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Schistosomiasis Skin vesicles created by the penetration of Schistosoma. ...
Schistosomiasis
Classifications and external resources | | | Skin vesicles created by the penetration of Schistosoma. Source: CDC | | ICD-10 | B65 | | ICD-9 | 120 | Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is a disease affecting many people in developing countries. In the form of 'acute' schistosomiasis, it is sometimes referred to as snail fever and cutaneous schistosomiasis may sometimes be commonly called swimmer's itch. In certain African communities the process of overcoming schistosomiasis is an important rite of passage. Although it has a low mortality rate, schistosomiasis can be very debilitating. (Bilharzia, or bilharziosis, is the eponym for schistosomiasis in many countries, after Theodor Bilharz, who first described the cause of urinary schistosomiasis in 1851.) Schistosome dermatitis, or swimmers itch” occurs when skin is penetrated by a free-swimming, fork-tailed infective cercaria. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) is a detailed description of known diseases and injuries. ...
The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) is a detailed description of known diseases and injuries. ...
The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
A disease or medical condition is an abnormality of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, distress, or death to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. ...
This article, image, template or category should belong in one or more categories. ...
Swimmer’s itch, or cercarial dermatitis, is a short-term, immune reaction occurring in the skin of humans that have been infected by water-borne trematode parasites. ...
Shan boy undergoing Poy Sang Long initiation A rite of passage is a ritual that marks a change in a persons social or sexual status. ...
Mortality rate (the word mortality comes from mortal, which originates from Latin mors, death) is the number of deaths (from a disease or in general) per 1000 people and typically reported on an annual basis. ...
Theodor Bilharz (March 23, 1825 – May 9, 1862) was a German physician and an important pioneer in the field of parasitology. ...
Types There are five species of flatworms that cause schistosomiasis. Each causes a different clinical presentation of the disease. Schistosomiasis may localize in different parts of the body, and its localization determines its particular clinical profile. In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ...
Classes Monogenea Trematoda Cestoda Turbellaria The flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Greek platy: flat; helminth: worm) are a phylum of relatively simple soft-bodied invertebrate animals. ...
A disease or medical condition is an abnormality of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, distress, or death to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. ...
Binomial name Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 Schistosoma mansoni is an important human parasite. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) is a detailed description of known diseases and injuries. ...
Species Schistosoma intercalatum Schistosoma intercalatum is an important parasite. ...
The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ...
Binomial name Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852) Schistosoma haematobium is an important parasite. ...
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Binomial name Schistosoma japonicum (Katsurada, 1904) Schistosoma japonicum is an important parasite and one of the major infectious agents of schistosomiasis. ...
Species Schistosoma mekongi Schistosoma mekongi is an important parasite. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Asian people. ...
Geographical distribution and epidemiology The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia and in the Middle East. Schistosoma mansoni is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East; S. haematobium in Africa and the Middle East; and S. japonicum in the Far East. S. mekongi and S. intercalatum are found focally in Southeast Asia and central West Africa, respectively. A tropic is either of two circles of latitude: Tropic of Cancer, at 23½°N Tropic of Capricorn, at 23½°S Tropic is also the name of a town in Utah, United States. ...
For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ...
World map depicting Caribbean : West Indies redirects here. ...
South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
World map showing the location of Asia. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
Binomial name Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 Schistosoma mansoni is an important human parasite. ...
The far east as a cultural block includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia and South Asia. ...
Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...
Western Africa (UN subregion) Maghreb West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ...
An estimated 207 million people have the disease, 120 million symptomatic. A few countries have eradicated the disease, and many more are working towards it. The World Health Organization is promoting efforts working towards this goal. In some cases, urbanization, pollution, and/or consequent destruction of snail habitat has reduced exposure, with a subsequent decrease in new infections. The most common way of getting schistosomiasis in developing countries is by wading or swimming in lakes, ponds and other bodies of water which are infested with the snails (usually of the Biomphalaria, Bulinus, or Oncomelania genus) that are the natural reservoirs of the Schistosoma pathogen. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
The name snail applies to most members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells. ...
Species Species Biomphalaria glabrata Species Biomphalaria obstructa Species Biomphalaria amazonica Species Biomphalaria pfeifferi Species Biomphalaria tenagophila Species Biomphalaria havanensis Species Biomphalaria straminea Species Biomphalaria alexandrina Species Biomphalaria subprona Biomphalaria is an important genus of snail that serves as a natural host for the schistomasomiasis blood fluke. ...
Genera Genus Oncomelania Oncomelania is a genus of snail. ...
Natural reservoir or nidus, refers to the long-term host of the pathogen of an infectious disease. ...
