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The binational solution, also known as the One-State Solution, is a proposed resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel, with the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which is often claimed to be at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict, is an ongoing dispute between two peoples, Jewish Israelis and Arab Palestinians, that both claim the right to sovereignty over the Land...
Proponents of a binational solution to the conflict advocate a common state in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The West Bank and Gaza Strip would be annexed to Israel, with their Palestinian Arab inhabitants given citizenship and an equal status to the Arab and Jewish citizens of present-day Israel. The new state would have either secular character, or a dual Jewish-Islamic character, rather than being solely Jewish or Islamic.[citation needed] The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ...
Islamist opponents of a binational solution argue that it would run contrary to the goal of an Islamic State ruled under Islamic or sharia law. Arabist opponents criticize it for going against the idea of Arab nationhood. Political Ideologies Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: This article is about political Islamism. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Zionist opponents of a binational solution argue that it would run contrary to the goal of a safe Jewish homeland. They cite both the pre-1948 history of Jews being rioted against by Arabs , and the unwillingness of Palestinians to live at peace with Jews today as reasons why a binational solution would not work. Zionism is a political movement that supports a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, where Jewish nationhood is thought to have evolved somewhere between 1200 BCE and late Second Temple times,[1][2] and where Jewish kingdoms existed up to the 2nd century CE. Zionism is...
The idea of a binational solution is immensely controversial. It has been around for decades with relatively little impact, but in 2003 the demographic challenge, that is, the potential for a near-term majority Arab population and a minority population of Jews west of the Jordan river brought the binational proposition back to centre stage. However, fewer Palestinian survey respondents stated a preference for this solution when given the choice between it and the two state solution.[1] Northern part of the Great Rift Valley as seen from space (NASA) The Jordan River Road sign The Jordan River (Hebrew: × ×”×¨ הירדן nehar hayarden, Arabic: نهر الأردن nahr al-urdun) is a river in Southwest Asia flowing through the Great Rift Valley into the Dead Sea. ...
The two-state solution is the name for a class of proposed resolutions of the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict. ...
Background Arabs and Jews originally lived together under the British mandate. This was essentially a binational arrangement without a state. During this period the 1920 Palestine riots, initiated by Arabs resulted in the murder of 5 Jews and 4 Arabs, with 216 Jews wounded (18 critically) and 23 Arabs wounded (1 critically). This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem from April 4-7, 1920. ...
The Jaffa riots resulted from a secretarian fight among Jews, but the Arabs eventually joined them, falsely thinking they were under attack by Jews. The Jaffa Riots resulted in 45 Jews dead and 48 Arabs dead. 146 Jews were wounded, and 73 Arabs were wounded. (The Arabs died from British troops, not Jews) On May 1, 1921, a scuffle began in Tel Aviv-Jaffa between rival groups of Jewish Bolsheviks, carrying Yiddish banners demanding Soviet Palestine, and Socialists parading on May Day. ...
During the 1929 Palestine riots, tensions developed between the Jews and Muslim Arabs for religious reasons. The violence began when the Arabs killed a Jew in the Bukharan Quarter. Fighting began between both sides, and Arab mobs committed the 1929 Hebron massacre and the 1929 Safed massacre, in which dozens of Jews were killed, wounded and raped. Sir Walter Shaw, in a summarizing report for the British, wrote that: "The outbreak in Jerusalem on the 23rd of August was from the beginning an attack by Arabs on Jews for which no excuse in the form of earlier murders by Jews has been established." To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Hebron massacre of 1929 was the murder by Arab rioters of 67 Jews in Hebron, then part of the Palestine under the British mandate. ...
Sign directing to the section in Safeds cemetery where the Jews murdered in 1929 are buried . The 1929 Safed massacre took place on 29 August during the 1929 Palestine riots. ...
In the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, Arabs killed hundreds of Jews in an attempt to prevent continued Jewish immigration. The British killed thousands of Arabs before the revolt was over. The 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Palestinian Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939. ...
