Cocaine cocaine File links The following pages link to this file: Cocaine ...
3-benzoyloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester
CAS number 50-36-2 CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences and alloys. ...	ATC code N01BC01 The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ...
Chemical formula	C17H21NO4
Molecular weight	303.35 amu
Bioavailability	?
Metabolism	Liver
Elimination half life	Up to 72 hours
Excretion	Urine
Pregnancy category	C
Legal status	US Schedule II
Delivery	Topical, Insufflation, IV, PO

Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, creating what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. Though most often used recreationally for this effect, cocaine is also a topical anesthetic that is used in eye and throat surgery. Cocaine is an addictive substance, and its possession, cultivation, and distribution are illegal (for non-medicinal / non-government sanctioned purposes) in virtually all of the world, which can be at least partially attributed to United Nations Commissions and United States drug policy. Crystal (disambiguation) Insulin crystals A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. ... Background: Alkaloids are plant metabolites that have a nitrogen-containing chemical ring structure, alkali-like chemical reactivity, and pharmacologic activity. ... An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other animals. ... Binomial name Erythroxylon coca For the American comedian, see Imogene Coca. ... A stimulant is a drug which increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria or awakeness. ... The vertebrate central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. ... Anorectics, anorexigenics or appetite suppressants, are substances which reduce the desire to eat (anorectic, from the Greek an- = not and oreg- = extend, reach). Used on a short term basis clinically to treat obesity, some appetite suppressants are also available over the counter. ... Cetacaine, a topical anesthetic Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ... // Laser and non-laser surgery Although the terms Laser Eye Surgery and Refractive Surgery are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. ... A typical modern surgery operation For other meanings of the word, see Surgery (disambiguation) Surgery (from the Greek cheirourgia - lit. ... Addiction is an uncontrollable compulsion to repeat a behavior regardless of its consequences. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ...

History

The coca leaf

For thousands of years and still today, South American indigenous peoples have chewed the coca leaf, a plant which contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids including cocaine. The leaf was and is chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities, but there is no evidence that its habitual use ever led to any of the negative consequences generally associated with habitual cocaine use today. It is an important source of nutrition and energy in a region that is lacking in other food sources and oxygen; the vitamins and protein present in the leaves, as well as the cocaine alkaloid, helps provide the energy and strength necessary for steep walks in this mountainous area and days without eating. South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... Binomial name Erythroxylon coca For the American comedian, see Imogene Coca. ... An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other animals. ... Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. ...

The coca plant, Erythroxylon coca.

When the Spaniards conquered South America, they at first ignored Aboriginal claims that the leaf gave them strength and energy, and declared the practice of chewing it the work of the Devil. But after discovering that these claims were true, they legalized and taxed the leaf, taking 10% of the value of each crop. These taxes were for a time the main source of support for the Roman Catholic Church in the region. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ... Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Roman Catholic Church is the largest Christian body in the world. ...

In 1609 Padre Blas Valera wrote: Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ...

"Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots. And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it?"

Isolation

Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until 1855. Although many scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, no one had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and coca does not grow in Europe and is easily ruined during travel. An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other animals. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... World map showing location of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ...

The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in 1855. Gaedcke named the alkaloid "erythroxyline", and published a description in the journal Archives de Pharmacie. A chemist is a scientist who specializes in chemistry. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1856 Friederich Wöhler asked Dr. Carl Scherzer, a scientist aboard the Novara (an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe), to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. In 1859 the ship finished its travels and Wöhler received a trunk full of coca. Wöhler passed on the leaves to Albert Niemann, a Ph.D. student at the University of Göttingen in Germany, who then developed an improved purification process. 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Novara is a city of northwest Italy, to the west of Milan. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph I (in English also Francis Joseph) ( August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... The Georg-August University of Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, often called the Georgia Augusta) was founded in 1734 by George II, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover, and opened in 1737. ...

Niemann described every step he took to isolate cocaine in his dissertation entitled On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves, which was published in 1860 — it also earned him his Ph.D. and is now in the British Library. He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that, "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" — as with other alkaloids its name carried the "-ine" suffix. This article is about the thesis in dialectics and academia. ... The coca plant, Erythroxylon coca. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... British Library main building, London The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and is the worlds largest research library, holding over 150 million items and adding some 3 million every year. ... An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and other animals. ... Suffix has meanings in linguistics and nomenclature. ...

Popularization

In 1859 an Italian doctor Palo Mantegaza returned from Peru, where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the natives. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper he declared coca and cocaine (at the time they were assumed to be the same) as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of "a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence, [and] whitening of the teeth." 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... MILAN 2 Type anti-tank Nationality joint France/German Era Cold War Platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle History Builder Date of design Production period Service duration Operators War service Specifications Type Diameter 0. ... Flatulence is a mixture of gases that are produced by symbiotic bacteria and yeasts living in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, and aerosolized particles of feces, and it is released under pressure through the anus with a characteristic sound and odor. ...

Pope Leo XIII purportedly carried a hipflask of Vin Mariani with him, and awarded a Vatican gold medal to Angelo Mariani.

A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegaza's paper became immediately intrigued with coca, and its economic potential. In 1863 Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani which had been treated with coca leaves. The ethanol in the wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink's effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani, which was to be exported, contained 7.2 mg per ounce in order to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States. Later when Coca Cola was invented, cocaine was included in its ingredients. The only known measure of the amount of cocaine in Coca Cola was determined in 1902 as being as little as 1/400 of a grain (0.2 mg) per ounce of syrup. (6 ppm.) The actual amount of cocaine that Coca Cola contained is impossible to determine. (Cocaine has been removed from the drink using a chemical process since 1929.) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... His Holiness Pope Leo XIII, born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci (March 2, 1810–July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Blessed Pius IX on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his own death. ... A gold medal will generally represent the highest award for achievement in a non-military field, with no restriction on eligibility. ... Advertising bill for the wine Mariani, lithograph of Jules Cheret, 1894 Angelo Mariani or Ange-François Mariani was a French chemist born at Pero-Casevecchie in Corsica in 1832. ... Advertising bill for the wine Mariani, lithograph of Jules Cheret, 1894 Angelo Mariani or Ange-François Mariani was a French chemist born at Pero-Casevecchie in Corsica in 1832. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... A glass of red wine Wine display at the Mt Markey Winery This article is about the beverage. ... Advertising bill for the wine Mariani, lithograph of Jules Cheret, 1894 Vin Mariani (french meaning Marianis wine) is a tonic created around 1863 by Angelo Mariani. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ... 1902 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A grain is a unit of mass equal to 0. ... Parts per million (ppm) is a measure of concentration that is used where low levels of concentration are significant. ... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Cocaine use became very popular in the late 19th century, with many prominent figures praising its therapeutic and even recreational usage. Satisfied consumers of Mariani's cocaine-wine products included Ulysses S. Grant, whom Mariani claimed drank the elixir daily; Popes Leo XIII and Saint Pius X, the former appearing on a poster promoting the wine; Queen Victoria of England; Frédéric Bartholdi, who designed the Statue of Liberty and remarked that if Vin Mariani had been available earlier he would have made the statue taller; and "physicians to all the royal households of Europe". Order: 18th President Vice President: Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873); Henry Wilson (1873–1875) Term of office: March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1877 Preceded by: Andrew Johnson Succeeded by: Rutherford B. Hayes Date of birth: April 27, 1822 Place of birth: Point Pleasant, Ohio Date of death: July 23, 1885 Place... His Holiness Pope Leo XIII, born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci (March 2, 1810–July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Blessed Pius IX on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his own death. ... Pope Saint Pius X, born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto (June 2, 1835 – August 20, 1914), was Pope from 1903 to 1914, succeeding Pope Leo XIII. He was the first pope since the Counter-Reformation Pope St. ... Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819–22 January 1901) was a Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 20 June 1837 until her death. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Ethnicity... One of his works Bartholdi Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (August 2, 1834 - October 4, 1904) was a French sculptor. ... The Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty, is a statue, given to the U.S. by France in the late 19th century, that stands at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all: returning Americans...

