A Biosafety Level is the level of the biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed facility. The levels of containment range from the lowest biosafety level 1 to the highest at level 4. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have specified these levels.^[1] In the European Union, the same biosafety levels are defined in a directive.^[2] However, in USAMRIID(United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases) classify agents the range from the lowest biosafety level 0 to the highest level 4 without level 1. A sampling of Bacillus anthracis—Anthrax A biological agent is an infectious disease or toxin that can be used in bioterrorism or biological warfare. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ... A directive is a legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. ...

Rationale

Biocontainment can be classified by the relative danger to the surrounding environment as biological safety levels (BSL). As of 2006, there are four safety levels. These are called BSL1 through BSL4, with one anomalous level BSL3-ag for agricultural hazards between BSL3 and BSL4. Higher numbers indicate a greater risk to the external environment. See biological hazard. 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The international biological hazard symbol Immediate disposal of used needles into a sharps container is standard procedure. ...

At the lowest level of biocontainment, the containment zone may only be a fume hood that utilizes HEPA filters. At the highest level the containment involves isolation of the organism by means of building systems, sealed rooms, sealed containers, personal isolation equipment similar to "space suits" and elaborate procedures for entering the room, and decontamination procedures for leaving the room. In most cases this also includes high levels of security for access to the facility, ensuring that only authorized personnel may be admitted to any area that may have some effect on the quality of the containment zone. This is considered a hot zone. A common modern fume hood. ... HEPA (IPA: ) is a type of air filter. ...

Levels

Biosafety Level 1

This level is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment (CDC,1997).^[3]

It includes several kinds of bacteria and viruses including Canine hepatitis, Escherichia coli, Varicella (Chicken Pox), as well as some cell cultures and non-infectious bacteria. At this level precautions against the biohazardous materials in question are minimal, most likely involving gloves and some sort of facial protection. The laboratory is not necessarily separated from the general traffic patterns in the building. Work is generally conducted on open bench tops using standard microbiological practices. Usually, contaminated materials are left in open (but separately indicated) trash receptacles. Decontamination procedures for this level are similar in most respects to modern precautions against everyday viruses (i.e.: washing one's hands with anti-bacterial soap, washing all exposed surfaces of the lab with disinfectants, etc). In a lab environment, all materials used for cell and/or bacteria cultures are decontaminated via autoclave. Laboratory personnel have specific training in the procedures conducted in the laboratory and are supervised by a scientist with general training in microbiology or a related science. Genera Alopex Atelocynus Canis Cerdocyon Chrysocyon Cuon Cynotherium † Dusicyon † Dasycyon † Fennecus (Part of Vulpes) Lycalopex (Part of Pseudalopex) Lycaon Nyctereutes Otocyon Pseudalopex Speothos Urocyon Vulpes The Canidae (′kanə′dē, IPA: ) family is a part of the order Carnivora within the mammals (Class Mammalia). ... Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to liver characterised by presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue. ... E. coli redirects here. ... Varicella is a Latin name for chickenpox. ... Chicken pox, also spelled chickenpox, is a common childhood disease caused by the varicella_zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpes virus 3 (HHV_3), one of the eight herpesviruses known to affect humans. ... Front loading autoclaves are common Stovetop autoclaves need to be monitored carefully and are the simplest of all autoclaves Multiple large autoclaves are used for processing substantial quantities of laboratory equipment prior to reuse, and infectious material prior to disposal. ... An agar plate streaked with microorganisms Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. ...

