. Without a Prayer: Ayn Rand and the Close of Her System (1997, Trinity Foundation). This work presents a heavily revised and expanded version of Answer to Ayn Rand from Robbins, a Calvinist Christian and a follower of Gordon Haddon Clark. His criticism may be confusing on several points to those who are not familiar with Clark's presuppositionalist/scripturalist philosophy. (Robbins claims, for example, that Objectivism and Christianity have no propositions in common. What he means by this is essentially that there is just one consistent system of propositions - namely, the system consisting of the propositions expressed in the Christian Bible together with those that can be deductively derived therefrom - and that Objectivism would not share any of these propositions if it were consistent.)

• Ryan, Scott. Objectivism and the Corruption of Rationality: A Critique of Ayn Rand's Epistemology (2003, San Jose: Writers Club Press). Ryan argues that Rand relied implicitly on a foundation of rationalistic objective idealism to create an explicit philosophy at odds with such idealism, and that in doing so she had the primary motivation of a desire to cleanse philosophy of anything smacking of religion/theism. Ryan claims that Rand's explicit philosophy contravenes its implicit presumptions at numerous points. He also criticizes Rand for what he takes to be her various philosophical shortcomings - e.g. her alleged misunderstanding of the problem of universals; her alleged failure to differentiate between sensation and sensory perception; her alleged failure to distinguish between the claim that sensory perception is reliable and the claim that sensory perception is our sole means of acquiring knowledge; her effective reduction of necessity to tautology. Though his primary focus is on epistemology, Ryan also devotes two chapters to criticism of the Objectivist ethics. However, he ignores the work of almost every other writer on Objectivism.

• Sciabarra, Chris Matthew. Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical (1995, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press). Sciabarra contends that Rand became exposed to idealist philosophy in her youth, especially in her college days, notably through philosopher N.O. Lossky. He argues that she rejected most dualities and that Objectivism is a "dialectical" philosophy intended to overcome such dualities. The book's main virtue, according to its defenders, is that it is a very scholarly effort that treats Rand with utmost seriousness as a philosophically important thinker and places her intelligibly within the history of philosophy; its main vice, according to its detractors, is that it makes Rand academically respectable by assimilating her to a philosophical tradition to which she does not belong. (Sciabarra also publishes the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies and in its first issue presents evidence relevant to his claims about Lossky: the details of Rand's college transcript.)

• Smith, George H., Atheism, Ayn Rand, and Other Heresies (1991, Amherst: Prometheus) and Why Atheism? (Amherst: Prometheus, 2000). The first of these works includes several chapters on Rand and Objectivism, including critiques of quasi-religious Objectivism and comparisons of Rand's thought with (for example) that of Herbert Spencer. The second includes a chapter elaborating and critiquing the Objectivist theory of truth and knowledge. Here Smith reaches a conclusion to which Ryan (above) also comes independently: that whereas philosophers ordinarily understand knowledge to be "justified true belief," Rand's "contextualism" in effect redefines knowledge as justified belief and drops the requirement that it be true. These works follow Smith's widely-read Atheism: The Case Against God (orig. pub. 1974; 1979, Prometheus), which developed its epistemological and psychological case largely from the work of Rand, Nathaniel Branden and Leonard Peikoff.

• Torres, Louis and Kamhi, Michelle Marder. What Art Is: the Esthetic Theory of Ayn Rand (2000, La Salle: Open Court Publishing). a critical introduction to Rand's theory of art, contrasting it with other theories.

• Walker, Jeff. The Ayn Rand Cult (1999, La Salle: Open Court Publishing). Walker claims that Objectivism is a "cult."

• Yang, Michael B. Reconsidering Ayn Rand (2000, Enumclaw: WinePress Publishing). Yang, a Christian and who claims to have been a former "Objectivist," owes a heavy debt to Robbins's work. His book can be read on its own or as a supplement to Robbins.

Susan Brownmiller (b. ... Camille Anna Paglia (born April 2, 1947 in Endicott, New York) is an American social critic, author and teacher. ... The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies (JARS) is an academic journal devoted to the study of the philosophy of Ayn Rand. ... Detail of the portrait of Machiavelli, ca 1500, in the robes of a Florentine public official Niccolò Machiavelli (May 3, 1469—June 21, 1527) was an Italian political philosopher during the Renaissance. ... George Santayana George Santayana (16 December 1863 in Madrid, Spain – 26 September 1952 in Rome, Italy), was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. ... From the bookcover Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical by C.M. Sciabarra Nikolai Onufriyevich Lossky Николай Онуфриевич Лосский, (November 24 N.S. December 6, 1870–January 24, 1965) was a Russian philosopher, representative of Russian idealism, intuitionism, personalism, ethics and his intuitivism. ... The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies (JARS) is an academic journal devoted to the study of the philosophy of Ayn Rand. ... For other persons named Herbert Spencer, see Herbert Spencer (disambiguation). ... Nathaniel Branden (b. ... Leonard Peikoff circa 1970 Leonard Peikoff (born 1933) is an Objectivist philosopher and author. ...

