Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physics, to questions of biology. Interdisciplinary work is that which integrates concepts across different disciplines. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Physics (from the Greek, (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the science concerned with the discovery and understanding of the fundamental laws which govern matter, energy, space, and time. ... Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek Βìο meaning life and Λoγος meaning the study of) is the study of life. ...

Biophysics research today comprises a number of specific biological studies, which do not share a unique identifying factor, nor subject themselves to clear and concise definitions. The studies included under the umbrella of biophysics range from sequence analysis to neural networks. In the recent past, biophysics included creating mechanical limbs and nanomachines to regulate biological functions. Nowadays, these are more commonly referred to as belonging to the fields of bioengineering and nanotechnology respectively. The term sequence analysis in biology implies subjecting a DNA or peptide sequence to sequence alignment, sequence databases, repeated sequence searches, or other bioinformatics methods on a computer. ... Simplified view of an artificial neural network A neural network is a system of interconnecting neurons in a network working together to produce an output function. ... Biological engineering (also biosystems engineering and bioengineering) is a broad-based engineering discipline that deals with bio-molecular and molecular processes, product design, sustainability and analysis of biological systems. ... Molecular gears from a NASA computer simulation. ...

Overview

Traditional studies in biochemistry and molecular biology are conducted using statistical ensemble experiments, typically using pico- to micro-molar concentrations of macromolecules. Because the molecules that comprise living cells are so small, techniques such as PCR amplification, gel blotting, fluorescence labeling and in vivo staining are used so that experimental results are observable with an unaided eye or, at most, optical magnification. Using these techniques, researchers in these subjects attempt to elucidate the complex systems of interactions that give rise to the processes that make life possible. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... In physics, a statistical ensemble is a very large set of similar systems, considered all at once. ... Molar may refer to: Molar (tooth), the fourth kind of tooth in mammals. ... A macromolecule is a molecule composed of a very large number of atoms. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Fluorescence induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in vials containing various sized Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. ... Staining is a biochemical technique of adding a class-specific (DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. ... See also list of optical topics. ... Magnification is the process of enlarging something only in appearance, not physical size. ...

Biophysics, in contrast, typically addresses similar biological questions, but the questions are asked at a molecular level. By drawing knowledge and experimental techniques from a wide variety of disciplines (as described below), biophysicists are able to indirectly observe or model the structures and interactions of individual molecules or complexes of molecules. In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ...

In addition to things like solving a protein structure or measuring the kinetics of interactions, biophysics is also understood to encompass research areas that apply models and experimental techniques derived from physics (e.g. electromagnetism and quantum mechanics) to larger systems such as tissues or organs (hence the inclusion of basic neuroscience as well as more applied techniques such as fMRI). Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules present in all biological organisms, made up of such elements as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. ... In physical chemistry, chemical kinetics or reaction kinetics study reaction rates in a chemical reaction. ... Physics (from the Greek, (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the science concerned with the discovery and understanding of the fundamental laws which govern matter, energy, space, and time. ... Electromagnetism is the force observed as static electricity, and causes the flow of electric charge (electric current) in electrical conductors. ... Fig. ... Drawing of the cells in the chicken cerebellum by S. Ramón y Cajal Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. ... Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or fMRI) describes the use of MRI to measure hemodynamic signals related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. ...

Biophysics often does not have university-level departments of its own, but have presence as groups across departments within the fields of biology, biochemistry, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, medicine, pharmacology, physiology, physics, and neuroscience. What follows is a list of examples of how each department applies its efforts toward the study of biophysics. This list is hardly all inclusive. Nor does each subject of study belong exclusively to any particular department. Each academic institution makes its own rules and there is much mixing between departments. Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek Βìο meaning life and Λoγος meaning the study of) is the study of life. ... Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Chemistry (from Greek χημεία khemeia[1] meaning alchemy) is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular scale, dealing primarily with collections of atoms, such as gases, molecules, crystals, and metals. ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, known today as the father of geometry; shown here in a detail of The School of Athens by Raphael. ... medicines, see medication and pharmacology. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how substances interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Physics (from the Greek, (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the science concerned with the discovery and understanding of the fundamental laws which govern matter, energy, space, and time. ... Drawing of the cells in the chicken cerebellum by S. Ramón y Cajal Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. ...