Biosafety Level 2

This level is similar to Biosafety Level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment.^[3] Includes various bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, such as hepatitis A, B, and C, Influenza A, Lyme disease, Dengue fever, Salmonella, Mumps, Bacillus subtilis, Measles, HIV,^[4] Scrapie. Aerosol, is a term derived from the fact that matter floating in air is a suspension (a mixture in which solid or liquid or combined solid-liquid particles are suspended in a fluid). ... Species Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hepatitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. ... “HBV” redirects here. ... This page is for the disease. ... Genera Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Isavirus Thogotovirus Influenzavirus A is a genus of a family of viruses called Orthomyxoviridae in virus classification. ... Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is an emerging infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria from the genus Borrelia. ... Dengue Fever redirects here. ... Species S. bongori S. enterica This article is about the bacteria. ... Binomial name Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn 1872 Gram-stained Bacillus subtilis Sporulating Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium commonly found in soil. ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ... Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease that affects the nervous systems of sheep and goats. ...

BSL-2 differs from BSL-1 in that:

1. laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic agents and are directed by competent scientists;
2. access to the laboratory is limited when work is being conducted;
3. extreme precautions are taken with contaminated sharp items; and
4. certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment.

A Class II Cabinet or microbiological safety cabinet is a piece of laboratory equipment that provides a safe working area for people handling material potentially contaminated with pathogens. ...

Biosafety Level 3

This level is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route.^[3] Includes various bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatment exist, such as Anthrax, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, SARS, Tuberculosis, Typhus, Rift Valley fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Yellow fever. Anthrax bacteria. ... West Nile virus (or WNV) is a virus of the family Flaviviridae; part of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) antigenic complex of viruses, it is found in both tropical and temperate regions. ... Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). ... Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), commonly called sleeping sickness or Triple E, is a zoonotic alphavirus and arbovirus present in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. ... -1... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... For the unrelated disease caused by Salmonella typhi, see Typhoid fever. ... Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis (affects primarily domestic livestock, but can be passed to humans) causing fever. ... Binomial name Wolbach, 1919 Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the most severe and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States, and has been diagnosed throughout the Americas. ...

Laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic and potentially lethal agents, and are supervised by competent scientists who are experienced in working with these agents. This is considered a neutral or warm zone.

All procedures involving the manipulation of infectious materials are conducted within biological safety cabinets or other physical containment devices, or by personnel wearing appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment. The laboratory has special engineering and design features.

It is recognized, however, that some existing facilities may not have all the facility features recommended for Biosafety Level 3 (i.e., double-door access zone and sealed penetrations). In this circumstance, an acceptable level of safety for the conduct of routine procedures, (e.g., diagnostic procedures involving the propagation of an agent for identification, typing, susceptibility testing, etc.), may be achieved in a Biosafety Level 2 facility, providing

1. the exhaust air from the laboratory room is discharged to the outdoors,
2. the ventilation to the laboratory is balanced to provide directional airflow into the room,
3. access to the laboratory is restricted when work is in progress, and
4. the recommended Standard Microbiological Practices, Special Practices, and Safety Equipment for Biosafety Level 3 are rigorously followed.

The decision to implement this modification of Biosafety Level 3 recommendations are made only by the laboratory director.

Biosafety Level 4

This level is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections, agents which cause severe to fatal disease in humans for which vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, Smallpox (there is a vaccine), Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Hantaviruses, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and other various hemorrhagic diseases.When dealing with biological hazards at this level the use of a Hazmat suit and a self-contained oxygen supply is mandatory. The entrance and exit of a Level Four biolab will contain multiple showers, a vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, and other safety precautions designed to destroy all traces of the biohazard. Multiple airlocks are employed and are electronically secured to prevent both doors opening at the same time. All air and water service going to and coming from a Biosafety Level 4 lab will undergo similar decontamination procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release. Species Junín virus Argentine hemorrhagic fever, known locally as mal de los rastrojos, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease occurring in Argentina. ... This article is about the disease. ... The Marburg virus is the causative agent of Marburg hemorrhagic fever. ... Species Ivory Coast ebolavirus Reston ebolavirus Sudan ebolavirus Zaire virus Ebola hæmorrhagic fever (EHF — alternatively Ebola hemorrhagic fever; commonly referred to as simply Ebola) is a recently identified, severe, often fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and some primates caused by the Ebola virus. ... Species Andes virus (ANDV) Bayou virus (BAYV) Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV) Cano Delgadito virus (CADV) Choclo virus (CHOV) Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) Hantaan virus (HTNV) Isla Vista virus (ISLAV) Khabarovsk virus (KHAV) Laguna Negra virus (LANV) Muleshoe virus (MULV) New York virus (NYV) Prospect Hill virus (PHV) Puumala virus... Lassa fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever first described in 1969 in the Nigerian town of Lassa in the Yedseram River valley. ... Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick-borne viral disease, a zoonosis of domestic animals and wild animals, that may affect humans. ... Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses: Arenavirus, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae and Flavivirus. ... US Air Force firefighters in hazmat suits with an outer aluminized shell (for flame protection) go through a decontamination line during an emergency management exercise. ... For other uses, see Ultraviolet (disambiguation). ... Laws and practice of several countries specify four levels of biocontainment precautions for biological agents, Biosafety Levels 1 through 4. ...