In 1879 cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Cocaine was introduced into clinical use as a local anaesthetic in Germany in 1884, about the same time as Sigmund Freud published his work Über Coca, in which he wrote that cocaine causes: 1879 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Morphine (INN), the principal active agent in opium, is a powerful opioid analgesic drug. ... A local anesthetic is a drug that reversibly inhibits the propagation of signals along nerves. ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ... Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939) was an Austrian psychiatrist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. ...

"...exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person...You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work....In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug....Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue...This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcohol....Absolutely no craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug..."

Although synthetic local anaesthetics are much more widely used today, cocaine is, to some degree, still in use in dentistry and opthalmology. X-rays can reveal if a person has cavities Dentistry is the practical application of knowledge of dental science (the science of placement, arrangement, function of teeth and their supporting bones and soft tissues) to human beings. ... Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases of the eye and their treatment. ...

Cocaine, the fast-acting anesthetic.

In 1885 the U.S. manufacturer Parke-Davis sold cocaine in various forms, including cigarettes, powder, and even a cocaine mixture that could be injected directly into the user's veins with the included needle. The company promised that its cocaine products would "supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and ... render the sufferer insensitive to pain." cocaine tooth drops This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... cocaine tooth drops This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Parke-Davis was a pharmaceutical company which was previously a subsiduary of Warner-Lambert prior to Warner-Lamberts acquisition by Pfizer in 2000. ...

By late Victorian era cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature, for example as the cucaine injected by Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional Sherlock Holmes. Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her Accession to the Throne, June 20, 1837) gave her name to the historic era. ... Open Directory Project: Literature World Literature Electronic Text Archives Magazines and E-zines Online Writing Writers Resources Libraries, Digital Cataloguing, Metadata Distance Learning Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Classicism in Literature The Universal Library, by Carnegie Mellon University Project Gutenberg Online Library Abacci - Project Gutenberg texts matched with Amazon... Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (May 22, 1859 – July 7, 1930) is the British author of Irish descent most famously known for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction. ... Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes (1854-) is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th century, created by British author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. ...

In 1909 Ernest Shackleton took "Forced March" brand cocaine tablets to Antarctica, as did Captain Scott a year later on his ill-fated journey to the south pole. 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ernest Henry Shackleton The Discovery During the Discovery expedition, Shackleton made the first balloon flight over Antarctica Four men from Nimrod (left to right): Frank Wild, Shackleton, Eric Marshall, and Jameson Adams Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (February 15, 1874 – January 5, 1922) was an Irish-born British explorer, now chiefly... Captain Sir Robert Falcon Scott (June 6, 1868 - March 29, 1912) was a British Naval officer and Antarctic explorer. ... Location of the South Pole in the Antarctic continent. ...

Prohibition

By the turn of the twentieth century, the addictive properties of cocaine had become clear to many, and the problem of cocaine abuse began to capture public attention in the United States. The dangers of cocaine abuse became part of a moral panic that was tied to the dominant racial and social anxieties of the day. In 1903 the American Journal of Pharmacy stressed that most cocaine abusers were "bohemians, gamblers, high- and low-class prostitutes, night porters, bell boys, burglars, racketeers, pimps, and casual laborers." In 1914 Dr. Christopher Koch of Pennsylvania's State Pharmacy Board made the racial innuendo explicit, testifying that, "Most of the attacks upon the white women of the South are the direct result of a cocaine-crazed Negro brain." In the same year, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act heavily regulated cocaine, and it was officially outlawed as a narcotic in 1922. A moral panic is a mass movement based on the perception that some individual or group, frequently a minority group or a subculture, is dangerously deviant and poses a menace to society. ... 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... State nickname: The Keystone State Other U.S. States Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Governor Ed Rendell (D) Official languages None Area 119,283 km² (33rd)  - Land 116,074 km²  - Water 3,208 km² (2. ... The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was an American law that regulated and taxed the production, importation, distribution and use of opiates. ... The term narcotic, derived from the Greek word narkoticos, which means benumbing or deadening, and originally referred to a variety of substances that induced sleep (such state is narcosis). ... 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Modern usage

A pile of crack cocaine "rocks"

In most Western countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. In the United States, the introduction of "crack" cocaine introduced it to a generally poorer inner-city market. Use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late 1990s and early 2000s in the USA, and has become much more popular in the last few years in the UK. Download high resolution version (1768x1960, 488 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1768x1960, 488 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational rather than medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but keeping the same mind-set. ... Saddam Hussein shortly after his capture Major controversy over U.S. presidential election, 2000 September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on New Yorks World Trade Center and Virginias Pentagon killing almost 3000 people. ...

The stereotypical powder cocaine user is a frequenter of bars and clubs in his or her 20s or 30s, often employed in an office or professional environment. Average users of "crack" cocaine are 30 years or older inner-city residents of a lower income bracket. Exceptions to both rules exist in large numbers due to the immense popularity of the drug. Notwithstanding these averages, cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood; even U.S. President George W. Bush has refused to admit or deny prior cocaine usage. Cocaine in its various forms comes in second only to cannabis as the most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States, and is number one in street value sold each year. Order: 43rd President of United States Vice President: Dick Cheney Term of office: January 20, 2001 – Present (His second term will end on January 20, 2009. ... Cannabis leaves are less potent than the flowers. ... Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational rather than medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ...

The estimated U.S. cocaine market exceeded $35 billion in street value for the year 2003, exceeding revenues by corporations such as AT&T and Starbucks. There is a tremendous demand for cocaine in the U.S. market, particularly among those who are making incomes affording luxury spending, such as single adults and various professionals. Cocaine's status as a club drug shows its immense popularity among the "party crowd". Cocaine's high revenues may be due to the drug's psychologically addictive nature, which makes the cessation of use quite difficult when compared to less addictive drugs such as marijuana. It has become much more popular as a middle class drug in the United Kingdom in recent years. The United States dollar, or American dollar, is the official currency of the United States. ... 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... AT&T (formerly an abbreviation for American Telephone and Telegraph) Corporation (NYSE: T) is an American telecommunications company. ... For other meanings of the name Starbuck, see Starbuck. ... A luxury good is a good at the highest end of the market in terms of quality and price. ... Club Drugs are a category of recreational drugs which are popular at dance clubs, parties, and rock concerts. ... Cannabis is a plant also known as Cannabis sativa, hemp, or marijuana. ...

In 1990, a report by Gabriel G. Nahas was published in the Bulletin on Narcotics arguing that "the risk of experimental use of cocaine outweighs its benefits and that this practice should not be pursued"[1]. 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr. Gabriel Nahas of Columbia University was an anesthesiologist who conducted numerous studies on illicit drugs. ... The Bulletin on Narcotics is a publication of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. ...

Pharmacology

Appearance

Cocaine powder.

