n-butanol
Chemical name	1-butanol
Chemical formula	C4H10O
Molecular mass	74.1216(42) g/mol
CAS number	[71-36-3]
Density	0.8095 g/cm3
Melting point	−89.5 °C
Boiling point	117.73 °C
SMILES	CCCCO
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i-butanol
Chemical name	2-butanol
Chemical formula	C4H10O
Molecular mass	74.1216(42) g/mol
CAS number	[78-92-2]
Density	0.8063 g/cm3
Melting point	-88.5 °C
Boiling point	99.51 °C
SMILES	C(C)(C)CO
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t-butanol
Chemical name	2-methyl-2-propanol
Chemical formula	C4H10O
Molecular mass	74.1216(42) g/mol
CAS number	[75-65-0]
Density	0.8095 g/cm3
Melting point	25.69 °C
Boiling point	82.4 °C
SMILES	C(C)(C)(C)O
Disclaimer and references

Butanol (butyl alcohol) is a higher alcohol with a 4 carbon atom structure and a general formula of C₄H₁₀O. There are 4 different isomeric structures for butanol (refer to box). Image File history File links N-butanol. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... Image File history File links I-butanol. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... Image File history File links T-butanol. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... In mathematics and in the sciences, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically (as in a mathematical or chemical formula), or a general relationship between quantities. ... C# redirects here. ... H is also a multi a-side single by Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki. ... This is for the letter O. For Oxygen, see here. ... In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. ...

These butanol isomers, due to their different structures, have somewhat different melting and boiling points. All are moderately miscible in water, less so than ethanol, and more so than the higher (longer carbon chain) alcohols. Like most alcohols, butanol is poisonous.

Uses

Butanol sees use as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical and textile processes, as a paint thinner, as well as a component of hydraulic and brake fluids. It is also used as a base for perfumes, but on its own has a highly alcoholic aroma. A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... Turpentine substitute is a mineral based replacement for the vegetable based organic solvent turpentine. ... Hydraulic fluids are a large group of liquids made of many kinds of chemicals. ... Brake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in brake applications in automobiles and light trucks. ... For the book Perfume by Patrick Süskind, see Perfume (book). ...

Butanol may also be used as a direct biofuel in any standard internal combustion engine engineered for gasoline usage (such as a modern automobile). Butanol is reported to yield 36,000 kJ/kg (15,500 BTU/lb) when burned. This can be expressed volumetrically as 29,200 kJ/l (104,800 BTU/US gal). This means that switching a petrol engine over to butanol results in a fuel consumption penalty of only 10% without engine modification. But as butanol's octane rating is 25% higher than petrol's, increasing the compression accordingly could make 25% more power and >10% more mileage than petrol. A colorized automobile engine The internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... petrol) or Gasoline is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ... A kilojoule (abbreviation: kJ) is a unit of energy equal to 1000 joules. ... The British thermal unit (BTU) is a non-metric unit of energy, used in the United States and, to a certain extent, the UK. The SI unit is the joule (J), which is used by most other countries. ... The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ... The gallon (abbreviation: gal) is an English unit of volume. ...

Note: EEI's David Ramey claims that butanol's mpg is considerably better than gasoline's, even with no engine modifications.

Production

Butanol can be produced by fermentation of biomass with the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism, as it was Chaim Weizmann who first used this bacteria for the production of acetone from starch (with the main use of acetone being the making of Cordite) in 1916. The butanol was a side effect of this fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced). The process also creates a recoverable amount of H₂. Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Clostridium acetobutylicum () is a commercially valuable bacterium, included in the genus Clostridium. ... Chaim Weizmann and Harry S. Truman, May 25, 1948 Chaim Azriel Weizmann (Hebrew: חיים ויצמן) (also: Chaijim W., Haim W.) (November 27, 1874 – November 9, 1952) chemist, statesman, President of the World Zionist Organization, first President of Israel (elected May 16, 1948, served 1949 - 1952) and founder of a research institute in... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Flash point -20 °C Autoignition temperature 465 °C RTECS number AL31500000 Supplementary data page Structure & properties n, εr, etc. ... Starch is a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water, it is used by plants as a way to store excess glucose. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Flash point -20 °C Autoignition temperature 465 °C RTECS number AL31500000 Supplementary data page Structure & properties n, εr, etc. ... Cordite is a particular family of smokeless propellants made by combining two high explosives: nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, i. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...

Butanol fuel

Butanol is a non-corrosive fuel, can be distributed through existing pipelines and used directly in petroleum gasoline cars without the need of retrofit.^{[citation needed]}

From the 1950s, most butanol consumed in the United States is currently produced commercially by derivative from fossil fuels, as an industrial solvent. However, a recent advance in fermentation techniques may change the feedstock of butanol from petrochemical to biomass, making in that way biobutanol. The feedstock are energy crops - sugar beets, sugar cane, corn grain, wheat and cassava - and agricultural byproducts - such as straw and corn stalks Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio Fossil fuels, also known as mineral fuels, are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, oil and natural gas. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ... A feedstock is a petrochemical used as a raw material to be fed into a machine or processing plant. ... A petrochemical is any chemical derived from fossil fuels. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Two sugar beets - the one on the left has been cultivated to be smoother than the traditional beet, so that it traps less soil. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... Look up corn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The word grain has several meanings, most being descriptive of a small piece or particle. ... Species T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat (Triticum spp. ... Binomial name Manihot esculenta Crantz The cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta) is a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrate. ... Straw is the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. ... Look up corn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The word stalk has several basic meanings. ...