Historic development
Under the British Mandate Binational proposals for a common Jewish-Arab state in Palestine have existed since at least the 1920s. In 1925, Martin Buber in Germany and Judah Magnes in Palestine established Brit Shalom (Covenant of Peace) to promote Jewish-Arab understanding in Palestine. Brit Shalom, which functioned until 1933, stood on a platform of creating "a binational state in which the two peoples will enjoy equal rights as befits the two elements shaping the country's destiny, irrespective of which of the two is numerically superior at any given time" (from their first publication Our Aspirations, 1927). It had a few hundred members, mostly European-born intellectuals like Buber and the journalist Robert Weltsch. Albert Einstein was sympathetic to its vision. The general concept of binationalism was to be adopted by other minority Zionist groups, like Hashomer Hatzair and Mapam, Kedmah Mizracha, the Ichud and the League for Jewish-Arab Rapprochement. Martin Buber (8 February 1878 – 13 June 1965) was an Austrian-Jewish philosopher, translator, and educator, whose work centered on theistic ideals of religious consciousness, interpersonal relations, and community. ...
This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Brit shalom (Hebrew covenant of peace) is a naming ceremony for boys that is intended to replace the traditional brit milah ceremony as an initiative by some, more liberal, Jews that do not approve of circumcision. ...
Robert Weltsch (b. ...
Albert Einstein( ) (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest physicists of all time. ...
Zionism is a political movement that supports a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, where Jewish nationhood is thought to have evolved somewhere between 1200 BCE and late Second Temple times,[1][2] and where Jewish kingdoms existed up to the 2nd century CE. Zionism is...
The Semel Tnua, the official logo of Hashomer Hatzair. ...
Mapam - United Workers Party (in Hebrew: מפם - מפלגת פועלים מאוחדת Mifleget Poalim Meuhedet) was initially a Marxist-Zionist party. ...
Before 1947, many leading Jewish intellectuals were firmly convinced that a binational state could be formed through partnership. One of the most prominent and forceful early advocates of binationalism was Buber, a renowned Jewish theologian. In 1939, shortly after he emigrated from Germany to British-ruled Palestine, he replied to a letter by Mahatma Gandhi, who thought that "Palestine belongs to the Arabs" and the Jews "should make that country their home where they were born."[citation needed] Buber rejected this idea but agreed that there had to be a consensus between Jews and Arabs in Palestine. He believed that Jews and Arabs needed to "develop the land together without one imposing his will on the other". In 1947, he wrote, "we describe our programme as that of a bi-national state - that is, we aim at a social structure based on the reality of two peoples living together... This is what we need and not a "Jewish state"; for any national state in vast, hostile surroundings could mean pre-meditated national suicide." Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: , Hindi: , IAST: mohandÄs karamcand gÄndhÄ«, IPA: ) (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948), was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. ...
However, when the Israeli state gained independence in 1948, Buber accepted it as a positive manifestation of Zionism, and embraced the two-state solution.
Hannah Arendt, known for her analyses of totalitarianism and fascism, also resisted the extremism that she saw as seizing the Zionist movement in 1947. In an article in the May 1948 issue of Commentary, she wrote, Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was a Jewish-German (later American) political theorist. ...
Totalitarianism is a term employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ...
Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests inferior to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on ethnic, religious, cultural, or racial attributes. ...
Commentary Magazine is a journal published by the American Jewish Committee, since 1945. ...
- "A federated state, finally could be the natural stepping stone for any later, greater federated structure in the Near East and the Mediterranean area...The real goal of the Jews in Palestine is the building up of a Jewish homeland. This goal must never be sacrificed to the pseudo-sovereignty of a Jewish state."
In the 1947 UN Special Committee on Palestine Report of Subcommittee Two, three draft solutions to the Palestine conflict are proposed. The third solution called for a unitary democratic state in British Mandate of Palestine. Another proposal, the Morrison Grady Plan, is a British proposal presented by Herbert Morrison in July 1946, calling for federalization under overall British Trusteeship. Ultimately, both solutions failed to win the majority of the UN General Assembly. Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
Herbert Morrison For others named Herbert Morrison, see Herbert Morrison (disambiguation). ...
After the 1947 UN Partition Plan demonstrated international support for the two-state solution, most of the opposition to the concept of a Jewish state, including binationalisms espoused by Martin Buber and Hannah Arendt, evaporated. During this climate change, Arendt also chronicled the sudden repression of dissent in the Zionist movement. After 1947, the official Zionist policy advocated a "Jewish state". On 29 November 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, a plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine, was approved by the United Nations General Assembly. ...
The term Jewish state is sometimes used to describe the State of Israel and refers to its status as a nation-state for the Jewish people. ...