Cocaine in its purest form is an off-white or pink chunky product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt, typically cocaine hydrochloride (CAS 53-21-4). Cocaine is frequently adulterated or "cut" with various powdery fillers to increase its volume; the substances most commonly used in this process are baking soda, sugars, such as lactose, inositol, and mannitol, and local anesthetics, such as lidocaine. Adulterated cocaine is often a white or off-white powder. Cocaine powder This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Cocaine powder This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... In chemistry, salt is a general term used for ionic compounds composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. ... In chemistry, hydrochlorides are salts resulting, or regarded as resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base (mostly amine). ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or sodium hydrogen carbonate, also known as baking soda and bicarbonate of soda, is a soluble white anhydrous or crystalline compound, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. ... Lactose is the sugar making up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. ... Inositol is a biological molecule that plays an important role as a second messenger in a cell, in the form of inositol phosphates. ... Mannitol or 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexanehexol (C6H8(OH)6) is a vasodilator which is used mainly to reduce pressure in the cranium, and to treat patients with oliguric renal failure. ... Lidocaine (INN) or lignocaine (former BAN) is a popular local anesthetic often used in dentistry or topically. ...

The color of "crack" cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation — with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate, and the presence of impurities, but will generally range from a light brown to a pale brown. Its texture will also depend on the factors which affect color, but will range from a crumbly texture, which is usually the lighter variety, to hard, almost crystalline nature, which is usually the darker variety.

Forms of cocaine

Cocaine sulfate

Cocaine sulfate is produced by smashing coca leaves along with water and dilute sulfuric acid. This is often accomplished by putting the ingredients into a vat and stamping on it, in a manner not dissimilar to the traditional method for crushing grapes. Water (from the Old English word wæter; c. ... Sulfuric acid (British English: sulphuric acid), H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... Species Vitis acerifolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis amurensis Vitis arizonica Vitis x bourquina Vitis californica Vitis x champinii Vitis cinerea Vitis x doaniana Vitis girdiana Vitis labrusca Vitis x labruscana Vitis monticola Vitis mustangensis Vitis x novae-angliae Vitis palmata Vitis riparia Vitis rotundifolia Vitis rupestris Vitis shuttleworthii Vitis tiliifolia Vitis...

The sulfate itself is an intermediate step to producing cocaine hydrochloride. In South America it is commonly smoked along with tobacco, and is known as pasta, basuco, basa, pitillo, or simply paste. South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Cocaine hydrochloride

This is the standard form of cocaine. It is very stable, and soluble in water, which makes it suitable for snorting or injecting.

In the seventies it was commonly used by dissolving it in a glass of Coca-Cola, making a drink named "Coke and Coke". The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ...

Freebase

As the name implies, "freebase" is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form of cocaine hydrochloride. Whereas cocaine hydrochloride is extremely soluble in water, cocaine base is insoluble in water and is therefore not suitable for drinking, snorting or injecting. Cocaine hydrochloride is not well-suited for smoking because the temperature at which it vaporizes is very high, and close to the temperature at which it burns; however, cocaine base vaporizes at a low temperature, which makes it suitable for smoking. The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... In chemistry, salt is a general term used for ionic compounds composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. ... A substance is soluble in a fluid if it dissolves in the fluid. ... Water (from the Old English word wæter; c. ... Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. ... Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. ... Combustion or burning is an exothermic reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer), usually O2, to release heat. ... Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. ... Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. ...

Smoking freebase is preferred by many users because the cocaine is absorbed immediately into blood via the lungs, where it reaches the brain in about five seconds. The rush is much more intense than sniffing the same amount of cocaine nasally, but the effects do not last as long. The peak of the freebase rush is over almost as soon as the user exhales the vapor, but the high typically lasts 5–10 minutes afterwards. What makes freebase a particularly dangerous drug is that users typically don't wait that long for their next hit and will continue to smoke freebase until none is left. These effects are similar to those that can be achieved by injecting or "slamming" cocaine hydrochloride, but without the risks associated with intravenous drug use (although there are other serious risks associated with smoking freebase). Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ... In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the supervisory center of the nervous system. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ...

Freebase cocaine is produced by first dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in water. Once dissolved in water, cocaine hydrochloride (Coc HCl) disassociates into protonated cocaine ion (HCoc⁺) and chloride ion (Cl^-). Any solids that remain in the solution are not cocaine (they are part of the cut) and are removed by filtering. A base, typically ammonia (NH₃), is added to the solution to remove the extra proton from the cocaine. The following net chemical reaction takes place: - An ion is an elementary particle or system of elementary particles with a net electric charge. ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. ... An ion is an elementary particle or system of elementary particles with a net electric charge. ... A solid is a state of matter, characterized by a definite volume and a definite shape (i. ... Dissolving table salt in water In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (the solutes) dissolved in another substance (the solvent). ... In chemistry and common usage, a filter is device (usually a membrane or layer) that is designed to block certain objects or substances whilst letting others through. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... Ammonia is a chemical compound with the formula NH3. ... Dissolving table salt in water In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (the solutes) dissolved in another substance (the solvent). ... Properties In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... A chemical reaction is a process involving one, two or more substances (called reactants), characterized by a chemical change and yielding one or more product(s) which are different from the reactants. ...

As freebase cocaine (Coc) is insoluble in water, it precipitates and the solution becomes cloudy. To recover the freebase, diethyl ether is added to the solution: Since freebase is highly soluble in ether, a vigorous shaking of the mixture results in the freebase being dissolved in the ether. As ether is insoluble in water, it can be siphoned off. The ether is then left to evaporate, leaving behind the nearly pure freebase. Dissolving table salt in water In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (the solutes) dissolved in another substance (the solvent). ... Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear, colorless, and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a typical smell. ... A mixture is a chemical substance which is a homogeneous or heterogeneous association without chemical bonding of chemical elements and/or chemical compounds in varying proportions and that retain their own individual properties and makeup. ... Ether is the general name for a class of chemical compounds which contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl groups. ... siphon principle A siphon is a continuous tube that allows liquid to drain from a reservoir through an intermediate point that is higher than the reservoir, the up-slope flow being driven only by hydrostatic pressure without any need for pumping. ... Ether is the general name for a class of chemical compounds which contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl groups. ... Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. ...

This procedure is dangerous because of the hazards of handling diethyl ether: it is extremely flammable, its vapors are heavier than air and can "creep" from an open bottle, and in the presence of oxygen it can form peroxides which can spontaneously combust. Demonstrative of the dangers of the practice, the famous comedian Richard Pryor used to perform a well known skit in which he pokes fun at himself during a 1980 incident in which he causes an explosion and sets himself on fire while attempting to smoke "freebase", presumably still wet with ether. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear, colorless, and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a typical smell. ... For other uses see fire (disambiguation). ... Vapor (US English) or vapour (British English) is the gaseous state of matter. ... Diethyl ether peroxides are a class of peroxides that slowly form in diethyl ether upon storage under air, light, or in the presence of metal by autoxidation. ... Combustion or burning is an exothermic reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer), usually O2, to release heat. ... Richard Pryor Richard Franklin Lenox Thomas Pryor (born December 1, 1940 in Peoria, Illinois) is an American comedian and actor. ...

Crack cocaine

Because of the dangers of using ether to produce pure freebase cocaine, cocaine producers began to omit the step of removing the freebase cocaine precipitate from the ammonia mixture. Typically, filtration processes are also omitted. The end result of this process is that the cut, in addition to the ammonium salt (NH₄Cl), remains in the freebase cocaine after the mixture is evaporated. The "rock" which is thus formed also contains a small amount of water. When the rock is heated this water boils, making a crackling sound (hence the name "crack"). Baking soda is now most often used as a base rather than ammonia for reasons of lowered stench and toxicity; however, any weak base can be used to make crack cocaine. Strong bases, such as sodium hydroxide, tend to hydrolyze some of the cocaine into useless ecgonine.

