Human Brain

The biology of gender is the physical basis for behavioural differences between men and women. It is more specific than sexual dimorphism, which covers physical and behavioural differences between males and females of any sexually reproducing species. Biological research of gender has explored such areas as: intersex physicalities, gender identity, gender roles and sexual preference. Late twentieth century study focussed on hormonal aspects of sexual dimorphism in Homo sapiens. With the successful mapping of the human genome, early twenty-first century research started making progress in understanding gene regulation in the human brain. Image File history File links Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg‎ Lobes of the brain image without labels. ... Image File history File links Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg‎ Lobes of the brain image without labels. ... Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ... An intersexual is a person (or individual of any unisexual species) who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sexual characteristics of indeterminate sex, or which combine features of both sexes. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... A bagpiper in military uniform. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with sexual orientation. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man) is the scientific name for the human species. ... A graphical representation of the normal human karyotype. ... Gene regulation is the general term for cellular control of protein synthesis at the DNA-RNA transcription step. ... In animals the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for thought. ...

In 2006, Alexandra M. Lopes and others published that:

Gene expression, or simply expression, is the process by which a genes DNA sequence is converted into the structures and functions of a cell. ... Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. ... A scale for measuring mass A quantitative property is one that exists in a range of magnitudes, and can therefore be measured. ... Realtime redirects here. ... PCR tubes in a stand after a colony PCR The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemistry and molecular biology technique[1] for exponentially amplifying DNA, via enzymatic replication, without using a living organism (such as E. coli or yeast). ... In genetics, transcription is the first of the two-step protein biosynthesis process. ... In biology, a trait or character is a feature of an organism. ... Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell, a process called transposition. ... Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 distribution of Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often shortened to chimp, is the common name for the two extant species in the genus Pan. ... An evolutionary lineage (also called a clade) is composed of species, taxa, or individuals that are related by descent from a common ancestor. ...

Research

Male-Female Differences

It has long been known that there are correlations between the biological sex of animals and their behaviour.^{[2] [3] [4]} It has also long been known that human behaviour is influenced by the brain. Download high resolution version (800x733, 148 KB)Fred the Peacock tries to woo an unsuspecting Peahen. ... Download high resolution version (800x733, 148 KB)Fred the Peacock tries to woo an unsuspecting Peahen. ... Positive linear correlations between 1000 pairs of numbers. ... Animalia redirects here. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Human behavior is the collection of activities performed by human beings and influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and/or genetics. ...

The late twentieth century saw an explosion in technology capable of aiding sex research. John Money and Milton Diamond made great progress towards understanding the formation of gender identity in humans. Extensive advances were also made in understanding sexual dimorphism in other animals. For example, there were studies on the effects of sex hormones on rats. The early twenty first century started producing even more amazing results concerning genetically programmed sexual dimorphism in rat brains, prior even to the influence of hormones on development. John William Money, Ph. ... Milton Diamond (born 6 March 1934 in New York, New York) is a professor of anatomy and reproductive biology at the University of Hawaii. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ... Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones which interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. ... Genetic programming (GP) is a patented[1] automated methodology inspired by biological evolution to find computer programs that perform a user-defined task. ... Views of a Foetus in the Womb, Leonardo da Vinci, ca. ...

Skuse, David H (2006). "Sexual dimorphism in cognition and behaviour: the role of X-linked genes". European Journal of Endocrinology 155: 99-106.  A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. ... Look up Cognition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ...

Some specific relevant results are as follows. The brains of many animals, including humans, are significantly different for males and females of the species (Goy and McEwen, 1980).^[5] Both genes and hormones affect the formation of many animal brains before "birth" (or hatching), and also behaviour of adult individuals. Hormones significantly affect human brain formation, and also brain development at puberty. Both kinds of brain difference affect male and female behaviour. A result is the final consequence of a sequence of actions or events (broadly incidents and accidents) expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage, advantage, gain, victory or simply a value. ... In statistics, a result is significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance, given that a presumed null hypothesis is true. ... The shield and spear of the Roman god Mars, which is also the alchemical symbol for iron, represents the male sex. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek όρμή - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Birth is the process in animals by which an offspring is shot out from the body of its mama. ... Albrecht Dürer, Veronica, 1513. ...

