The Big Bounce is a theorized scientific model related to the creation of the known Universe. It derives from the oscillatory universe interpretation of the Big Bang where the first cosmological event was the result of the collapse of a previous universe.^[1] Model may refer to more than one thing : For models in society, art, fashion, and cosmetics, see; role model model (person) supermodel figure drawing modeling section In science and technology, a model (abstract) is understood as an abstract or theoretical representation of a phenomenon,see; geologic modeling model (economics) model... The Universe is defined as the summation of all particles and energy that exist and the space-time in which all events occur. ... The oscillatory universe is the hypothesis, attributable to Richard Tolman, that the universe undergoes an infinite series of oscillations, each beginning with a big bang and ending with a big crunch. ... According to the Big Bang model, the universe developed from an extremely dense and hot state. ...

According to one version of the Big Bang theory of cosmology, in the beginning the universe had infinite density. Such a description seems to be at odds with everything else in physics, and especially quantum mechanics and its uncertainty principle.^{[citation needed]} It is not surprising, therefore, that quantum mechanics has given rise to an alternative version of the Big Bang theory. Also, if the universe is closed, this theory would predict that once this incarnation of the universe collapses it will spawn another universe in an event similar to the Big Bang after a universal singularity is reached. According to the Big Bang model, the universe developed from an extremely dense and hot state. ... Physical cosmology, as a branch of astrophysics, is the study of the large-scale structure of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. ... The Universe is defined as the summation of all particles and energy that exist and the space-time in which all events occur. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Fig. ... In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a mathematical property of a pair of canonical conjugate quantities - usually stated in a form of reciprocity of spans of their spectra. ... According to the Big Bang model, the universe developed from an extremely dense and hot state. ... The shape of the Universe is an informal name for a subject of investigation within physical cosmology. ...

Recent Developments

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Dr. Martin Bojowald, assistant professor of physics at Penn State recently, July 1, 2007, published results detailing work with Loop Quantum Gravity that mathematically solves the time before the Big Bang and gives new precedence to the oscillatory universe and the Big Bounce theories.^[2] Image File history File links Information. ... Shortcut: WP:WIN Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia and, as a means to that end, also an online community. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOV Wikipedia policy is that all articles should be written from a neutral point of view. ... Shortcut: WP:RULES Wikipedia is a collaborative project and its founders and contributors have a common goal: Wikipedia has some policies and guidelines that help us to work toward that common goal. ... The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related land-grant university in Pennsylvania, with over 80,000 students at 24 campuses throughout the state. ... Loop quantum gravity (LQG), also known as loop gravity and quantum geometry, is a proposed quantum theory of spacetime which attempts to reconcile the seemingly incompatible theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity. ... According to the Big Bang model, the universe developed from an extremely dense and hot state. ... The oscillatory universe is the hypothesis, attributable to Richard Tolman, that the universe undergoes an infinite series of oscillations, each beginning with a big bang and ending with a big crunch. ...

One of the main problems with the Big Bang theory is that at the moment of the big bang, there is a singularity of zero volume and infinite energy. According to the Big Bang model, the universe developed from an extremely dense and hot state. ... According to the Big Bang model, the universe developed from an extremely dense and hot state. ... Singularity has several different meanings: mathematical singularity - a point where a mathematical function goes to infinity or is in certain other ways ill-behaved. ...

However using Loop Quantum Gravity Dr. Martin Bojowald's research is showing that a previously existing universe collapsed, but not to the point of singularity, but to a point before that where Gravity becomes so strongly repulsive, that it rebounds back out, forming a new universe. Loop quantum gravity (LQG), also known as loop gravity and quantum geometry, is a proposed quantum theory of spacetime which attempts to reconcile the seemingly incompatible theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity. ... The Universe is defined as the summation of all particles and energy that exist and the space-time in which all events occur. ... Singularity has several different meanings: mathematical singularity - a point where a mathematical function goes to infinity or is in certain other ways ill-behaved. ... Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ...

His research also details out that some properties of the universe that collapsed to form ours, can also be determined. Some properties of the prior universe are not determinable however due to the Uncertainty Principle. In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a mathematical property of a pair of canonical conjugate quantities - usually stated in a form of reciprocity of spans of their spectra. ...