The net reaction when using baking soda (also called sodium bicarbonate, with a chemical formula of NaHCO₃) is:

Crack is unique because it offers a strong cocaine experience in small, low-priced packages. In the United States, crack cocaine is often sold in small, inexpensive dosage units frequently known as "nickels" or "nickel rocks" (referring to the price of $5.00), and also "dimes" or "dime rocks" ($10.00) and sometimes as "twenties" or "forties." The quantity provided by such a purchase varies depending upon many factors, such as local availability, which is affected by geographic location. A twenty may yield a quarter gram or half gram on average, yielding 30 minutes to an hour of effect if hits are taken every few minutes. After the $20 or $40 mark, crack and powder cocaine are sold in grams or fractions of ounces. Many inner-city addicts with a regular dealer will "work a corner", taking money from anyone who wants crack, making a buy from the dealer, then delivering part of the product while keeping some for themselves. Street names for crack include "Devil's dandruff," "Devilsmoke," "Devil drug," and "food;" but most commonly, it is simply called "rock." The United States dollar, or American dollar, is the official currency of the United States. ...

Methods of administration

Chewed/eaten

The simplest way to administer cocaine is to chew on the leaves of the plant. Physical restrictions mean when taken this way, only small amounts of cocaine make it into the bloodstream and the effect is that of a mild stimulant. Mate de coca or coca-leaf tea (cf. Yerba mate) is also a traditional method of consumption and is often recommended to treat altitude sickness. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ... Binomial name Ilex paraguariensis A. St. ... Altitude sickness (also: acute mountain sickness (AMS) or altitude illness) is a pathological condition that is caused by lack of adaptation to high altitudes. ...

In 1986 an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association revealed that health food stores were selling coca-leaf tea as "Health Inca Tea". While the packaging claimed it had been "decocainized", no such process had taken place—they were selling a controlled substance off the shelves. The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild stimulation, increased heart rate, and mood elevation, and the tea was essentially harmless. Despite this, the DEA seized several shipments in Hawaii, Chicago, Illinois, Georgia, and several locations on the East Coast of the United States, and the product was removed from the shelves. 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... JAMA is the acronym for the Journal of the American Medical Association, a leading medical journal. ... Stimulation is the irritating action of various agents (stimuli) on muscles, nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which activity is evoked; especially, the nervous impulse produced by various agents on nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which the part connected with the nerve is thrown into a state... The heart rate is the number of contractions of the heart in one minute. ... A persons mood is a measurable affective state, which can consist of a combination of emotions. ... Since 1973, the DEA has enforced the drug laws in the United States. ... State nickname: The Aloha State Other U.S. States Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Governor Linda Lingle (R) Official languages Hawaiian and English Area 28,337 km² (43rd)  - Land 16,649 km²  - Water 11,672 km² (41. ... Chicago, colloquially known as the Second City and the Windy City, is the third-largest city in population in the United States and the largest inland city in the country. ... The East Coast, Eastern Seaboard, or Atlantic Seaboard are terms referencing the easternmost coastal states in the United States of America. ...

Snorted/sniffed

Absorption is approximately 80% through the nasal membranes when cocaine powder is "snorted". The blood vessels limit absorption. Chronic use results in ongoing rhinitis and necrosis of the nasal membranes. Cellulose granulomas from adulterants have also been found in the lungs of recreational "sniffers". Rhinitis is the medical term describing irritation and inflammation of the nose. ... Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to unprogrammed death of cells/living tissue (compare with apoptosis - programmed cell death). ... In medicine (anatomical pathology), a granuloma is a group of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a lymphocyte cuff. ...

Prior to inhalation, cocaine powder must be divided into very fine particles. This is especially important for cocaine of high purity, since it tends to be more moist and forms "chunks", which reduce the efficiency of nasal absorption. The stereotype is that the users prepare their dose by putting some cocaine powder on a flat, hard surface such as a mirror, using a razor blade or credit card to finely chop the powder, and a rolled-up banknote, preferably of a high denomination, to snort it. This is sometimes followed by users placing a small quantity of cocaine on their finger (traditionally the little finger) and rubbing it into their gums, to achieve numbness in the area. The reasons for doing this are ambiguous, and may include being an effective way to consume traces of the powder left on the cutting surface, being a method of assessing the purity or quality of the product, or subjectively enhancing the cocaine experience. For the term used in Computing, see Stereotype (computing). ... Occams Razor or Hanlons razor A razor is a an edge tool (primarily, used in shaving). ... Credit cards A credit card system is a type of retail transaction settlement and credit system, named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. ... A £20 Ulster Bank banknote. ... A number of different things are called gum: gums the soft tissue partly covering teeth Chewing gum Bubblegum Guar gum Gum arabic Postage stamp gum Gum Springs, Arkansas, a town Trees: Gum tree (Eucalyptus; Australia and cultivated in other warm areas) Black gum (Tupelo, Nyssa; eastern North America) Sweet-gum...

Injected

The intravenous route of administration provides the highest blood levels of drug in the shortest time. Injection of cocaine produces an exhilarating rush, although the euphoria passes quickly as the liver rapidly metabolizes the drug. Aside from the toxic effects of cocaine, there is also danger of circulatory emboli from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug. Obviously, there is also a risk of serious infection associated with the use of contaminated needles. An injected mixture of cocaine and heroin, known as "speedball" or "moonrock", is a particularly popular and dangerous combination, as the converse effects of the drugs actually complement each other, but may also mask the symptoms of an overdose. It has been responsible for numerous deaths, particularly in and around Los Angeles, including celebrities such as John Belushi and Chris Farley. h ... Heroin or diamorphine (INN) (colloquially referred to as brown sugar, junk, babania, horse, golden brown, smack, black tar, H, big H, lady H, dope, skag, juice, jude, diesel, boy, etc. ... Speedball is a drug term for the mixing of heroin and cocaine. ... This article is about the largest city in California. ... John Belushi as Bluto in Animal House John Belushi (right) with Dan Akroyd in The Blues Brothers John Adam Belushi (born January 24, 1949 – died March 5, 1982) was an American actor and comedian. ... Chris Farley in a scene from Blacksheep Christopher Crosby Farley (February 15, 1964 – December 18, 1997) was an American actor and comedian, best known as one of the cast members of the popular Saturday Night Live television series. ...

Smoked

Smoking freebase or crack cocaine is most often accomplished using a pipe made from a small glass tube about one quarter-inch (about 6 mm) in diameter and up to several inches long. These are sometimes called "straight shooters"; readily available in convenience stores or smoke shops. They will sometimes contain a small paper flower and are promoted as a romantic gift. Buyers usually ask for a "rose" or a "flower".

A small piece of steel or copper scouring pad — often called a "brillo" or "chore", from the scouring pads of the same name — is placed into one end of the tube after having the malodorous coating burned off the metal. It then serves as a crude filter in which the "rock" can melt and boil to vapor. Brillo Pad is a trade name for a scouring pad, used for cleaning dishes, made from wire wool and impregnated with soap. ... Name brand for a coarse scouring pad made of steel or copper wool. ...

The "rock" is placed at the end of the pipe closest to the filter and the other end of the pipe is placed in the mouth. A flame from a cigarette lighter or handheld torch is then held under the rock. As the rock is heated, it melts and burns away to vapor which the user inhales as smoke.