Agents with a close or identical antigenic relationship to Biosafety Level 4 agents are handled at this level until sufficient data is obtained either to confirm continued work at this level, or to work with them at a lower level.

Members of the laboratory staff have specific and thorough training in handling extremely hazardous infectious agents and they understand the primary and secondary containment functions of the standard and special practices, the containment equipment, and the laboratory design characteristics. They are supervised by qualified scientists who are trained and experienced in working with these agents. Access to the laboratory is strictly controlled by the laboratory director.

The facility is either in a separate building or in a controlled area within a building, which is completely isolated from all other areas of the building. A specific facility operations manual is prepared or adopted. Building protocols for preventing contamination often uses negatively pressurized facilities, which, if compromised, would severely inhibit an outbreak of aerosol pathogens.

Within work areas of the facility, all activities are confined to Class III biological safety cabinets, or Class II biological safety cabinets used with one-piece positive pressure personnel suits ventilated by a life support system. The Biosafety Level 4 laboratory has special engineering and design features to prevent microorganisms from being disseminated into the environment. The laboratory is kept at negative air pressure, so that air flows into the room if the barrier is penetrated or breached. Furthermore, an airlock is used during personnel entry and exit. A glovebox for handling air-sensitive substances. ...

BSL-4 facilities by country

Australia

Australia operates three BSL-4 labs. These are

• The Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong (VIC).

• The Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health at Coopers Plains (QLD).

• The National High Security Laboratory, operating under the auspices of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, in North Melbourne (VIC).

The Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, Victoria, Australia is a high security laboratory for exotic animal disease diagnosis and research. ... - - Nickname: City by the Bay Geography Area: 1,240 km² Coordinates: Time Zone UTC +10:00 Population (2003) 200,067 Among Australian cities: Density: persons/km² Political Mayor: Shane Dowling Governing body: City of Greater Geelong Geelong is a port city of 200,067 people (2003 census) located on Corio...

Brazil

Several research institutions such as University of São Paulo, Instituto Butantan and Instituto Adolf Lutz have BSL-3 laboratories to study infectious diseases or develop vaccines against Tuberculosis. It is not clear that Fundação Oswaldo Cruz actually operates a BSL-4 laboratoy in Rio de Janeiro. Original citation in this page: "The Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, a biomedical research institute of the Brazilian government, operates a BSL-4 in Rio de Janeiro".

Canada

Canada has two BSL4 facilities. The first, located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health in Winnipeg, belongs to the Public Health Agency of Canada. The second belongs to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. In the 1990s, a BSL-4 was constructed in Toronto, however, it never opened due to community opposition. For other uses, see Winnipeg (disambiguation). ... The Public Health Agency of Canada is an agency of the Department of Health within the government of Canada which is responsible for public health and, more specifically, emergency preparedness and response and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. ... The Canadian Food Inspection Agency, or CFIA, which was created in April 1997, brought together inspection and related services previously provided through the activities of four federal government departments – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Health Canada and Industry Canada. ...