• Biology and molecular biology - Almost all forms of biophysics efforts are included in some biology department somewhere. To include some: gene regulation, single protein dynamics, bioenergetics, patch clamping, biomechanics.
• Structural biology - angstrom-resolution structures of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and complexes thereof.
• Biochemistry and chemistry - biomolecular structure, siRNA, nucleic acid structure, structure-activity relationships.
• Computer science - Neural networks, Biomolecular and drug databases.
• Computational chemistry - Molecular dynamics simulation, Molecular docking, Quantum chemistry
• Bioinformatics - sequence alignment, structural alignment, Protein structure prediction
• Mathematics - graph/network theory, population modeling, dynamical systems, phylogenetics.
• Medicine and neuroscience - tackling neural networks experimentally (brain slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane permitivity, gene therapy, understanding tumors.
• Pharmacology and physiology - channel biology, biomolecular interactions, cellular membranes, polyketides.
• Physics - Biomolecular free energy, stochastic processes, surface dynamics.

Many biophysical techniques are unique to this field. Many of the research traditions in biophysics were initiated by scientists who were straight physicists, chemists, and biologists by training. Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek Βìο meaning life and Λoγος meaning the study of) is the study of life. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... Gene regulation is the general term for cellular control of protein synthesis at the DNA-RNA transcription step. ... Classical patch clamp setup, with microscope, antivibration table and micro manipulators Complete miniaturized planar patch clamp setup Patch clamp technique is a technique in electrophysiology that allows the study of individual ion channels in cells. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology concerned with the study of the architecture and shape of biological macromolecules--proteins and nucleic acids in particular—and what causes them to have the structures they have. ... Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Chemistry (from Greek χημεία khemeia[1] meaning alchemy) is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular scale, dealing primarily with collections of atoms, such as gases, molecules, crystals, and metals. ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses the results of theoretical chemistry incorporated into efficient computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules and solids, applying these programs to real chemical problems. ... Molecular dynamics (MD) is a form of computer simulation where atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a period of time under known laws of physics. ... Computational molecular docking is a research technique for predicting whether one molecule will bind to another, usually a protein. ... Linus Pauling, as a pioneer of the valence bond theory, is one of the first quantum chemists. ... Map of the human X chromosome (from the NCBI website). ... In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the primary sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. ... Structural alignment of thioredoxins from humans and the fly Drosophila melanogaster. ... Protein structure prediction is one of the most significant technologies pursued by computational structural biology and theoretical chemistry. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, known today as the father of geometry; shown here in a detail of The School of Athens by Raphael. ... In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ... medicines, see medication and pharmacology. ... Drawing of the cells in the chicken cerebellum by S. Ramón y Cajal Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how substances interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Physics (from the Greek, (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the science concerned with the discovery and understanding of the fundamental laws which govern matter, energy, space, and time. ... Biophysical techniques are methods used for gaining information about biological systems on an atomic or molecular level. ...

Topics in biophysics and related fields

• Animal locomotion
• Cellular biophysics
• Channels, receptors and transporters
• Electrophysiology
• Cell membranes
• Bioenergetics
• Gravitational biology
• Molecular motors
• Muscle and contractility
• Nucleic acids
• Photobiophysics and biophotonics
• Proteins
• Signaling
• Supramolecular assemblies
• Spectroscopy, imaging, etc.
• Systems neuroscience
• Neural encoding
• Bionics
• Polysulphur membranes
• Biosensor and Bioelectronics
• Quantum biology