The effects are felt almost immediately after smoking, are very intense, and do not last long — usually five to fifteen minutes. Most users will want more after this time, especially frequent users. "Crack houses" depend on these cravings by providing users a place to smoke, and a ready supply of small bags for sale. Crack users will purchase a quantity and smoke it at the house, often buying and smoking more and more until they are out of money.

A heavily used crackpipe tends to break at the ends as the user "pushes" the pipe. "Pushing" is a technique used to partially recover crack which hardens on the inside wall of the pipe as the pipe cools. The user pushes the metal wool filter through the pipe from one end to the other to collect the build-up inside the pipe. The ends of the pipe can be broken by the object used to push the filter, frequently a small screwdriver or stiff piece of wire. The user will often remove the most jagged edges and continue using the pipe until it becomes so short that it burns the lips and fingers. Crackpipe is a slang term for a device used to smoke crack cocaine. ...

The tell-tale signs of a used crack pipe are a glass tube with burn marks at one or both ends and a clump of metal wool inside.

When smoked, cocaine is sometimes combined with other drugs, such as cannabis; often rolled into a joint or blunt. This combination is known as "primo","hype" or a "woo". Crack smokers who are being drug tested may also make their "primo" with cigarette tobacco instead of cannabis, since a crack smoker can test clean within 2 to 3 days of use, if only urine (and not hair) is being tested. Cannabis leaves are less potent than the flowers. ... In North America, a blunt is a cigar filled with marijuana. ... Primo can refer to the following: Primo is the name of a play adapted by Antony Sher from a Holocaust memoir written by Primo Levi. ...

Mechanism of action

Cocaine is a potent blocker of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and a less potent blocker of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and serotonin transporter (SERT). Cocaine also blocks sodium channels, thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials; thus, like lidocaine and novocaine, it acts as a local anesthetic. The locomotor enhancing properties of cocaine may be attributable to its enhancement of dopaminergic transmission from the substantia nigra. Introduction There are several different monoamine transporters. ... Introduction There are several different monoamine transporters. ... The serotonin transporter is a monoamine transporter protein. ... Another, unrelated ion channeling process is part of ion implantation. ... A. Schematic of an electrophysiological recording of an action potential showing the various phases which occur as the wave passes a point on a cell membrane. ... Lidocaine (INN) or lignocaine (former BAN) is a popular local anesthetic often used in dentistry or topically. ... Procaine hydrochloride is a local anesthetic used primarily in dentistry. ... The substantia nigra (Latin for black substance) is a portion of the midbrain thought to be involved in certain aspects of movement and attention. ...

After cocaine is introduced to the body it travels to reward areas of the brain: the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. These areas are saturated with dopamine synapses. Normally, after dopamine is released in the synaptic cleft, it binds to the dopamine receptors; reuptake sites (protein transported structures) will utilize the rest of the neurotransmitter (dopamine). In the presence of cocaine the normal process of reuptaking is breached. Cocaine binds to the uptake sites, which leaves a higher concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. The higher activation of dopamine receptors in the post-synaptic cell causes various intracellular changes, which ultimately lead to changes in firing patterns. The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus. ... The nucleus accumbens (also known as the accumbens nucleus or nucleus accumbens septi) is a collection of neurons located where the head of the caudate and the anterior portion of the putamen meet just lateral to the septum pellucidum. ...

Since nicotine increases the levels of dopamine in the brain, many cocaine users find that consumption of tobacco products during cocaine use enhances the euphoria. This, however, may have undesirable consequences, such as uncontrollable chain smoking during cocaine use (even users who don't normally smoke cigarettes have been known to chain smoke when using cocaine), in addition to the detrimental health effects and the additional strain on the cardiovascular system caused by tobacco. Nicotine is an organic compound, an alkaloid found naturally throughout the tobacco plant, with a high concentration in the leaves. ... Species N. glauca N. longiflora N. rustica N. sylvestris N. tabacum Ref: ITIS 30562 as of 2002-08-28 Tobacco () is a broad-leafed plant of the nightshade family, indigenous to North and South America, whose dried and cured leaves are often smoked (see tobacco smoking) in the form of... A chain smoker is, pugnantly, a man or woman who lights each new cigarette from the one he or she is just finishing. ...

Metabolism and excretion

Cocaine is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver, with only about 1% excreted unchanged in the urine. It is mostly eliminated as benzoylecgonine, the major metabolite of cocaine, and is also excreted in lesser amounts as ecgonine methyl ester and ecgonine. Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος (metabolismos), the Greek word for change, or overthrow (Etymonline)), is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ... Benzoylecgonine is the major metabolite of cocaine. ... A metabolite is the product of metabolism. ...

If taken with alcohol, cocaine combines with the ethanol in the liver to form cocaethylene, which is both more euphorigenic and has higher cardiovascular toxicity than cocaine by itself. Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. ... Cocaethylene is the chemical that is formed when cocaine and alcohol mix inside the body. ... Euphoria may refer to: A psychological state of intense good feeling, see happiness Euphoria (band), a psychedelic music group Euphoria (1997 album), an album by Leftover Salmon Euphoria (1999 album), an album by Def Leppard Euphoria programming language In computing, an XMMS plugin made with the Enlightenment foundation libraries. ... The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ...

Cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine for up to two days after cocaine is used. Benzoylecgonine can be detected in urine within four hours after cocaine inhalation and remains detectable in concentrations greater than 1000 ng/ml for as long as 48 hours. Detection in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out.

Effects and health issues

Cocaine is a potent central nervous system stimulant. Its effects last from 20 minutes to several hours, dependent upon the dosage of cocaine taken and its purity. The vertebrate central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. ... A stimulant is a drug which increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria or awakeness. ...

The initial signs of stimulation are hyperactivity, restlessness, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate and euphoria. The euphoria is quickly followed by feelings of discomfort and depression and a craving to re-experience the drug. Side effects can include twitching and paranoia, which usually increase with frequent usage. Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. ... The heart rate is the number of contractions of the heart in one minute. ... Euphoria may refer to: A psychological state of intense good feeling, see happiness Euphoria (band), a psychedelic music group Euphoria (1997 album), an album by Leftover Salmon Euphoria (1999 album), an album by Def Leppard Euphoria programming language In computing, an XMMS plugin made with the Enlightenment foundation libraries. ...

With excessive dosage the drug can produce hallucinations, paranoid delusions, tachycardia, itching, and formication. A hallucination is a false sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus, as distinct from an illusion, which is a misperception of an external stimulus. ... Tachycardia is an abnormally rapid beating of the heart, defined as a resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. ... An itch (Latin: pruritus) is a sensation felt on an area of skin that makes a person or animal want to scratch it. ... Formication is a tactile hallucination that insects or snakes are crawling over or under the skin. ...

Overdose causes tachyarrhythmias and a marked elevation of blood pressure. These can be life threatening, especially if the user has existing cardiac problems.

Toxicity results in seizures, followed by respiratory and circulatory depression of medullar origin. This may lead to death from respiratory failure, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, or heart-failure. Cocaine is also highly pyrogenic, because the stimulation and increased muscular activity cause greater heat production. Heat loss is inhibited by the intense vasoconstriction. Cocaine-induced hyperthermia may cause muscle cell destruction and myoglobinuria resulting in renal failure. There is no specific antidote for cocaine overdose. Respiratory failure is a medical term for inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system. ... A stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted by occlusion (an ischemic stroke- approximately 90%of strokes) or by hemorrhage (a hemorrhagic stroke - approximately 10% of strokes). ... A cerebral hemorrhage is bleeding directly into the brain parenchyma (tissue) itself, otherwise known as hemorrhagic stroke. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. ... The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... Hyperthermia, also known as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an acute condition resulting from the body producing or absorbing more heat than it can dissipate, usually due to excessive exposure to heat. ... Renal failure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. ...