Czech Republic

Czech Republic has a BSL4 lab at Centrum biologické ochrany Těchonín (Center of Biological Protection).^[5] Location of TÄ›chonín in the Czech Republic TÄ›chonín is a village in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. ...

France

France maintains a P4 (for "pathogen" or "protection" level 4) laboratory, Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux in Lyon. This article is about the French city. ...

Gabon

The Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), a research organization supported by the French government, operates West Africa's only BSL-4 lab.

Germany

Germany currently has two L4 facilities: one located at the Philipps University of Marburg, Institute of Virology and the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg. A new P4 lab is currently being built in Marburg and will take over the functions of the old L4 facility there. Also, another P4 lab is planned to be built at the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin. The City of Berlin licensed the lab at 11.30.2008. , Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the Lahn river. ... Virology, often considered a part of microbiology or of pathology, is the study of organic viruses: their structure and classification, their ways to infect and exploit cells to reproduce and cause disease, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their potential uses in research and therapy. ... Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine; (Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin) is a medical institution based in Hamburg, Germany which is dedicated to research, treatment, training and therapy of tropical and infectious diseases, (including HIV). ... For other uses, see Hamburg (disambiguation). ...

Japan

Japan has a BSL4 lab at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I, Tokyo; however, currently work in this lab is only performed with BSL3 agents. Japan has also a non-operating BSL4 lab at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in Tsukuba. Both labs face community opposition. For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ...

India

India's BSL4 lab is High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL) located in Bhopal, India. It deals with all kinds of zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.

Italy

Italy's BSL4 lab are at:

• Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome. (National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital)
• Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco - Polo Universitario - (Milano). In that hospital there are also two special vehicles in BSL4 for transportation of infectious persons.

For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ...

Netherlands

The RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment]], located in Bilthoven, is constructing a BSL3-4 laboratory at the moment. The construction should finish end of 2009. The Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Dutch: Rijks Instituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene or simply RIVM), is a Dutch research institute that is an independent agency of the Netherlands Ministry of Public Health, Wellbeing and Sports. ... Bilthoven is one of six villages in the muncipality of the bilt stituated in the middle of the Netherlands. ...

Russia

Russia's current only BLS4 facility is the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, located in Koltsovo, in the Novosibirsk region. Other BSL4 facilities available during the Soviet era have been dismantled. The Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, also known as the Vector Institute, is a highly sophisticated biological research center in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. ... Koltsovo was founded in 1979 as a settlement near Novosibirsk for employees of the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (Vector). ... Novosibirsk Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... State motto (Russian): Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Soviet republics Area  - Total  - % water 1st before collapse 22,402,200 km² Approx. ...

Singapore

The Defence Science Organization(DSO) National Laboratories operates a BSL-4 facility. With the announced^[6] goal of conducting autopsies during a potential deadly epidemic outbreak, Singapore also has a mobile BSL-4 autopsy facility, perhaps the only one of its kind in the world.

South Africa

The National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Special Pathogens Unit in Johannesburg, South Africa is one of two BSL4 labs in Africa. This article is about the city in South Africa. ...

Sweden

The Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control runs Scandinavia's only P4 laboratory in Solna. For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... Solna (population 57,994, 2004) is a Municipality in Stockholm County, in central Sweden, located north of Stockholms city centre. ...

Switzerland

The Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI) in Mittelhäusern is the only publicly known laboratory in Switzerland to be classed as having biosafety level (BSL) 4. This laboratory only deals with animal disease which do not transmit to humans, and is the only P4 facility where complete isolation suits are not used.

A P4 laboratory was inaugurated on February 01, 2007 in the Teaching Hospital of Geneva.

Since November 12, 2007 the new High Containment Laboratory DDPS (SiLab) in Spiez is under construction and will start operations in 2010. This laboratory will comply with biosafety level (BSL) 4.

China

In China, two laboratories have BSL4. One is Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense, another is Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽實驗室) Center of Disease Control, Department of Health ROC. The Ministry of National Defense (中華民國國防部, or MND) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is a cabinet level agency under the Executive Yuan responsible for all defense affairs. ...