In biology and physics, animal locomotion is the study of how animals move, and is part of biophysics. ... Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that help to establish and control the small voltage gradient that exists across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see cell potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. ... Transmembrane receptors are integral membrane proteins, which reside and operate typically within a cells plasma membrane, but also in the membranes of some subcellular compartments and organelles. ... Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. ... Illustration of a cell membrane The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma, is a semipermeable lipid layer surrounding the cytoplasm of all living cells. ... Biological thermodynamics (Greek: bios = life and logikos = reason + Greek: thermos = heat and dynamics = power) is the study of energy transformation in the biological sciences. ... Gravitational Biology is the study of the effects gravity has on living organisms. ... Molecular motors are biological nanomachines and are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Muscular system. ... Contractility is one of the factors which affect myocardial performance. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Biophotonics is the science and technology of the interaction of photons within and on biological systems. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Signals in Biology refer to an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the biological source from which it comes, and are also known as Biopotentials. ... Supramolecular assembly is the creating of molecular assemblies that are beyond the scale of one molecule, including on the order of cells. ... Extremely high resolution spectrum of the Sun showing thousands of elemental absorption lines (fraunhofer lines) Spectroscopy is the study of matter and its properties by investigating light, sound, or particles that are emitted, absorbed or scattered by the matter under investigation. ... Imaging refers to the science of obtaining pictures or more complicated spatial representations, such as animations or 3-D computer graphics models, from physical things. ... Systems neuroscience is a subdicipline of neuroscience which studies the neural circuit function, most commonly in awake, behaving intact organisms. ... Bionics (also known as biomimetics, biognosis, biomimicry, or bionical creativity engineering) is the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. ... A biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component. ... References Bioelectronics: From Theory to Applications, I. Willner and E. Katz, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. ... Quantum biology is the scientific study of biological processes in terms of quantum mechanics. ...

Famous biophysicists

• Luigi Galvani, discoverer of bioelectricity
• Hermann von Helmholtz, first to measure the velocity of nerve impulses; studied hearing and vision
• Alan Hodgkin & Andrew Huxley, mathematical theory of how ion fluxes produce nerve impulses
• Georg von Békésy, research on the human ear
• Bernard Katz, discovered how synapses work
• Hermann J. Muller, discovered that X-rays cause mutations
• Linus Pauling & Robert Corey, co-discoverers of the alpha helix and beta sheet structures in proteins
• Fritz-Albert Popp, pioneer of biophotons work
• J. D. Bernal, X-ray crystallography of plant viruses and proteins
• Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James D. Watson and Francis Crick, pioneers of DNA crystallography and co-discoverers of the genetic code
• Max Perutz & John Kendrew, pioneers of protein crystallography
• Allan Cormack & Godfrey Hounsfield, development of computer assisted tomography
• Paul Lauterbur & Peter Mansfield, development of magnetic resonance imaging

Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737 – December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna. ... Bioelectromagnetism (sometimes equated with bioelectricity) refers to the static voltage of biological cells and to the electric currents that flow in living tissues, such as nerves and muscles, as a result of action potentials. ... Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist. ... Schematic of an electrophysiological recording of an action potential showing the various phases which occur as the wave passes a point on a cell membrane. ... Hearing, is one of the traditional five senses and refers to the ability to detect sound. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (February 5, 1914 _ December 20, 1998) was a British physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Andrew Fielding Huxley on the basis of nerve action potentials, the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an... Andrew Huxley at Trinity College, Cambridge, July 2005 Family tree Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, OM, FRS (born 22 November 1917, Hampstead, London) is an English physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve... A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe the behaviour of a system. ... Multivalent redirects here. ... A. A schematic view of an idealized action potential illustrates its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane. ... Békésy won a Nobel Prize in 1961 for his research on the workings of the inner ear. ... Sir Bernard Katz (March 26, 1911 - April 20, 2003) was a German-born biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve biochemistry. ... Illustration of the major elements in a prototypical synapse. ... Hermann Joseph Muller (December 21, 1890 – April 5, 1967) was an American geneticist and educator. ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... In biology, mutations are changes to the genetic material (either DNA or RNA). ... Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American quantum chemist and biochemist. ... Robert Corey (August 19, 1897 – April 23, 1971) is a little known scientist, mostly known for his helping Linus Pauling discover the α-helix and the β-sheet in the spring of 1951. ... Side view of an α-helix of alanine residues in atomic detail. ... Diagram of β-pleated sheet with H-bonding between protein strands The β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins — the first is the alpha helix — consisting of beta strands connected laterally by three or more hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Fritz-Albert Popp (* 1938 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany) is a German researcher of biophysics. ... A biophoton (from the Greek βιο meaning life and φωτο meaning light) is a photon of light emitted in some fashion from a biological system. ... John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971) was an Irish-born scientist (from Nenagh, County Tipperary), known for pioneering X-ray crystallography. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... Plant viruses are viruses affecting plants. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958) was an English physical chemist and crystallographer who made important contributions to the understanding of the fine structures of DNA, viruses, coal and graphite. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... James Dewey Watson KBE(Hon) ForMemRS (born April 6, 1928) is an American scientist, best known as one of the four discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule. ... Francis Harry Compton Crick OM (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English physicist, molecular biologist and neuroscientist, most noted for being one of the co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix. ... Crystallography (from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and graphein = write) is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. ... RNA codons. ... Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM (May 19, 1914 – February 6, 2002) was an Austrian-British molecular biologist. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Crystallography (from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and graphein = write) is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. ... Allan M. Cormack at Tufts University Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African-born American physicist who shared a part of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. ... Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield (28 August 1919 - 12 August 2004) was an English electrical engineer who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Allan McLeod Cormack for his part in developing the diagnostic technique of computerized axial tomography (CAT). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Paul Christian Lauterbur, (born May 6, 1929) is an American chemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield for his work which made the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) possible. ... Prof Sir Peter Mansfield, FRS, (born October 9, 1933), is a British physicist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Other notable biophysicists

• Adolf Eugen Fick, responsible for Fick's law of diffusion and a method to determine cardiac output.
• Howard Berg, characterized properties of bacterial chemotaxis
• Steven Block, observed the motions of enzymes such as kinesin and RNA polymerase with optical tweezers
• Carlos Bustamante, known for single-molecule biophysics of molecular motors and biological polymer physics
• Steven Chu, Nobel Laureate who helped develop optical trapping techniques used by many biophysicists
• Friedrich Dessauer, research on radiation, especially X-rays
• Julio Fernandez
• John J. Hopfield, worked on error correction in Transcription and Translation (kinetic proof-reading), and associative memory models (Hopfield net)
• Martin Karplus, research on molecular dynamical simulations of biological macromolecules.
• Franklin Offner, professor emeritus at Northwestern University of professor of biophysics, biomedical engineering and electronics who developed a modern prototype of the electroencephalograph and electrocardiograph called the dynograph
• Benoit Roux
• Mikhail Volkenshtein, Revaz Dogonadze & Zurab Urushadze, authors of the 1st Quantum-Mechanical (Physical) Model of Enzyme Catalysis, supported a theory that enzyme catalysis use quantum-mechanical effects such as tunneling.
• John P. Wikswo, research on biomagnetism
• Douglas Warrick, specializing in bird flight (hummingbirds and pigeons)
• Balaji V N, specialized in computational biology