Cocaine abuse is associated with a lifetime risk of heart attack that is seven times that of non-users. During the hour after cocaine is used, heart attack risk rises 24-fold. It accounts for 25% of the heart attacks in the 18–45 year-old age group. A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ... A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ...

Side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include chest pain, lung trauma, shortness of breath, sore throat, hoarse voice, dyspnea, and an aching, flu-like syndrome. A common misconception is that the smoking of cocaine breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Although this isn't true, the lifestyle of frequent cocaine users may include poor dental hygiene, which often results in tooth decay. In addition, cocaine often causes involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxism, which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis. Dyspnea (Latin dyspnoea, Greek dyspnoia from dyspnoos - short of breath) or shortness of breath (SOB) is perceived difficulty breathing or pain on breathing. ... Negatively stained flu virions. ... Tooth Enamel is the hardest and most mineralized substance of the body , and with dentin and cementum is one of the three major parts of the tooth. ... Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ... Bruxism (derived from Greek βρυγμός, male noun - grinding [teeth]) is grinding of the teeth. ... Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums (gingiva) around the teeth due to improper cleaning of teeth. ...

Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils (the Septum nasi), leading eventually to its complete disappearance. Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. ... A nostril is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening. ... The septum nasi is actually the central bone in the nose, separating the two nostrils. ...

Cocaine as a local anesthetic

Cocaine is historically useful as a topical anesthetic in eye and nasal surgery. The major disadvantages of this use are cocaine's intense vasoconstrictor activity and potential for cardiovascular toxicity. Cocaine has now been almost entirely replaced in Western medicine by synthetic local anaesthetics such as benzocaine, proparacaine, and tetracaine. If vasoconstriction is desired for a procedure (as it reduces bleeding), the anesthetic is combined with a vasoconstrictor such as phenylephrine or epinephrine. Cocaine does not appear to be available commercially for medical use in the United States. A local anesthetic is a drug that reversibly inhibits the propagation of signals along nerves. ... A vasoconstrictor is any substance that acts to constrict blood vessels, i. ... The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ... Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever. ... Phenylephrine hydrochloride is an α-agonist used medically to increase blood pressure, as a nasal decongestant and also to dialate the pupil. ... Epinephrine (INN) or adrenaline (BAN) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. ...

Cocaine addiction

Cocaine addiction is obsessive or uncontrollable abuse of cocaine. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) shows promising results. Spiritual based Twelve-step programs such as Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous) have some success combating this problem. A cocaine vaccine is also being tested which may prevent the recipient from feeling the desirable effects of the drug. Cognitive therapy or cognitive behavior therapy is a kind of psychotherapy used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, and other forms of mental disorder. ... A twelve-step program (or programme) is a fellowship which aims at the recovery of its members from the consequences of an addiction, a compulsion, or another harmful influence on their lives, with the help of the Twelve Steps. ... Cocaine Anonymous, or CA, is a twelve-step program to help people suffering from an addiction to cocaine. ... Alcoholics Anonymous (known commonly as A.A. or AA) is a world-wide fellowship of alcoholics whose primary purpose is to stay sober and carry the message of recovery from alcoholism through the Twelve Steps. ...

Cocaine has positive reinforcement effects, which refers to the effect that certain stimuli have on behavior. Good feelings become associated with the drug, causing a frequent user to take the drug as a response to bad news or mild depression. This activation strengthens the response that was just made. If the drug was taken by a fast acting route such as injection or inhalation, the response will be the act of taking more cocaine, so the response will be reinforced. Powder cocaine, being a club drug is most commonly available in the evening and night hours. Since cocaine is a stimulant, a user will often drink large amounts of alcohol during and after usage in order to sleep. These several hours of temporary relief and pleasure will further reinforce the positive response. Other downers such as heroin and various pharmaceuticals are often used for the same purpose, further increasing addiction potential and harmfulness. Club Drugs are a category of recreational drugs which are popular at dance clubs, parties, and rock concerts. ...

It is speculated that cocaine's addictive properties stem from its DAT-blocking effects (in particular, increasing the dopaminergic transmission from ventral tegmental area neurons). However, a study has shown that mice with no dopamine transporters still exhibit the rewarding effects of cocaine administration [2]. Later work demonstrated that a combined DAT/SERT knockout eliminated the rewarding effects [3]. The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus. ...

Treatment

GVG

Positron Emission Tomography scans showing the average level of dopamine receptors in 6 primates's brains. Red is high- and blue is low-concentration of dopamine receptors. The higher the level of dopamine, the fewer receptors there will be.

Studies have shown that gamma vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid (gamma vinyl-GABA, or GVG), a drug normally used to treat epilepsy, blocks cocaine's action in the brains of primates. GVG increases the amount of the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain and reduces the level of dopamine in the region of the brain which is thought to be involved in addiction. In January 2005 the US Food and Drug Administration gave permission for a Phase I clinical trial of GVG for the treatment of addiction. Another drug currently tested for anti-addictive properties is the cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant. (Work of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. ... (Work of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. ... Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ... In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the supervisory center of the nervous system. ... Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans. ... Chemical structure of GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter in widely divergent species. ... Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced in the body. ... January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ... Rimonabant or SR141716A is an anorectic anti-obesity drug. ...

GBR 12909

GBR 12909 (Vanoxerine) is a selective dopamine uptake inhibitor. Because of this, it reduces cocaine's effect on the brain, and may help to treat cocaine addiction. Studies have shown that GBR, when given to primates, suppresses cocaine self-administration.

Venlafaxine

Venlafaxine (Effexor) is also a dopamine uptake inhibitor, and has been successfully used to combat cocaine addiction. Venlafaxine hydrochloride is a prescription antidepressant first introduced by Wyeth in 1993, and marketed under the trade names Effexor® for tablets and Effexor XR® for extended-release capsules. ... Venlafaxine hydrochloride is a prescription antidepressant first introduced by Wyeth in 1993, and marketed under the tradename Effexor®. It is used primarily for the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder in adults. ...

Legal status

The production, the distribution and the sales of cocaine products are restricted (and illegal in most contexts) in most countries.

Africa

• In Nigeria, it is a crime to be seen with cocaine.

Asia

Australia & Oceania

• New Zealand: Cocaine is a Class A drug. The coca leaf and preparations of cocaine containing no more than 0.1% cocaine base, in such a way that the cocaine cannot be recovered, are both classified as Class C.

Europe

• The United Kingdom: Cocaine is a Class A drug, controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

North America

• Canada: Cocaine is a Schedule I drug.
• The United States of America: Cocaine is classified as a Schedule II stimulant.

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA), Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, is the legal foundation of the United States governments fight against the abuse of drugs and other substances. ... The Controlled Substances Act (CSA), Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, is the legal foundation of the United States governments fight against the abuse of drugs and other substances. ... A stimulant is a drug which increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria or awakeness. ...