Comparing Groups

Brain differences also have a statistically measurable effect on an array of abilities. In particular, on average, men are more capable in space and logic while female brains tend to be good at sensory processing. This means the average scores of young men and women in mathematics, for example, will be close, but there will be more men than women in the very low scores and in the very high scores (like red and green, or red and blue).^[6] There is evidence to suggest that forms of autism may be essentially extreme expressions of certain typically male characteristics.^[7] [8] Hormones have also been linked with male aggression.^[9] Download high resolution version (1300x975, 135 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1300x975, 135 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Look up ability in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Ability - the quality of person of being able to perform; A quality that permits or facilitates achievement or accomplishment. ... Senses Senses are a UK based alternative rock band from Coventry. ... Autism is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and American Psychological Association as a developmental disability that results from a disorder of the human central nervous system. ... Aggression is sometimes used to intimidate and coerce during extremely rigorous physical training. ...

There is a lot of variation in men and women that is not yet understood. It cannot be proven that male-ness or female-ness is 100% biological (in fact it almost certainly isn't), but what has been shown is that male-ness and female-ness are certainly not 100% determined by upbringing and culture (social determinism). These issues remain an area of ongoing research, with profound relevance for people of many different types. In music, variation is a formal technique where material is altered during repetition; reiteration with changes. ... Look up proof in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Social determinism is the hypothesis that social interactions and constructs alone determine individual behavior (as opposed to biological or objective factors). ...

For an illustrated description of clear differences between male and female brain response to pain see Laura Stanton and Brenna Maloney, 'The Perception of Pain', Washington Post, 19 December 2006.

Research and ethics

Research Laboratory

One important thing to note about the biological research is that most of it was generally motivated by seeking the causes of diseases in human beings, and ways of treating or preventing those diseases. For example, there is study into genetic predisposition to, or causes of, Alzheimer's disease and mental illnesses. Also: ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1555 KB) Lab bench. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1555 KB) Lab bench. ... The term disease refers to an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs function. ... A genetic predisposition is a genetic effect which influences the phenotype of an organism but which can be modified by the environmental conditions. ... A mental illness or mental disorder refers to one of many mental health conditions characterized by distress, impaired cognitive functioning, atypical behavior, emotional dysregulation, and/or maladaptive behavior. ...

Kennedy, Barbara K (2001). "Key Step in Gene Activation Discovered". Science Journal 18.  Gene modulation redirects here. ... Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... Clinical Examination Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 16-21, depending on the country). ... Leukemia or leukaemia (see spelling differences) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). ...

Research results are relevant to gender issues, but that is not their direct concern. Sexual dimorphism in the brain is important to study, because we may need to apply different kinds of treatment to women and to men. Injections for tetanus work the same for men and women, but involve biological intervention to promote health. Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ...

Perhaps one day science may be able to tell us how we could stop patriarchy by biological intervention; but science can't tell us if patriarchy is a kind of disease. This takes us back to the importance of the moral questions. Pierre Bourdieu, in 1998 wrote: Pierre Bourdieu (August 1, 1930 – January 23, 2002) was an acclaimed French sociologist whose work employed methods drawn from a wide range of disciplines: from philosophy and literary theory to sociology and anthropology. ...

So, if an injection could remove male dominance behaviour, should it be made law for such an injection to be given? Should parents be given the choice, or only mothers? These are ethical questions normally thought to require informed debate. The text of this article has provided information from a number of sources, and recorded different positions offered in the debate so far. There are still many unknowns, but new research is being both conducted and published every year. One new journal (available since 2002) is devoted exclusively to Genes, Brains and Behavior. More literature is provided below. Patriarchy For other uses, see Patriarchy (disambiguation). ...

See also

• Platypus (complex sex chromosomes)

Binomial name Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799) Platypus range (indicated by darker shading)[3] The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a semi-aquatic mammal endemic to eastern Australia and Tasmania. ...

References

External links

• Jonathan Marks. 'Essay 8: Primate Behavior'. In The Un-Textbook of Biological Anthropology. Unpublished, 2007.
• Francesca Lunzer Kritz. 'Not Feeling Each Other's Pain: Men and Women Hurt Differently – and Some of The Difference May Really Be in Their Heads'. The Washington Post. 19 December 2006. Page HE01.
• International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society
• Council for Biblical Manhood and Womanhood

Literature

• Baron-Cohen, Simon. The Essential Difference: The Truth about the Male and Female Brain. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2003.
• Brizendine, Louann. The Female Brain. New York: Morgan Road Books, 2006.
• Brown, Donald E. Human Universals. New York: McGraw Hill, 1991.
• Moir, Anne and David Jessel. Brain Sex: The Real Difference Between Men and Women.
• Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate: A Modern Denial of Human Nature. London: Penguin Books, 2002.