1948 to 1973 With the establishment of Israel in May 1948, a binational solution became largely moot when much of Israel's native Arab population was displaced in the ensuing conflict. Some aspects of the binational ideal - such as equal political rights for the remaining Arabs - were granted in principle, but this was limited by the Israeli leadership's determination that the country would have a Jewish majority and political leadership. Successive Israeli governments have pursued a policy of encouraging Jewish immigration to Israel, known as aliyah, which guaranteed the Jewish majority. Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה, ascent or going up) is a term widely used to mean Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel). ...
On the Arab side, the idea of a binational solution was generally rejected by the Arab national movement, which saw little to gain from it; the Arab leadership were opposed to their people becoming a minority in what they saw as their own country. From their point of view, the huge influx of Jews from Europe and the Middle East represented a gigantic colonisation project, which many saw as being a recreation of the medieval Crusader kingdoms. The Crusades were (and still are) an event seared on Arab collective memory, as was their outcome - the defeat of the Crusaders by Saladin and the subsequent expulsion of the European settlers. A binational solution was not, in other words, something that had any precedent in the Arab history of Palestine. The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade. ...
Artistic representation of Saladin. ...
The binational ideal did not disappear altogether during this period, despite its lack of support, and was given a boost following Israel capturing the Gaza Strip from Egypt and the West Bank from Jordan in the Six Day War of 1967. Israel's victory over its neighbours was greeted by euphoria within Israel, but some critical Israeli and foreign observers quickly recognised the new territories had potential to pose a major long-term problem. The 1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War or June War, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. ...
In the aftermath of the war, there was considerable debate about what to do next. Should the territories be annexed to Israel? In which case, what would be done with the Palestinians? Should they be given citizenship, although that would significantly dilute Israel's Jewish majority? Could they be expelled en masse, although that would come at a terrible cost to Israel's reputation? Should the territories be returned to Arab rule? In which case, how would Israel's security be guaranteed? In the event, the Israel government fudged the question by implementing the controversial policy of Jewish settlements in the territories, establishing "facts on the ground" while keeping open the question of the Palestinians' long-term fate. One of the most contentious issues in the Arab-Israeli Conflict has been the Israeli policy of sponsoring, supporting, and/or tolerating the establishment of Jewish communities in areas that came under Israeli control as a result of the 1967 Six Day War. ...
The dilemma prompted some foreign supporters of Israel, such as the crusading American journalist I.F. Stone, to revive the idea of a binational state. This found little favour in Israel or elsewhere and the binational solution tended to be presented not so much as a potential resolution of the conflict as a disastrous outcome risked by Israeli government policies. As early as 1973, the prospect of a binational state was being used by prominent figures on the Israel left to warn against holding on to the territories. Histadrut Secretary General I. Ben-Aharon, for instance, warned in a March 1973 article for The Jerusalem Post that Israel could not have any real control over a binational state and that Israelis should be satisfied with a state already containing a sizable Arab minority — that is, Israel proper. Isador Feinstein Stone (better known as I.F. Stone) (December 24, 1907 – July 17, 1989) was an iconoclastic American investigative journalist best known for his influential political newsletter, . Stone was born in Philadelphia. ...
The Histadrut (Federation [of labor]) or HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel HaOvdim BEretz Yisrael (ההסתדרות הכללית של ×”×¢×•×‘×“×™× ×‘×רץ ישר×ל) (Hebrew: General Federation of Laborers in the Land of Israel) is the Israeli trade union congress. ...
The May 16, 1948 Palestine Post headline announcing the creation of the state of Israel The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English language broadsheet newspaper, originally founded on December 1, 1932, by American journalist-turned-newspaper-editor Gershon Agron as the The Palestine Post. ...