South America

Usage

In the United States

Overall usage

The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) reported in 1999 that cocaine was used by 3.7 million Americans, or 1.7 percent of the household population aged 12 and over. Estimates of the current number of those who use cocaine regularly (at least once per month) vary, but 1.5 million is a widely accepted figure within the research community. 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

Although cocaine use had not significantly changed over the six years prior to 1999, the number of first-time users went from 574,000 in 1991, to 934,000 in 1998 — an increase of 63%. While these numbers indicated that cocaine is still widely present in the United States, cocaine use was significantly less prevalent than it was during the early 1980s. Cocaine use peaked in 1982 when 10.4 million Americans (5.6 percent of the population) reportedly used cocaine. 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Usage among youth

The 1999 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey found the proportion of American students reporting use of powder cocaine rose during the 1990s. In 1991, 2.3 percent of eighth-graders stated that they had used cocaine in their lifetime. This figure rose to 4.7 percent in 1999. For the older grades, increases began in 1992 and continued through the beginning of 1999. Between those years, lifetime use of cocaine went from 3.3 percent to 7.7 percent for tenth-graders and from 6.1 percent to 9.8 percent for twelfth-graders. Lifetime use of crack cocaine, according to MTF, also increased among eighth-, tenth-, and twelfth-graders, from an average of 2 percent in 1991 to 3.9 percent in 1999. 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Monitoring the Future is an annual survery given to 50,000 8th, 10th and 12th graders in the United States to determine drug use trends and patterns. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Perceived risk and disapproval of cocaine and crack use both decreased during the 1990s at all three grade levels. The 1999 NHSDA found the highest rate of monthly cocaine use was for those aged 18–25 at 1.7 percent, an increase from 1.2 percent in 1997. Rates declined between 1996 and 1998 for ages 26–34, while rates slightly increased for the 12–17 and 35+ age groups. Studies also show people are experimenting with cocaine at younger ages. NHSDA found a steady decline in the mean age of first use from 23.6 years in 1992 to 20.6 years in 1998.

Availability

Cocaine is readily available in all major U.S. metropolitan areas. According to the Summer 1998 Pulse Check, published by the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, cocaine use had stabilized across the country, with a few increases reported in San Diego, Bridgeport, Miami, and Boston. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be because some users were switching to methamphetamine, which was cheaper and provides a longer-lasting high. Numbers of cocaine users are still very large, with a concentration among city-dwelling youth. The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), a component of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, was established in 1988 by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act. ... San Diego County in the Southwest corner of California. ... Bridgeport (41n10, 73w12 EST) is the largest city by population in Connecticut, and is located in southeastern Fairfield County, Connecticut. ... The Miami skyline, as it is seen from the northeast on Biscayne Bay. ... Nickname: Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe), Athens of America Location in Suffolk County, Massachusetts Founded  -Incorporated September 17, 1630 1820, as a city  County Suffolk County Mayor Thomas Menino (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 232. ... Methamphetamine is a synthetic stimulant drug which induces a strong feeling of euphoria and is highly psychologically addictive. ...

Sources

In 1999, Colombia was the world's leading producer of cocaine. Three-quarters of the world's annual yield of cocaine was produced there, both from cocaine base imported from Peru and Bolivia, and from locally grown coca. There was a 28 percent increase in the amount of potentially harvestable coca plants in Colombia in 1998. This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation. 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Binomial name Erythroxylon coca For the American comedian, see Imogene Coca. ... Binomial name Erythroxylon coca For the American comedian, see Imogene Coca. ... 1998 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Distribution

Cocaine shipments from South America transported through Mexico or Central America are generally moved over land or by air to staging sites in northern Mexico. The cocaine is then broken down into smaller loads for smuggling across the U.S.–Mexico border. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States are in Arizona, southern California, southern Florida, and Texas. Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U.S.-Mexico border. South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America. ... State nickname: The Grand Canyon State, The Copper State Other U.S. States Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Governor Janet Napolitano (D) Official languages English Only State Area 295,254 km² (6th)  - Land 294,312 km²  - Water 942 km² (0. ... State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ... State nickname: Sunshine State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush (R) Official languages English Area 170,451 km² (22nd)  - Land 137,374 km²  - Water 30,486 km² (17. ... State nickname: Lone Star State Other U.S. States Capital Austin Largest city Houston Governor Rick Perry (R) Official languages None. ...

Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as "mules", who enter the United States either legally through ports of entry or illegally through undesignated points along the border. Colombian traffickers have also started using a new concealment method whereby they add chemical compounds to cocaine hydrochloride to produce "black cocaine". The cocaine in this substance is not detected by standard chemical tests or drug-sniffing canines.

Cocaine traffickers from Colombia, and recently Mexico, have also established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug. The traffickers use a variety of smuggling techniques to transfer their drug to U.S. markets. These include airdrops of 500–700 kg in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico, mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of 500–2,000 kg, and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami. These lollipops, above, were found to contain heroin when inspected by the DEA. Smuggling is illegal transport, in particular across a border. ... ... State nickname: Sunshine State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush (R) Official languages English Area 170,451 km² (22nd)  - Land 137,374 km²  - Water 30,486 km² (17. ... The Commonwealth of The Bahamas is an independent English_speaking nation in the West Indies. ... This article is about the city in Florida. ...

Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean–Gulf of Mexico area. These vessels are typically 150–250 foot (50–80 m) coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2.5 tonnes. Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats, as those used by the local populations. ... The Gulf of Mexico is a major body of water bordered and nearly landlocked by North America. ... A go-fast is the preferred boat of many smugglers. ...

Books about cocaine

• Cocaine: an unauthorized biography by Dominic Streatfeild
• Über Coca by Sigmund Freud
• The Triumph of Surgery by Jürgen Thorwald - Ch. 6 - The second battle against Pain (The early use of cocaine solution in eye surgery)
• More, Now, Again by Elizabeth Wurtzel

Dominic Streatfeild is the author of the book Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography, which catalogues the history of cocaine and its many uses. ... Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939) was an Austrian psychiatrist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. ... Elizabeth Wurtzel (born July 31, 1967 in New York City, New York, USA) is an American writer. ...

Movies about cocaine

• New Jack City directed by Mario Van Peebles
• Blow directed by Ted Demme
• Scarface directed by Brian de Palma
• Traffic directed by Steven Soderbergh

New Jack City is a 1991 crime thriller starring Wesley Snipes, Ice T, Mario Van Peebles, Judd Nelson and Chris Rock. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Blow is a 2001 drama film directed by Ted Demme, about an American cocaine smuggler. ... Ted Demme (October 26, 1963 - January 13, 2002) was an American film director and producer. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Photo of director Brian De Palma (born September 11, 1940 in Newark, New Jersey) is an American film director. ... Traffic is a film directed by Steven Soderbergh that explores the intricacies of the illegal drug trade from a number of perspectives: user, enforcer, politician and trafficker. ... Steven Soderbergh (born January 14, 1963, Atlanta, Georgia) is an American film director. ...

Music about cocaine

• "Bales of Cocaine" by The Reverend Horton Heat
• "Bananas and Blow" by Ween
• "Casey Jones" by The Grateful Dead
• "Chasin' the Dragon" by D. Goodacre
• "Cocaine" by Jackson Browne
• "Cocaine" by J.J. Cale (best known for its Eric Clapton cover version)
• "Cocaine" by Yakooza
• "Cocaine and Toupees" by Mindless Self Indulgence
• "Cocaine Blues" by Woody Guthrie, covered by many others including Johnny Cash
• "Cocaine Business" by Noreaga
• "Cocaine Carolina" by Johnny Cash & David Allan Coe
• "Der Kommissar" by Falco
• "Gold Dust Woman" by Fleetwood Mac
• "Gold Mine Gutted" by Bright Eyes
• "Happy Wacky Dust" by Stanley Adams & Oscar Levant
• "Kokain" by Rammstein
• "Lit Up" by Buckcherry
• "Lua" by Bright Eyes
• "Master of Puppets" by Metallica
• "Moonlight Mile" by the Rolling Stones
• "Peruvian Cocaine" by Immortal Technique
• "Psycho" by System of a Down
• "Quiet Storm" by Mobb Deep
• "Snowblind" by Black Sabbath
• "Snowblind" by Styx
• "Snowblind" by Ace Frehley
• "Sometimes I Rhyme Slow" by Nice and Smooth
• "Station to Station" by David Bowie
• "Sweet Cocaine" by Fred Neil
• "(What's The Story) Morning Glory" by Oasis
• "White Line" by Neil Young
• "White Lines (Don't Do It)" by Grandmaster Flash