Portrait of Fick Adolf Eugen Fick (born 3 September, 1829, in Kassel, Germany; died 21 August, 1901, in Blankenberghe, Flandern) was a German physiologist usually credited with the invention of contact lenses. ... Ficks laws of diffusion describe diffusion, and define the diffusion coefficient D. // Ficks laws of diffusion were derived by Adolf Fick in the year 1855. ... Cardiac output is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular a ventricle in a minute. ... Howard Berg teaches biophysics at Harvard University and studies motility of E. coli. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria is also the fictional name of a warring nation under Benzino Napaloni as dictator, in the 1940 film The Great Dictator... Chemotaxis is a kind of taxis, in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. ... Steve Block Dr. Steven M. Block (born 1952) is a professor at Stanford University with a joint appointment in the departments of Biological Sciences and Applied Physics. ... The kinesin dimer attaches to, and moves along, microtubules. ... RNAP from pictured during elongation. ... An optical tweezer is a scientific instrument that uses a focused laser beam to provide an attractive force (typically on the order of piconewtons) to physically hold and move microscopic dielectric objects. ... Carlos José Bustamante (born 1951 in Lima, Peru) is an American scientist. ... Molecular motors are biological nanomachines and are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. ... Polymer physics is the field of physics associated to the study of polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving degradation and polymerisation of polymers and monomers respectively. ... Image:Stevenchu. ... Friedrich Dessauer (19 July 1881 – 16 February 1963) was an important physicist, a philosopher, a socially engaged entrepreneur and a journalist. ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... Julio M. Fernandez (born 1954 in Santiago, Chile) is a Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Columbia University, New York. ... John Joseph Hopfield is an American scientist most widely known for his invention of an associative neural network in 1982. ... A Hopfield net is a form of recurrent artificial neural network invented by John Hopfield. ... Martin Karplus (born March 15, 1930, Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-born U.S. chemist. ... Molecular dynamics (MD) is a form of computer simulation where atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a period of time under known laws of physics. ... It has been suggested that Freshman urban program be merged into this article or section. ... Electroencephalography is the neurophysiologic exploration of the electrical activity of the brain by the application of electrodes to the scalp. ... ECG may also refer to the East Coast Greenway Lead II An Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG, abbreviated from the German Elektrokardiogramm) is a graphic produced by an electrocardiograph, which records the electrical voltage in the heart in the form of a continuous strip graph. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Mikhail Vladimirovich Volkenshtein (October 23, 1912 - February 18, 1992) was a notable Russian biophysicist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr.Sci. ... Revaz Dogonadze Revaz Dogonadze (November 21, 1931 - May 13, 1985) was a notable Georgian scientist, one of the founders of quantum electrochemistry, main author of the Quantum-Mechanical Theory of Kinetics of the Elementary Act of Chemical, Electrochemical and Biochemical Processes in Polar Liquids, Corresponding Member of the Georgian Academy... Fig. ... Quantum tunneling is the quantum-mechanical effect of transitioning through a classically-forbidden energy state. ... Douglas Warrick is an assistant professor in biophysics at the zoology department of Oregon State University, working in bird flight, especially hummingbirds and pigeons. ... Flight is the mode of locomotion used by most of the world’s bird species. ... Subfamilies Phaethornithinae Trochilinae For a list of species, see: Alphabetic species list Taxonomic species list Hummingbirds are small birds in the family Trochilidae. ... Pigeon redirects here. ...

References

• Perutz M.F. Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1962
• Perutz MF (1969). "The haemoglobin molecule". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B 173 (31): 113-40. PMID 4389425
• Dogonadze R.R. and Urushadze Z.D. Semi-Classical Method of Calculation of Rates of Chemical Reactions Proceeding in Polar Liquids.- J.Electroanal.Chem., 32, 1971, pp. 235-245
• Volkenshtein M.V., Dogonadze R.R., Madumarov A.K., Urushadze Z.D. and Kharkats Yu.I. Theory of Enzyme Catalysis.- Molekuliarnaya Biologia (Moscow), 6, 1972, pp. 431-439 (In Russian, English summary)
• K. Sneppen and G. Zocchi, (2005) Physics in Molecular Biology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-84419-3

The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ...

See also

• Important publications in biophysics (biology)
• important publications in biophysics (physics)

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This is a list of important publications in physics, organized by field. ...

External links

• Biophysical Society