1973 to 2002 The outcome of the 1973 Yom Kippur War prompted a fundamental political rethink among the Palestinian leadership. It was realised that Israel's military strength and, crucially, its alliance with the United States made it unlikely that it could be defeated militarily. In December 1974, Yasser Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), then regarded as a terrorist group by the Israeli government, declared that a binational state was the only viable solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The change in policy was met with considerable confusion, as it was official PLO policy to replace Israel with a secular and democratic state with a full right of return for all displaced Palestinians, including the Jews who were living in Palestine before 1948. This would effectively have ended Israel's Jewish majority and, by secularising the state, would have weakened its exclusive Jewish character. In short, a binational state on the PLO's terms would mean a different kind of Israel. This prospect is strongly opposed by various sides in Israeli politics. These dates regarding the PLO's adoption of one-state solution differ from the account in Khalidi's The Iron Cage. To Summarize the account there: After the Israeli occupation of the west Bank and Gaza in 1967 the Democratic Front for Liberation of Palestine as well as Fateh, under Arafat, proposed “a single, secular, democratic state in Palestine, in which all faiths would be equal” (Khalidi 191-2). Starting in 1974, both parties then began to support a two-state solution. Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq Aided By Saudi Arabia Pakistan Cuba Uganda Libya, Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly...
Not to be confused with Yasir Arafat (cricketer). ...
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: ‎; or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary organization regarded by the Arab League since October 1974 as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. ...
Despite this, opposition to binationalism was not absolute. Some of those on the Israel right associated with the settler movement were willing to contemplate a binational state as long as it was established on Zionist terms. Members of Menachem Begin's Likud government in the late 1970s were willing to support the idea if it would ensure formal Israeli sovereignty in the West Bank and Gaza. Begin's chief of staff, Eliahu Ben-Elissar, told the Washington Post in November 1979 that "we can live with them and they can live with us. I would prefer they were Israeli citizens, but I am not afraid of a binational state. In any case, it will always be a Jewish state with a large Arab minority." (August 16, 1913 – March 9, 1992) (Hebrew: ×žÖ°× Ö·×—Öµ× ×‘Ö°Ö¼×’Ö´×™×Ÿ) was a Polish-Jewish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ...
Likud (Hebrew: ליכוד, literally means consolidation) is a centre-right political party in Israel. ...
Eliahu Ben Elissar (Hebrew: ) (August 2, 1932 – August 12, 2000) was an Israeli politician and diplomat. ...
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The term Jewish state is sometimes used to describe the State of Israel and refers to its status as a nation-state for the Jewish people. ...
In the mean time, there were considerable internal dissent in adopting the one state solution on the Palestinian side. The Oslo Accords in 1993 raised the hope for a two-state solution, even though the Accords are rejected by various factions on the Palestinian side, including the Hamas, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The Oslo Accords were never fully adopted and implemented by both sides. After the Second Intifada in 2000, many believe that the two-state solution is increasingly losing its appeal. Hamas (Arabic: ; acronym: Arabic: , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement; the Arabic acronym means zeal) is a Palestinian Islamist organization that currently (since January 2006) forms the majority party of the Palestinian National Authority. ...
The emblem of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad shows a map of the land they claim as Palestine (roughly, present-day Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) superimposed on the images of the Dome of the Rock, two fists and two rifles. ...
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Arabic الجبهة الشعبية لتØرير Ùلسطين - al-jabhah al-sha`biyyah li-tahrÄ«r filastÄ«n) is a Marxist-Leninist, nationalist Palestinian political and military organization, founded in 1967. ...
The al-Aqsa Intifada is the wave of violence and political conflict that began in September 2000 between Palestinian Arabs and Israelis; it is also called the Second Intifada (see also First Intifada). ...
Friedlander-Goldscheider demographics study In 1980, Hebrew University professors Dov Friedlander and Calvin Goldscheider published a highly influential study entitled "The Population of Israel," which concluded that - even allowing for a big increase in Jewish immigration - the high birth rate among Arabs would erode the Jewish majority within a few decades. The two demographers predicted that the total population of Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza strip would be 6.7 million by 1990, and some 10 million by the year 2010. By that time, the Jewish population could be only 45% of the total. Friedlander and Goldscheider warned that maintaining Israeli rule in the territories would ultimately endanger the Jewish majority in Israel. Ariel Sharon, then Agriculture Minister in Begin's government, rejected this conclusion; he claimed that Jews would make up 64% of the population in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza strip by the year 2000 if Jewish immigration remained at the rate of about 30,000 a year, although he did not cite any sources for this estimate. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים) is one of Israels biggest and most important institutes of higher learning and research. ...
Map of countries by population Population growth showing projections for later this century Demography is the statistical study of human populations. ...
(Hebrew: , also known by his diminutive Arik ×ָרִיק) (born February 27, 1928) is a former Israeli politician and general. ...