The Reverend Horton Heat: Scott Churilla (left), Jim Reverend Horton Heath (center), Jimbo Wallace (right) The Reverend Horton Heat is both 3 piece psychobilly / rockabilly band from Dallas, Texas and the stage name of its singer/songwriter, Jim Heath (born 1959 in Corpus Christi, Texas). ... Ween is an alternative music duo formed in 1984 in New Hope, Pennsylvania when Mickey Melchiondo and Aaron Freeman met in a high school typing class. ... The Grateful Dead in the late 1970s: (from left) Mickey Hart, Phil Lesh, Jerry Garica, Brent Mydland, Bill Kreutzmann, Bob Weir The Grateful Dead, often referred to as The Dead, was an American psychedelia-influenced jam band, formed in 1965 in San Francisco from the remnants of another band, Mother... Jackson Browne Jackson Browne (born October 9, 1948) is an influential American singer-songwriter. ... J.J. Cale (born December 5, 1938) is an American songwriter and musician, best known for writing two songs that Eric Clapton made famous, After Midnight and Cocaine. He was born Jean Jacques Cale in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and raised in Tulsa. ... Eric Clapton at the Tsunami Relief concert in Cardiffs Millennium Stadium, January 22nd 2005 Eric Patrick Clapton CBE (born March 30, 1945) is a British guitarist and composer, nicknamed slowhand. ... In pop music a cover version is a new rendition of a previously recorded song. ... Yakooza is a German electronic music group made up of Uwe Wagenknecht and Mike Misar. ... Mindless Self Indulgences four band members (from left to right: Kitty; Urine; Steve, Righ?; and LynZ) Mindless Self Indulgence, commonly referred to as MSI, is an American punk band. ... Woody Guthrie Woodrow Wilson Guthrie (July 14, 1912 – October 3, 1967), known almost universally as Woody, was a folk singer and raconteur who wrote some of Americas best-loved songs. ... Johnny Cash (February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was a vastly influential singer and songwriter. ... Johnny Cash (February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was a vastly influential singer and songwriter. ... David Allan Coe (born September 6, 1939) is an American country music singer who achieved his greatest popularity in the 1970s. ... Falco (Johann Hölzel), Austrian pop-star whose albums became #1 multiple times on the charts in both Europe and North America during the 1980s Falco (February 19, 1957 - February 6, 1998) was the stage name of the classical music prodigy turned Austrian rock star, Johann Hölzel (also Hans... Fleetwood Mac during their 1970s commericial heyday. ... The name Bright Eyes has multiple meanings The indie rock band. ... Stanley Adams (Singer/Songwriter) Stanley Adams (1907 - 1994) was a U.S. lyricist and songwriter. ... Oscar Levant (Pittsburgh, December 27, 1906 – August 14, 1972) was a pianist and an actor, better known for his mordant character and witticisms than his music. ... Rammstein are a German band formed in 1993. ... Buckcherry is a rock and roll band that reached its commercial success with Lit Up, the first single from their debut album. ... Conor Oberst Bright Eyes is an indie rock band fronted by Conor Oberst, an American singer-songwriter from Nebraska. ... Old logo, as used in Master Of Puppets, circa 1986. ... This article is about the rock band. ... Immortal Technique Immortal Technique is an activist and political rapper. ... System of a Down (circa 2002) left to right: Serj Tankian, Shavo Odadjian, Daron Malakian and John Dolmayan System of a Down is an alternative metal band from Glendale, California, USA consisting of Serj Tankian (vocals, keyboards), John Dolmayan (drums), Daron Malakian (guitar, vocals) and Shavo Odadjian (bass), and known... Clockwise starting from the left, Bill Ward, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Ozzy Osbourne This article is about the British heavy metal band. ... Styx has several meanings: In Greek mythology, the river Styx formed the boundary between the living world and the underworld. ... Ace Frehley Paul Daniel Frehley (born April 27, 1951) aka Ace Frehley, is best known as the lead guitarist for the rock band KISS. Frehley joined Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons and Peter Criss in the early 1970s as lead guitarist for their then-unnamed band. ... Nice and Smooth was an East Coast rap duo consisting of Gregg Nice and Smooth B. Together, they made several albums in the late 1980s and early 1990s to little popular appeal, though their second album (Aint a Damn Thing Changed, 1989) was a commercial success that included a... David Bowie today. ... Fred Neil (March 16, 1936 - July 7, 2001) was an important white blues and folk singer and songwriter in the 1960s and early 1970s. ... The bands nucleus - The Gallagher brothers Noel and Liam - in a rare moment of laughter Oasis is a British rock band, originally formed in Manchester. ... For the former Canadian politician see Neil Young (politician) Neil Young with guitar (from the 1991 Weld tour) Neil Young (born November 12, 1945 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian singer-songwriter who has become one of the most respected and influential musicians of his generation. ... DJ Grandmaster Flash was one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing. ...

See also

• Benzocaine
• Coca eradication
• Cuscohygrine
• Dihydrocuscohygrine
• Drug addiction
• Ecgonine benzoate
• Hydroxytropacocaine
• Hygrine
• Methylecgonine cinnamate
• Novocaine
• Tropacocaine
• Truxilline
• New London police commissioner blames middle-class cocaine users for violence in Colombia and on British housing estates

Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever. ... Coca eradication is a strategy strongly promoted by the U.S. government as part of its War on Drugs to eliminate the cultivation of coca, a plant whose leaves are used in the manufacture of cocaine. ... Cuscohygrine is a pyrrolidine alkaloid found in coca. ... Drug addiction, or dependency is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. ... See Also Cocaine Methylecgonine cinnamate Truxilline Hydroxytropacocaine Tropacocaine Ecgonine Cuscohygrine Dihydrocuscohygrine Hygrine ... An alkaloid found in cocaine Categories: Pharmacology stubs ... Hygrine is a pyrrolidine alkaloid, found mainly in coca leaves (0. ... See Also Cocaine Ecgonine benzoate Truxilline Hydroxytropacocaine Tropacocaine Ecgonine Cuscohygrine Dihydrocuscohygrine Hygrine ... Procaine hydrochloride is a local anesthetic used primarily in dentistry. ...

References

• Nahas, Gabriel G.: The Experimental Use of Cocaine in Human Subjects, Bulletin on Narcotics, 1990.

External links

• Self-test – from Cocaine Addicts Anonymous
• Cocaine User Helping Hand – Internet Portal dedicated to help crack- and cocaine-addicted people. Contains wide variety of information on drug abuse, available treatment, and recovery issues.
• Crack Cocaine in Camden – Site exploring the impact of crack cocaine on a London borough. Included a bulletin board with wide spread of viewpoints in evidence, but it's closed down now.
• Good Drugs Guide
• The Erowid Cocaine Vault
• Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore (Cocaine-Cola) – information about cocaine in Coke
• Addictive properties
• The Mystery of the Coca Plant that Wouldn't Die - Wired Magazine
• Cocaine content of plants
• Cocaine.org – A very thorough information guide on Cocaine and its history, use/abuse, etc.