David Ramey of Ohio and his company, Environmental Energy, inc. have developed a two-stage fermentation process for biobutanol, that delivers about 42 % more energy than bioethanol for a given amount of feedstock, based on the higher energ content of butanol (some 25% greater than ethanol and closer to gasoline), plus the hydrogen. Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...

In this processes, biomass feedstock is first fed to the bacteria Clostridium tyrobutyricum, where a large percentage is converted into butyric acid and hydrogen. In the second process, the butyric acid is fed to the bacteria Clostridium acetobutylicum, where it is converted into butanol. Ramey has claimed a 100% increase in butanol yield from this process over single fermentation. This, plus evolved hydrogen gas produces 42% more useable BTU energy (butanol + hydrogen gas) than is obtained from the conventional fermentation of ethanol. Ramey claims his biobutanol yield from this process is 42 % from glucose. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A feedstock is a petrochemical used as a raw material to be fed into a machine or processing plant. ... Species Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium aerotolerans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium colicanis Clostridium difficile Clostridium formicaceticum Clostridium novyi Clostridium perfringens Clostridium sordelli Clostridium tetani Clostridium piliforme etc. ... Butyric acid, IUPAC name n-Butanoic acid, or normal butyric acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. It is notably found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, vomit, and the smell of foul, stale, unwashed, rancid human bare feet, and has an unpleasant odor and acrid taste, with... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Clostridium acetobutylicum () is a commercially valuable bacterium, included in the genus Clostridium. ... The British thermal unit (BTU) is a non-metric unit of energy, used in the United States and, to a certain extent, the UK. The SI unit is the joule (J), which is used by most other countries. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ...

The conventional fermentation process produced a number of products as well as biobutanol: acetic, lactic and propionic acids, acetone, isopropanol and bioethanol production. Ramey´s fermentation only produces hydrogen, butyric acid, biobutanol and carbon dioxide. Biobutanol itself could be reformed for hydrogen for use in fuel cells. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ... Lactic acid, also known as milk acid or 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ... Propionic acid (systematically named propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. In the pure state, it is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. ... Isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol is a common name for 2-propanol, an alcohol commonly used for application to the skin, and popularly referred to as rubbing alcohol. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ...

Comparatively, in Ramey's process, a bushel of corn (maize) produces 2.5 US gallons (370 l/Mg), as opposed to 1.3 US gallons per bushel (190 l/Mg) in a traditional fermentative process. This is, nearly doubles the yield of butanol from a bushel of corn. At 2.5 US gallons (up to 2.8 gal.) per bushel, Ramey's anaerobic fermentation process produces a volume of butanol comparable to the volume of ethanol produced from a bushel of corn in the traditional fermentative process. A bushel is a unit of volume, used (with somewhat different definitions) in the systems of Imperial units and U.S. customary units. ... Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ...

DuPont and BP, riding the global wave of enthusiasm for biofuels, announced that the two companies have developed biobutanol that they say has 30% more energy density than ethanol. This article is about the DuPont company. ... BP plc (LSE: BP, NYSE: BP, TYO: 5051 ), originally British Petroleum, is a British energy company with headquarters in London, one of five vertically integrated private sector oil, natural gas, and petrol (gasoline) supermajors in the world, along with Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil, Chevron, and Total. ...

It has been proposed that butanol be synthesized from ethanol through electrolysis.^{[citation needed]} In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...

C₂H₅OH + C₂H₅OH --> C₄H₉OH + H₂ + 1/2 O₂

Biobutanol is non-corrosiveand it can be directly used in petroleum gasoline cars without the need of retrofit vehicles. Corrosion is the destructive reaction of a metal with another material, e. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ) or crude oil is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ... Retrofitting is a term used in e. ...

On the same feedstock basis, biobutanol can deliver emission reductions that are at least as good as bioethanol on the same basis. Biobutanol also enhaces the performance of ethanol blends in gasoline by, almost other things, reducing ethanol´s impact on vapor pressure, one of the issues which hampers a wider use of ethanol in existing distribution channels, so it can be distributed through existing pipelines. Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ...

References

• Continuous two-stage ABE-frementation using Clostridium beijerinckii NRLL B592 operating with a growth rate in the first stage vessel close to its maximal value, J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000 Jan;2(1):101-5.

Abe is the name of: Abraham Lincoln, 16th president of the United States Abe Vigoda (b. ... Vessel can refer to any of the following: Objects Vessel (French vaissel, from a rare Latin vascellum, diminuitive of vas, vase, or urn), a word of somewhat wide application for many objects, the meaning common to them being capacity to hold or contain something. ...

See also

• Agricultural byproduct
• Bioalcohol
• Biofuel
• Biodiesel
• Biohydrogen
• Associated British Foods plc and its subsidiary British Sugar Corporation.
• Destillation
• Energy crop
• Fermentation facility
• List of vegetable oils section on oils used as biofuel
• Solvent

Bioalcohol is alcohol obtained from biological sources, not from petroleum. ... Biofuel is any fuel that derives from biomass — recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts, such as manure from cows. ... Biodiesel sample Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources. ... In business, a subsidiary is a company controlled by another company or corporation. ... Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ... In telecommunication, the term facility has the following meanings: 1. ... Olive oil The following is intended to be a comprehensive list of oils that are extracted from plants. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ...

External links

• http://www.bpdupontbiofuels.com/
• BP and Dupont Biobutanol.
• Dupont, BP join to produce biofuels.
• Biobutanol Fact Sheet (PDF).
• Environmental Energy's Butanol Webpage
• Green Car Congress: Boosting Biomass-to...Butanol?
• butanol 3D view and pdb-file
• Butanol MSDS at Cornell University website
• Acetone-butanol fermertantion revisited.

For a full list of external links, MSDSs, and suppliers of chemical compounds, see Wikipedia:Chemical sources. PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...