The conclusions of the Friedlander-Goldscheider study soon became a hot political issue between Israel's two main parties, Likud and Labour, in the June 1981 parliamentary elections. Both parties opposed withdrawal to the pre-1967 borders or setting up a Palestinian state, and both supported building more Jewish settlements in the territories and maintaining exclusive Israeli control over Jerusalem. However, Labour argued for building settlements only in areas Israel intended to keep, while handing the rest back to Jordan. Likud was strongly critical of this proposal, claiming that the result would be a binational state spelling "the end of the Zionist endeavour." Many on the left of Israeli politics were already warning that without a clean separation from the Palestinians, the outcome would be either a binational state by default (thus ending Israel's Jewish character) or a South African-style "Bantustan" with a Jewish minority forcibly ruling a disenfranchised Arab majority (thus ending Israel's claims to be a democracy). Likud (Hebrew: ליכוד, literally means consolidation) is a centre-right political party in Israel. ...
Labour or Labor, (Hebrew: העבודה, HaAvoda) is a political party in Israel. ...
Map of the black homelands in South Africa as of 1986 Map of the black homelands in Namibia as of 1978 Bantustan is a territory designated as a tribal homeland for black South Africans and Namibians during the apartheid era. ...
In the event, Begin won the election and announced (in May 1982) a formal policy of "extending state sovereignty ... over Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip" accompanied by a major expansion of Jewish settlement and the granting of "full autonomy" to the Palestinians.
On the Palestinian side, the Israeli opposition to a binational state led to another change of position which evolved gradually from the late 1970s onwards. The PLO retained its original option of a single secular binational state west of Jordan, but began to take the position that it was prepared to accept a separate Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza in land from which Israel had withdrawn under Security Council Resolution 242. Settlements would need to be dismantled and Palestinian refugees allowed to return (to Israel as well as the new Palestine). This new position, formally adopted in December 1988, was overwhelmingly rejected by Israeli public opinion and the main political parties but was subsequently used as the basis of peace discussions in the 1990s. United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. ...
2003 to present Since 2003, there have been renewed interest on binationalism. For example, in 2003, New York University scholar Tony Judt wrote an article titled "Israel: The Alternative" in the New York Review of Books. In the article, Judt deemed the two-state solution as fundamentally doomed and unworkable. Tony Judt (born 1948, London, England) is a British historian, author and professor. ...
The New York Review of Books (or NYRB) is a biweekly magazine on literature, culture, and current affairs published in New York which takes as its point of departure that the discussion of important books is itself an indispensable literary activity. ...
Other leftist journalists from Israel, such as Haim Hanegbi and Daniel Gavron, are also calling the public to face the facts (as they see them) and accept the binational solution. This article has engendered a frenzy media blitz in the UK and US. The New York Review of Books received more than one thousand letters per week on the essay. On the Palestinian side, similar voices are raised. In 1999, the Palestinian activist Edward Said wrote: Edward Wadie Said (Arabic: , transliteration: ) (1 November 1935, Jerusalem – 25 September 2003, New York City) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and outspoken Palestinian activist. ...
“…after 50 years of Israeli history, classic Zionism has provided no solution to the Palestinian presence. I therefore see no other way than to begin now to speak about sharing the land that has thrust us together, sharing it in a truly democratic way with equal rights for all citizens.”[2]
Several high-level Fatah Palestinian Authority officials have voiced similar rhetorics, including Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei, Hani Al-Masri. “Time is running out for a two-state solution,” Britain’s The Guardian newspaper quoted Yasser Arafat as saying in an interview from his West Bank headquarters in 2004. Many political analysts, including Omar Barghouti, believe that the death of Arafat harbingers the bankruptcy of the Oslo Accords and the Two-State Solution. Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
Ahmed Qurei (Abu Alaa) Ahmed Ali Mohammed Qurei (or Qureia; اØمد علي Ù…Øمد قريع), also known by his Arabic Kunya Abu Alaa (أبو علاء) (born March 26, 1937) was prime minister of the Palestinian Authority. ...
The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ...
Not to be confused with Yasir Arafat (cricketer). ...
Omar Barghouti (born 1964) is a founding committee member of The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI). ...
Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993. ...
The two-state solution is the name for a class of proposed resolutions of the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict now explicitly backed by the Israeli and United States governments. ...