This work is still in its early stages, and has yet to be verified by other researchers. However this does put the Recycling Universe or Oscillatory Universe back into the mainstream as a major contender for an explanation of the beginnings of our Universe. The oscillatory universe is the hypothesis, attributable to Richard Tolman, that the universe undergoes an infinite series of oscillations, each beginning with a big bang and ending with a big crunch. ... The Universe is defined as the summation of all particles and energy that exist and the space-time in which all events occur. ...

More

According to some oscillatory universe theorists, the Big Bang was merely the beginning of a period of expansion that followed a period of contraction. In this view, one could talk of a Big Crunch followed by a Big Bang, or more simply, a Big Bounce, or 'Bang Bang Bang'. This suggests that we might be living in either the first universe or the 2 billionth universe. The oscillatory universe is the hypothesis, attributable to Richard Tolman, that the universe undergoes an infinite series of oscillations, each beginning with a big bang and ending with a big crunch. ... The metric expansion of space is a key part of sciences current understanding of the universe, whereby space itself is described by a metric which changes over time. ... This article is about the cosmological theory. ...

The main idea behind the quantum theory of a Big Bounce is that, as density approaches infinity, the behavior of the quantum foam changes. All the so-called fundamental physical constants, including the speed of light in a vacuum, were not so constant during the Big Crunch, especially in the interval stretching 10 ^{− 43} seconds before and after the point of inflection. (One unit of Planck time is about 10 ^{− 43} seconds.) This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... In physics, the Planck time (tP), is the unit of time in the system of natural units known as Planck units. ...

If the fundamental physical constants were determined in a quantum-mechanical manner during the Big Crunch, then their apparently inexplicable values in this universe would not be so surprising, it being understood here that a universe is that which exists between a Big Bang and its Big Crunch. The problem of failed universes (those that fail to produce carbon-based life forms) is also resolved.

Objections

One of the main objections to the Big Bounce view is the evidence that has been accumulating that our universe is destined for a Big Freeze or heat death rather than a Big Crunch (see Accelerating universe). However, this evidence does not exclude the possibility that our Big Bang was preceded by the very last Big Crunch, at least the very last one in our vicinity. The Big Freeze (also Big Chill) is a scenario in which the universe becomes too cold to sustain life due to continued expansion and the decay of free energy due to the action of entropy. ... The heat death is a impossible final state of the universe, in which it has run down to a state of no free energy to sustain motion or life. ... The Accelerating universe is the idea that our universe is undergoing accelerated expansion: distant objects are receding from our galaxy with speeds that increase over time. ...

Furthermore, it remains a possibility that a better understanding of quantum foam may result in a re-interpretation of the evidence regarding the fate of our universe. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The objections to this theory, mainly Entropy (Heat Death) may be addressed soon by new work in the Big Rip theories with a new hypothesis called Hadronization with occurs at the final stages of the Big Rip. Hadronization has not been published in any scientific journals yet, so information on it and references to it are not available. Ice melting - classic example of entropy increasing[1] described in 1862 by Rudolf Clausius as an increase in the disgregation of the molecules of the body of ice. ... The heat death is a possible final state of the universe, in which it has reached maximum entropy. ... The Big Rip is a cosmological hypothesis about the Ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, are progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future. ... The Big Rip is a cosmological hypothesis about the Ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, are progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future. ...

See also

• Anthropic principle
• Supernova
• John Archibald Wheeler
• Loop Quantum Gravity

In physics and cosmology, the anthropic principle is an umbrella term for various dissimilar attempts to explain the structure of the universe by way of coincidentally balanced features that are necessary and relevant to the existence of observers (usually assumed to be carbon-based life or even specifically human beings). ... Multiwavelength X-ray image of the remnant of Keplers Supernova, SN 1604. ... John Archibald Wheeler (born July 9, 1911) is an eminent American theoretical physicist. ... Loop quantum gravity (LQG), also known as loop gravity and quantum geometry, is a proposed quantum theory of spacetime which attempts to reconcile the seemingly incompatible theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity. ...

External links

• What Happened Before the Big Bang? (Penn State) July 1, 2007

• Penn State Researchers Look Beyond The Birth Of The Universe (SpaceDaily) May 17, 2006

References

1. ^ Abhay Ashtekar, Tomasz Pawlowski and Parmpreet Singh. Penn State Researchers Look Beyond The Birth Of The Universe Science Daily, May 17, 2006
2. ^ Martin Bojowald. What happened before the Big Bang? Nature Physics, July 1, 2007

• Joao Magueijo. Faster than the Speed of Light: the Story of a Scientific Speculation. Perseus Publishing, 2003.