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom currently has three BSL-4 laboratories, with another under construction. One is under construction at the National Institute for Medical Research in London, and the other has been built by the Ministry of Defence at Porton Down and is called the Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment. There is also a BSL-4 Laboratory in the Viral Zoonosis unit at the Health Protection Agency's Centre for Infections in Colindale. The National Institute For Medical Research, commonly abbreviated to NIMR, is a large medical research facility situated in rural Mill Hill, England, on the outskirts of London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Ministry of Defence (MOD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces. ... Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, or often known more simply as Porton Down, is a United Kingdom government facility for military research, including CBRN defence. ... The Health Protection Agency (HPA), originally established as a special health authority (SpHA) in 2003, is an independent national organisation charged with protecting the health and well-being of the United Kingdom citizens from infectious diseases and in preventing harm and reducing impacts when hazards involving chemicals, poisons or radiation... , Colindale is an area in the London Borough of Brent. ...

United States of America

The U.S. maintains at least eight Biosafety Level 4 facilities, and is currently planning at least seven more:

Operational facilities

• USAMRIID in Fort Detrick, MD ("old building")
• CDC in Atlanta, GA (two buildings operational)
• NIH's BSL-4 lab on the NIH Campus in Bethesda, MD (sometimes operates at BSL-3), never operated as a "hot" BSL4
• Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, TX
• UTMB's Shope Laboratory in Galveston, TX
• Georgia State University in Atlanta, GA (smaller "glovebox" facility)
• The Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services lab (part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia) in Richmond, VA (so-called "surge" BSL-4 capacity)

The U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases is based at Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ... National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Ministry of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. ... Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) is a large private research institute located in San Antonio Texas. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Counties Bexar County Government  - Mayor Phil Hardberger Area  - City  412. ... The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB) is a component of the University of Texas System located in Galveston, Texas. ... Georgia State University (GSU) is an urban research university in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Founded in 1913, it serves over 28,000[2] students, and is one of the University System of Georgias four research universities. ...

Facilities under construction and planned

• USAMRIID in Fort Detrick, MD ("new building", in design)
• Boston University's National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL) in Boston, MA (under construction)
• UTMB's National Biocontainment Facility in Galveston, TX (under construction)
• DHS's National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) in Fort Detrick, MD (under construction)
• DHS's National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), shortlisted July 2007; final site selection mid to late 2008
• NIAID's Integrated Research Facility in Fort Detrick, MD (in construction- earliest operational date 2009)
• NIAID's Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton, MT (in construction - earliest operational date 2009)

For the similarly named institution in Chestnut Hill, see Boston College. ... National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory or NEIDL, is a biosciences facility in Boston, affiliated with BU. The lab is part of a national network of secure facilities that study infectious diseases - whether they occur naturally or are introduced through bioterrorism. ... The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet department of the federal government of the United States that is concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ... The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) is a highly classified government biodefense research laboratory created by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and located at the governments sprawling biodefense campus at Fort Detrick in Frederick, MD, USA. Created quietly a few months after the 2001... The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), under the Department of Homeland Security, will be a government run research facility. ... National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. ...

Popular culture

In the beginning of the movie Outbreak, it shows facilities of each biosafety level, giving examples of diseases in each category.

See also

• Biological hazard
• Safety engineering
• Security engineering

The international biological hazard symbol Immediate disposal of used needles into a sharps container is standard procedure. ... Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to systems engineering and the subset System Safety Engineering. ... Security engineering is the field of engineering dealing with the security and integrity of real-world systems. ...

References

External links

• The Sunshine Project: Map of US Biodefense Labs
• Biocontainment laboratories @ the Interpol Bioterrorism Prevention Resource Centre
• Georgia State University's National B Virus Resource Center (BSL4 Lab)
• The 2008 International Conference on Biocontainment Facilities

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