Today, the prominent proponents for the one-state solution include Palestinian author Ali Abunimah *, Palestinian lawyer Michael Tarazi *, Jeff Halper *, Israeli writer Dan Gavron *, and American academic Virginia Tilley. They cite the expansion of the Israeli Settler movement, especially in the West Bank, as a compelling rationale for binationalism and the increased unfeasibility of the two-state alternative. They advocate a secular and democratic state while still maintaining a Jewish presence and culture in the region. They concede that this alternative will erode the dream of Jewish supremacy in terms of governance in the long run. Ali Hasan Abunimah (Arabic: ‎) is a Palestinian-American, born of a mother made a refugee in 1948 from the village of Lifta now in Israel, and a father from the village of Battir in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, who co-founded Electronic Intifada, a not-for-profit, independent online...
The Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD) describes itself as a non-violent, direct-action group originally established to oppose and resist Israeli demolition of Palestinian houses in the Occupied Territories. ...
After the 2006 election of the Palestinian parliament, Hamas claimed the majority of the parliamentary seats. Hamas rejected the Two-State Solution in principle. Claiming "Palestine is an Islamic Waqf", Hamas believe that "it is possible for the members of the three religions: Islam, Christianity and Judaism to coexist in safety and security...only under the shadow of Islam."[3], Facing the Hamas challenge, in June 2006, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas called for a controversial referendum by Palestinians on whether to proceed with negotiations for a two-state solution with Israel. Hamas (Arabic: ; acronym: Arabic: , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement; the Arabic acronym means zeal) is a Palestinian Islamist organization that currently (since January 2006) forms the majority party of the Palestinian National Authority. ...
The two-state solution is the name for a class of proposed resolutions of the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict now explicitly backed by the Israeli and United States governments. ...
A waqf (Arabic: وقÙ, plural awqÄf) is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim religious or charitable purposes. ...
This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ...
Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: Ù…Øمود عباس) (born March 26, 1935), commonly known by the kunya or nom de guerre Abu Mazen (ابو مازن), was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) on January 9, 2005, and took office on January 15, 2005. ...
Criticisms The one state solution is typically criticized by those who support the two-state solution. The two-state solution, which is the most supported remedy to the conflict among both Palestinians, Jews, and outside observers, is based on the principles of seperate national sovreignty of both the Palestinians and the Jews. Moderate Israelis and Arabs alike believe that a binational solution is not only unworkable, but also unwanted. The most obvious problem with the binational solution is that it would destroy the Jewish character of the state of Israel due to the high birth rates among Muslims living in the administered territories. Secondly, the idea that the Muslims and the Israelis could live side by side as equals is a problematic one due to the large economic gap between the two peoples. Critics of the binational solution also cite the ethnic/religious conflicts in the binational states of Lebanon and the former Yugoslavia (Dershowitz, 28). Image File history File links Wiki_letter_w. ...
The two-state solution is the name for a class of proposed resolutions of the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict now explicitly backed by the Israeli and United States governments. ...
Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in Latin, ЈугоÑлавија in Cyrillic, English: Land of the South Slavs) describes four political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ...
See also Multiculturalism is the idea or belief that modern societies should embrace and include distinct cultural groups with equal cultural and political status. ...
Judah Leon Magnes (born in San Francisco, California, July 5, 1877; died in New York, New York, October 27, 1948), was a prominent Reform Judaism rabbi in both the United States and Israel. ...
Martin Buber (8 February 1878 – 13 June 1965) was an Austrian-Jewish philosopher, translator, and educator, whose work centered on theistic ideals of religious consciousness, interpersonal relations, and community. ...
Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was a Jewish-German (later American) political theorist. ...
Samuel(Schmuel) Hugo Bergman(n), or Samuel Bergman (December 25, 1883, Prague - †June 18, 1975, Jerusalem) is the Czech-born German and Israeli Jewish philosopher. ...
The Seif Islam Qaddafi proposal is a proposal to create peace for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict between the Palestinians and Israel which was made by Seif Islam Qaddafi, the son of Muammar Qaddafi of Libya, at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London. ...
Tony Judt (born 1948, London, England) is a British historian, author and professor. ...
—Ghada Karmi (1939- ) (Arabic: ‎) is a Palestinian doctor of medicine, author and academic. ...