Life cycle
 Schistosomiasis life cycle. Source: CDC Schistosomes have a typical trematode vertebrate-invertebrate lifecycle, with humans being the definitive host. The life cycles of all five human schistosomes are broadly similar: parasite eggs are released into the environment from infected individuals, hatching on contact with fresh water to release the free-swimming miracidium. Miracidia infect fresh-water snails by penetrating the snail's foot. After infection, close to the site of penetration, the miracidium transforms into a primary (mother) sporocyst. Germ cells within the primary sporocyst will then begin dividing to produce secondary (daughter) sporocysts, which migrate to the snail's hepatopancreas. Once at the hepatopancreas, germ cells within the secondary sporocyst begin to divide again, this time producing thousands of new parasites, known as cercariae, which are the larvae capable of infecting mammals. Life cycle of schistomiasis parasite. ...
Life cycle of schistomiasis parasite. ...
Orders not necessarily a complete list Azygiida Echinostomida Opisthorchiida Plagiorchiida Strigeata Strigeatida Trematodes are also known as flukes. ...
The miracidium is the free swimming larva of some Trematoda including the Schistosoma. ...
Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) The name snail applies to most members of the molluscan Class Gastropoda that have coiled shells. ...
The Hepatopancreas is an organ of the digestive tract of arthropods and fish. ...
The miracidium is the small free-swimming larva of some Trematoda including the Schistosoma. ...
Cercariae emerge daily from the snail host in a circadian rhythm, dependent on ambient temperature and light. Young cercariae are highly motile, alternating between vigorous upward movement and sinking to maintain their position in the water. Cercarial activity is particularly stimulated by water turbulence, shadows and human skin chemicals. Penetration of the human skin occurs after the cercaria have attached to and explored the skin. The parasite secretes enzymes that break down the skin's protein to enable penetration of the cercarial head through the skin. As the cercaria penetrates the skin it transforms into a migrating schistosomulum stage. The circadian rhythm is a name given to the internal body clock that regulates the (roughly) 24 hour cycle of biological processes in animals and plants. ...
The newly transformed schistosomulum may remain in the skin for 1-2 days before locating a post-capillary venule; from here the schistosomulum travels to the lungs where it undergoes further developmental changes necessary for subsequent migration to the liver. Eight to ten days after penetration of the skin, the parasite migrates to the liver sinusoids. S. japonicum migrates more quickly than S. mansoni, and usually reaches the liver within 6-8 days of penetration. Juvenile S. mansoni and S. japonicum worms develop an oral sucker after arriving at the liver, and it is during this period that the parasite begins to feed on red blood cells. The nearly-mature worms pair, with the longer female worm residing in the gynaecophoric channel of the male. Adult worms are about 10 mm long. Worm pairs of S. mansoni and S. japonicum relocate to the mesenteric or rectal veins. S. haematobium schistosomula ultimately migrate from the liver to the perivesical venous plexus of the bladder, ureters and kidneys through the hemorrhoidal plexus. A venule is a small blood vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins. ...
A sinusoid is a small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. ...
In anatomy, a mesentery is a part of the peritoneum that connects an internal organ, such as the small intestine, to the abdominal wall. ...
Parasites reach maturity in 6-8 weeks, at which time they begin to produce eggs. Adult S. mansoni pairs residing in the mesenteric vessels may produce up to 300 eggs per day during their reproductive lives. S. japonicum may produce up to 3000 eggs per day. Many of the eggs pass through the walls of the blood vessels, and through the intestinal wall, to be passed out of the body in faeces. S. haematobium eggs pass through the ureteral or bladder wall and into the urine. Only mature eggs are capable of crossing into the digestive tract, possibly through the release of proteolytic enzymes, but also as a function of host immune response, which fosters local tissue ulceration. Up to half the eggs released by the worm pairs become trapped in the mesenteric veins, or will be washed back into the liver, where they will become lodged. Worm pairs can live in the body for an average of four to five years, but may persist up to 20 years. Proteolysis is the directed degradation (digestion) of proteins by cellular enzymes called proteases or by intramolecular digestion. ...
Trapped eggs mature normally, secreting antigens that elicit a vigorous immune response. The eggs themselves do not damage the body. Rather, it is the cellular infiltration resultant from the immune response that causes the pathology classically associated with schistosomiasis. An antigen is any molecule that is recognized by antibodies. ...
A request has been made on Wikipedia for this article to be deleted in accordance with the deletion policy. ...
Pathology Above all, schistosomiasis is a chronic disease. Pathology of S. mansoni and S. japonicum schistosomiasis includes: Katayama fever, hepatic perisinusoidal egg granulomas, Symmers’ pipe stem periportal fibrosis, portal hypertension, and occasional embolic egg granulomas in brain or spinal cord. Pathology of S. haematobium schistosomiasis includes: hematuria, scarring, calcification, squamous cell carcinoma, and occasional embolic egg granulomas in brain or spinal cord. Bladder Cancer diagnosis and mortality are generally elevated in affected areas. Medicine In medicine, a persistent and lasting condition is said to be chronic (from Greek chronos). ...