List of authors

Academics who have written on Objectivism^{[citation needed]} include:

1. Michael S. Berliner (formerly, California State University, Northridge)
2. Andrew Bernstein (Pace University, SUNY Purchase)
3. Harry Binswanger (formerly, Hunter College, City University of New York)
4. Stephen Cox (Professor of Literature, University of California, San Diego)
5. Eric Daniels (Clemson University)
6. Wayne Davis (Chair of the Philosophy Department, Georgetown University)
7. Douglas Den Uyl (Bellarmine College, Louisville, Kentucky; Liberty Fund, Indianapolis)
8. Randall Dipert (C.S. Peirce Professor of American Philosophy, SUNY Buffalo)
9. Lisa Dolling (head of the honors program in theology at St. John's University in New York)
10. Anthony Flew (universities of Oxford, Aberdeen, Keele and Reading, and York University, Toronto)
11. Dina Shein Garmong (Auburn University)
12. Mimi Reisel Gladstein^[4] (Professor, Dept. Chair., University of Texas, El Paso)
13. Allan Gotthelf (Professor Emeritus of The College of New Jersey; Secretary of the Ayn Rand Society, an official group of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association)
14. David Harriman (California State University, San Bernardino)
15. Stephen R. C. Hicks (Rockford College, Illinois)
16. Robert Hessen (Stanford University/Hoover Institution)
17. Henry Mark Holzer (Emeritus Professor of Law, Brooklyn Law School)
18. John Hospers (Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, University of Southern California)
19. Michael Huemer^[5] (Philosophy Department, University of Colorado, Boulder)
20. Gary Hull (Business School, Duke University)
21. Lester Hunt (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
22. Jonathan Jacobs (Colgate University)
23. J. G. Lennox (History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh)
24. John Lewis (Ashland University)
25. Edwin Locke (Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland)
26. Roderick Long (Auburn University)
27. Tibor Machan (Chapman University; Emeritus of Auburn University; The Hoover Institution)
28. Eric Mack (Tulane University)
29. Wallace Matson (University of California, Berkeley)
30. Robert Mayhew (Professor of Philosophy, Seton Hall)
31. Shoshana Milgram (Virginia Tech)
32. Robert Nozick (Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University)
33. Camille Paglia (The University of the Arts, Philadelphia)
34. Stephen Parrish (Concordia University, Ann Arbor, Michigan)
35. Leonard Peikoff (formerly, Hunter College, Long Island University, New York University)
36. Douglas Rasmussen (St. John's University, New York)
37. George Reisman (Professor of Economics, Pepperdine University)
38. John Ridpath (York University)
39. Murray N. Rothbard (Professor of Economics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas/Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn)
40. Chris Matthew Sciabarra (Visiting Scholar, New York University)
41. Fred Seddon (adjunct professor at Duquesne University)
42. Aeon Skoble (Bridgewater State College, Massachusetts)
43. Tara Smith (University of Texas at Austin/Virginia Tech)
44. Mary Ann Sures (Hunter College/New York University)
45. Jenna Trammell (Anderson College)
46. George Walsh (Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Salisbury State University)
47. Anne Wortham (Associate Professor of Sociology, Illinois State University, continuing Visiting Scholar, Hoover Institution)
48. Darryl Wright (Harvey Mudd College)
49. Edward Younkins (Wheeling Jesuit University)
50. Slavoj Zizek (The European Graduate School)