The two-state solution is the name for a class of proposed resolutions of the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict now explicitly backed by the Israeli and United States governments. ...
References - ^ [[1]]
- ^ Edward Said, ”Truth and Reconciliation,” Al-Ahram Weekly, 14 January 1999
- ^ "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)", MidEast Web, August 18, 1988; "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement", The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, retrieved April 22, 2006.
- "Palestine - Divided or United? The Case for a Bi-National Palestine before the United Nations" by M. Reiner; Lord Samuel; E. Simon; M. Smilansky; Judah Leon Magnes. Ihud Jerusalem 1947. Includes submitted written and oral testimony before UNSCOP; IHud's Proposals include: political, immigration, land, development (Reprinted Greenwood Press Reprint, Westport, CT, 1983, ISBN 0-8371-2617-7)
- Alan Dershowitz. The Case for Peace: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
- Hattis, Susan Lee. The Binational Idea in Palestine during Mandatory Times. Haifa: Shikmona, 1970.
- "Begin Loyalist Given Inside Track for Dayan's Job", Washington Post, November 14, 1979
- "The Population of Israel", Friedlander D. and Goldscheider C., Hebrew University, 1980
- "Fifteen Years' Successful Conquest Has Wounded Israel's Soul", Washington Post, June 6, 1982
- "Demography in the Land of Israel in the Year 2000", Sofer A., Haifa University, 1987
- Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. A Land of Two Peoples: Martin Buber on Jews and Arabs. Gloucester, Mass: Peter Smith, 1994.
- "Jewish and Democratic? A Rejoinder to the "Ethnic Democracy" Debate," Gavison, R., Israel Studies, March 31, 1999
- Leon, Dan. Binationalism: A Bridge over the Chasm. Palestine-Israel Journal, July 31, 1999.
- Tilley, Virginia. The One-State Solution : A Breakthrough for Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Deadlock, University of Michigan Press, May 2005
- Said, E. "The End of the Peace Process: Oslo and After," Granta Books, London: 2000
Edward Wadie Said (Arabic: , transliteration: ) (1 November 1935, Jerusalem – 25 September 2003, New York City) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and outspoken Palestinian activist. ...
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Ernst Akiba/Akiva Simon, or aqibhah Ernst Simon Hebrew: , (March 15, 1899, Berlin - August 18, 1988, Jerusalem) was a German-Israeli Jewish educator (Pädagoge), and relogious philosopher. ...
Judah Leon Magnes (born in San Francisco, California, July 5, 1877; died in New York, New York, October 27, 1948), was a prominent Reform Judaism rabbi in both the United States and Israel. ...
Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American lawyer and law professor. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים) is one of Israels biggest and most important institutes of higher learning and research. ...
The University of Haifa (אוניברסיטת חיפה) is a university in Haifa, Israel. ...
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Peter Smith can refer to: Peter Smith, a Canadian politician involved in the Ontario Bond Scandal in the 1920s. ...
Binational solution is a term most often used in reference to a proposed resolution of the long-running Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ...
Palestine Israel Journal is an independent, non-profit Jerusalem-based quarterly that aims to shed light on and analyze freely and critically, the complex issues dividing Israelis and Palestinians. ...
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (UM, U of M or U-M) is a coeducational public research university in the U.S. state of Michigan. ...
Edward Wadie Said (Arabic: , transliteration: ) (1 November 1935, Jerusalem – 25 September 2003, New York City) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and outspoken Palestinian activist. ...
External links - [2] Haaretz Special Report "Is the two-state solution in danger?" 2004
- [3] onedemocraticstate.org - a comprehensive collection of past and current articles on the subject, and related matters
- [4] ONE-STATE.org - a web campaign for one-state in Israel/Palestine, Temporarily Unavailable on June 2006
- Putting the Pieces Together? a Forum on Binationalism in The Boston Review December 2001/January 2002
- Alternative Palestinian Agenda. Proposal for an Alternative Configuration in Palestine-Israel. Alternative Palestinian Agenda. Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
- [5] The New York Review of Books: Israel: The Alternative by Tony Judt, October 23, 2003
- [6] The London Review of Books: The One-State Solution by Virginia Tilley, November 2003
- [7] The Nation. The One-State Solution by Daniel Lazare, November 3, 2003
- [8] Ha'aretz. No more two-state solution? by Ari Shavit, August 28, 2003
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