In medicine (anatomical pathology), a granuloma is a group of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a lymphocyte cuff. ...
In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the portal vein and its branches. ...
In medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation) and cause(s) a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the body. ...
In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
In medicine, hematuria (or haematuria) is the presence of blood in the urine. ...
Otto Skorzeny with a facial scar caused by fencing Scars are areas of fibrous tissue that replace normal skin after destruction of some of the dermis. ...
Dystrophic calcification is the mineralization of soft tissue without a systemic mineral imbalance. ...
In medicine, squamous cell carcinoma is a form of cancer of the carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs, including the skin, the esophagus, the lungs, and the cervix. ...
Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. ...
Clinical features Many infections are subclinically symptomatic, with mild anemia and malnutrition being common in endemic areas. Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama's fever) may occur weeks after the initial infection, especially by S. mansoni and S. japonicum. Manifestations include: Occasionally central nervous system lesions occur: cerebral granulomatous disease may be caused by ectopic S. japonicum eggs in the brain, and granulomatous lesions around ectopic eggs in the spinal cord from S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections may result in a transverse myelitis with flaccid paraplegia. Continuing infection may cause granulomatous reactions and fibrosis in the affected organs, which may result in manifestations that include: Abdominal pain can be one of the symptoms associated with transient disorders or serious disease. ...
Diarrhea or diarrhoea (see American and British English spelling differences) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαÏÏοή = leakage; literally meaning to run through). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting...
Eosinophilia is the state of having high eosinophil granulocytes in the blood. ...
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An analogue medical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ...
The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ...
Hepatosplenomegaly is the simultaneous enlargement of both the liver (hepatomegaly) and the spleen (splenomegaly). ...
Liver of a sheep: (1) right lobe, (2) left lobe, (3) caudate lobe, (4) quadrate lobe, (5) hepatic artery and portal vein, (6) hepatic lymph nodes, (7) gall bladder. ...
The spleen is a ductless, vertebrate gland that is closely associated with the circulatory system, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells in holding a reservoir of blood. ...
A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...
The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ...
Myelitis is a human disease involving swelling of the spinal cord, which disrupts central nervous system functions linking brain and limbs. ...
Paraplegia is a condition in which the lower part of a persons body is paralyzed and cannot willfully function. ...
Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue. ...
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited condition in which numerous polyps to form in the epithelium of the large intestine. ...
In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the portal vein and its branches. ...
Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of fresh red blood. ...
Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. ...
In medicine, hematuria (or haematuria) is the presence of blood in the urine. ...
Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. ...
In medicine, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery or lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion. ...
Glomerulonephritis is a primary or secondary autoimmune renal disease featuring inflammation of the glomeruli. ...
Laboratory diagnosis Microscopic identification of eggs in stool or urine is the most practical method for diagnosis. The stool exam is the more common of the two. For the measurement of eggs in the feces of presenting patients the scientific unit used is epg or eggs per gram. Stool examination should be performed when infection with S. mansoni or S. japonicum is suspected, and urine examination should be performed if S. haematobium is suspected. Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is waste product from an animals digestive tract expelled through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
An electronic program (or programme) guide, or EPG, is a program schedule, typically broadcast alongside digital television or radio signals. ...
Eggs per gram (EPG) is a laboratory test that determines the number of eggs per gram of feces in patients suspected of having a parasitological infection, such as schistosomiasis. ...
Eggs can be present in the stool in infections with all Schistosoma species. The examination can be performed on a simple smear (1 to 2 mg of fecal material). Since eggs may be passed intermittently or in small amounts, their detection will be enhanced by repeated examinations and/or concentration procedures (such as the formalin-ethyl acetate technique). In addition, for field surveys and investigational purposes, the egg output can be quantified by using the Kato-Katz technique (20 to 50 mg of fecal material) or the Ritchie technique.
Eggs can be found in the urine in infections with (recommended time for collection: between noon and 3 PM) and with S. japonicum na S. intercalatum. Detection will be enhanced by centrifugation and examination of the sediment. Quantification is possible by using filtration through a Nucleopore® membrane of a standard volume of urine followed by egg counts on the membrane. Investigation of S. haematobium should also include a pelvic x-ray as bladder wall calcificaition is highly characteristic of chronic infection. Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. ...