Andrew Bernstein is an Objectivist philosopher and professor of philosophy at the State University of New York at Purchase. ... Harry Binswanger (born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1944) is a philosopher and writer. ... sike steven is the best fire fighter ever!! he has saved so many ppl in fires!! yay me ♥ This article is about the entertainment writer Stephen Cox. ... The University of California, San Diego (popularly known as UCSD, or sometimes UC San Diego) is a highly selective, research-oriented[1] public university located in La Jolla, a seaside resort community of San Diego, California. ... Georgetown University is a Jesuit private university located in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. Father John Carroll founded the school in 1789, though its roots extend back to 1634. ... Anthony Flew (also known as Antony Flew) (born February 11, 1923) is a British philosopher, known as a supporter of libertarianism and a past supporter of atheism. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... York University (YorkU) is a large comprehensive university, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... Auburn University (AU or Auburn) is a state university located in Auburn, Alabama, U.S. With more than 24,100 students and 1,200 faculty, it is one of the largest universities in the state,[6] and according to U.S. News & World Report, has a selectivity rating of more... Allan Gotthelf (born Brooklyn NY, 1942) is emeritus professor of philosophy at The College of New Jersey and visiting professor of history and philosophy of science at the University of Pittsburgh, where he holds the Universitys Fellowship for the Study of Objectivism (since 2003). ... The American Philosophical Association is the main professional organization for philosophers in the United States. ... Robert Hessen, a Senior Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, is a historian specializing in American economic and business history. ... Hoover Tower at the Hoover Institution The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace is a public policy think tank and library founded by Herbert Hoover at Stanford University, his alma mater. ... John Hospers (born 9 June 1918) was the first presidential candidate of the United States Libertarian Party, running in the 1972 presidential election. ... The Trojan Shrine, better known as Tommy Trojan located in the center of University of Southern California campus. ... Duke University is a private research university located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. ... Tibor R. Machan, professor emeritus in the department of philosophy at Auburn University, holds the Freedom Communications Professorship of Free Enterprise and Business Ethics at the Argyros School of Business & Economics at Chapman University in Orange, California. ... Origins Ideas Topics Related Philosophy Portal Politics Portal        Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 â€“ January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher and Pellegrino University Professor at Harvard University. ... Harvard redirects here. ... Camille Anna Paglia (born April 2, 1947 in Endicott, New York) is an American social critic, author and teacher. ... Leonard Peikoff circa 1970 Leonard Peikoff (born 1933) is an Objectivist philosopher and author. ... New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in New York City. ... George Reisman is Professor of Economics at Pepperdine University, and author of the massive 1,050-page volume Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics (ISBN 0915463733). ... Pepperdine University is a private University of higher learning affiliated with the Churches of Christ. ... Murray Newton Rothbard Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 - January 7, 1995) was an American economist and political theorist belonging to the Austrian School of Economics who helped define modern libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. ... Chris Matthew Sciabarra (b. ... Tara Smith is a professor of philosophy at The University of Texas at Austin who has specialized in moral and political theory. ... University of Texas redirects here. ...

Available online

General

• Ayn Rand Institute: The Center for the Advancement of Objectivism
  • Essentials of Objectivism at the Ayn Rand Institute
  • Ayn Rand Novels — a site aimed at introducing students to Objectivism
• The Atlas Society: The Center for Objectivism
• Ayn Rand Society — Includes an overview
• The Objectivism Wiki – a user-created reference on Objectivism
• The Center for the Advancement of Capitalism
• The Objectivism Reference Center — Includes both advocacy and criticism articles
• Leonard Peikoff's site
• Nathaniel Branden's site
• Barbara Branden's site
• "The Benefits and Hazards of the Philosophy of Ayn Rand: A Personal Statement", by Nathaniel Branden
• Criticism of Objectivism (links page maintained by Mike Huben)
• "Why I'm Not an Objectivist", by Michael Huemer
• "A Guide to the Philosophy of Objectivism", by David King - makes a clear distinction between Randism and Objectivism.
• Objections to Objectivism, essay by John Ku
• Web site of Greg Nyquist, author of Ayn Rand Contra Human Nature
• Short biography of Ayn Rand and critical summary of her thought, by Kelley Ross
• Web site of Scott Ryan (various essays and parodies, as well as free downloadable etext of Objectivism and the Corruption of Rationality)
• Website dedicated to Ayn Rand's novels
• Sense of Life Objectivists

Atlas Shrugged

• Website dedicated to Atlas Shrugged
• Andrew Bernstein, "Transfiguring the Novel: The Literary Revolution in Atlas Shrugged"
• Edward W. Younkins, "A Review of Andrew Bernstein's The Philosophic and Literary Integration in Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged"

Ethics and rights

• "The Rights (and Wrongs) of Ayn Rand", by Robert Bass
• "Some Problems with Ayn Rand's Derivation of Ought from Is", by David D. Friedman
• "Ayn Rand and Contemporary Business Ethics", by Stephen Hicks
• "Critique of the Objectivist Ethics", by Michael Huemer

Political theory (minarchism vs. anarchism)

• "Open Letter to Ayn Rand", by Roy Childs, Jr. (reprinted in the Daily Objectivist - link to archive page at http://www.archive.org as the daily objectivist is defunct)
• "Mrs. Logic and the Law: A Critique of Ayn Rand's View of Government," by Nicholas Dykes

Scholarship

• Comments on Rand's style and scholarship, by Gary Merrill

References