Recently a field evaluation of a novel handheld microscope was undertaken in Uganda for the diagnosos of intestinal schistosomiasis by a team led by Dr. Russell Stothard who heads the Schistosomiasis Control Iniative at the Natural History Museum, London. His report abstract may be found here: [[1]]
 Photomicrography of bladder in S. hematobium infection, showing clusters of the parasite eggs with intense eosinophilia, Source: CDC Tissue biopsy (rectal biopsy for all species and biopsy of the bladder for S. haematobium) may demonstrate eggs when stool or urine examinations are negative. Histopathology of the bladder showing clusters of Schistosoma hematobium surrounded by inflammed tissue and eosinophilia. ...
Histopathology of the bladder showing clusters of Schistosoma hematobium surrounded by inflammed tissue and eosinophilia. ...
A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ...
The eggs of S. haematobium are ellipsoidal with a terminal spine, S. mansoni eggs are also ellipsoidal but with a lateral spine, S. japonicum eggs are spheroidal with a small knob.
Antibody detection can be useful in both clinical management (e.g., recent infections) and for epidemiologic surveys. Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody or immunoglobulin is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ...
Epidemiology (Greek epi = upon, among; demos = people, district; logos = word, discourse), defined literally, is the study of epidemics in humans. ...
Treatment Schistosomiasis is readily treated using a single oral dose of the drug Praziquantel. While Praziquantel is safe and highly effective in curing an infected patient, it does not prevent re-infection by cercariae and is thus not an optimum treatment for people living in endemic areas. As with other major parasitic diseases, there is ongoing and extensive research into developing a vaccine that will prevent the parasite from completing its life cycle in humans. // Chemical Designation 2-(Cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino(2,1-alpha)isoquinolin-4-one History Praziquantel was developed in the laboratories (parasitological research) of Bayer AG in Germany (Elberfeld) 30 years ago. ...
Antimony has been used in the past to treat the disease. In low doses this toxic metalloid bonds to sulfur atoms in enzymes used by the parasite and kills it without harming the host. This treatment is not referred to in present-day peer-review scholarship; Praziquantel is universally used. Outside of the US, there is a second drug available for treating Schistosoma mansoni (exclusively) called Oxamniquine. General Name, Symbol, Number antimony, Sb, 51 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous grey Atomic mass 121. ...
Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Atomic mass 32. ...
Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ...
Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a process of subjecting an authors scholarly work or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the field. ...
// Chemical Designation 2-(Cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino(2,1-alpha)isoquinolin-4-one History Praziquantel was developed in the laboratories (parasitological research) of Bayer AG in Germany (Elberfeld) 30 years ago. ...
Oxamniquine is an anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. ...
Under Investigation is the Mirazid , which is a new Egyptian oral drug for treatment with a promising effeciency .
Prevention and hygiene The main focus of prevention is eliminating the water-borne snails which are natural reservoirs for the disease. This is usually done by identifying bodies of water, such as lakes, ponds, etc., which are infested, forbidding or warning against swimming and adding niclosamide, acrolein, copper sulfate, etc., to the water in order to kill the snails. Natural reservoir or nidus, refers to the long-term host of the pathogen of an infectious disease. ...
In organic chemistry, Acrolein or Propenal is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, and it has a chemical formula of CH2=CHCHO. CAS number is 107-02-8. ...
Copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) is the most common copper salt, made by the action of sulfuric acid on the base copper oxide. ...
In 1989, Aklilu Lemma and Legesse Wolde-Yohannes received the Right Livelihood Award for their research on the sapindus-Plant (Phytolacca dodecandra), as a preventative measure for the disease. Jakob von Uexkull, founder of the Right Livelihood Award The Right Livelihood Award, established in 1980 by Jakob von Uexkull, is presented annually in the building of the Swedish Parliament, usually on December 9, to honour those working on practical and exemplary solutions to the most urgent challenges facing the...
Species See text Sapindus is a genus of about 5-12 species of shrubs and small trees in the Sapindaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions in both the Old World and the New World. ...
Recent studies have indicated the possibility of biocontrol of the parasite. Introducing or adding to existing populations of crayfish in the ponds and rivers where the parasite is prevalent would keep host snail populations down, thus significantly reducing the parasite population.
Another important consideration is the impact of man made irrigations schemes in spreading the disease. These can be designed to make it hard for the snails to colonise the water, and to reduce the contact with the local population. UN guidelines were published in the 1950s, but sadly were still being ignored during the 1980 despite the efforts of some clinicians to get civil engineers to take it into account in their designs.
See e.g. 10. Charnock, Anne (1980) Taking Bilharziasis out of the irrigation equation. New Civil Engineer, 7 August. Bilharzia caused by poor civil engineering design due to ingnorance of cause and prevention.
Failure for engineers to take this into account is an interesting example of the Relevance Paradox To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
See also Tropical diseases are infectious diseases that either occur uniquely in tropical and subtropical regions (which is rare) or, more commonly, are either more widespread in the tropics or more difficult to prevent or control. ...
References The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
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