Baby weighed as AGA

Birth weight is the weight of a baby at its birth. It has direct links with the gestational age at which the child was born and can be estimated during the pregnancy by measuring fundal height. A baby born within the normal range of weight for that gestational age is known as appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Those born above or below that range have often had an unusual rate of development – this often indicates complications with the pregnancy that may affect the baby or its mother. The incidence of birth weight being outside of the AGA is influenced by the parents in numerous ways, including: Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2856x1904, 806 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Birth weight Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2856x1904, 806 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Birth weight Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Unsolved problems in physics: What causes anything to have mass? The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. Mass is the property of a physical object that quantifies the amount of matter and energy it is equivalent to. ... Baby and babies redirect here. ... Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a human pregnancy with the emergence of a newborn infant from its mothers uterus. ... Gestational age is age of a fetus (or newborn infant) from presumed conception. ... A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ... Fundal height, or MacDonalds rule, is a measure of the size of the uterus used to assess fetal growth and development. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

• Genetics
• The health of the mother, particularly during the pregnancy
• Environmental factors
• Other factors, like multiple births, where each baby is likely to be outside the AGA, one more so than the other

There have been numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth weight and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking and intelligence. For a non-technical introduction to the topic, please see Introduction to genetics. ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco. ... Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ...

Large for gestational age

Large for gestational age (LGA) babies are those whose birth weight lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age. Macrosomia, also known as big baby syndrome, is sometimes used synonymously with LGA, or is otherwise defined as a fetus that weighs above 4000 grams (8 lb 13 oz) or 4500 grams (9 lb 15 oz) regardless of gestational age. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... // P00-P96 - Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P04) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal factors and by complications of pregnancy, labour and delivery (P00) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal conditions that may be unrelated to present pregnancy (P01) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal complications of... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... The pound (abbreviations: lb or, sometimes in the United States, #) is a unit of mass in a number of different systems, including various systems of units of mass that formed part of English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The ounce is the name for a number of different units of mass (oz), and also of two units of fluid volume (fl oz) and of one unit of force, the ounce-force (ozf). ...

Diagnosis

LGA is generally not diagnosed until after the birth, as the size and weight of the child is rarely checked during the latter stages of pregnancy. Babies that are large for gestational age throughout the pregnancy can sometimes be seen during a routine ultrasound, although fetal weight estimations late in pregnancy are quite imprecise.[1] Obstetric sonogram of a fetus at 16 weeks. ...

There are believed to be links with polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic sac fluid). A drawing of the amniotic sac from Grays Anatomy. ...

Predetermining factors

LGA: A healthy 11-pound newborn boy, delivered vaginally without complications (41 weeks; fourth child; no GD)

One of the primary risk factors is poorly-controlled diabetes, particularly gestational diabetes (GD), as well as preexistent diabetes mellitus. This increases maternal plasma glucose levels as well as insulin, stimulating fetal growth. The LGA newborn exposed to maternal DM usually has an increase only in weight. LGA newborns that have complications other than exposure to maternal DM present with universal measurements >90th percentile. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 519 pixel Image in higher resolution (1000 × 649 pixel, file size: 182 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Subject: A newborn baby boy, weighing in at 10 pounds, 15. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 519 pixel Image in higher resolution (1000 × 649 pixel, file size: 182 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Subject: A newborn baby boy, weighing in at 10 pounds, 15. ... Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes found in pregnant women. ... For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is the most important carbohydrate in biology. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ...

Other indicating factors include:

• Gestational age; pregnancies that go beyond 40 weeks increase incidence.
• Fetal sex; male infants tend to weigh more than female infants.
• Genetic factors; taller, heavier parents tend to have larger babies, with an obese mother greatly increasing the chances.
• Excessive maternal weight gain.
• Multiparity (have 2-3x the number of LGA infants vs. primaparas)
• Congenital anomalies (transposition of great vessels)
• Erythroblastosis fetalis

The condition is most common in mothers of African origin, partly due to the higher incidence of diabetes. Obesity is a condition in which the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and other mammals, is increased to a point where it is associated with certain health conditions or increased mortality. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ...

Treatment

Depending upon the relative size of the head of the baby and the pelvic diameter of the mother vaginal birth may become complicated. One of the most common complications is shoulder dystocia. Such pregnancies often end in caesarean sections in order to safely deliver the baby and to avoid birth canal lacerations. Upon birth, early feeding is essential to prevent fetal hypoglycemia. Early diagnosis of individual problems is required. Dystocia (antonym eutocia) is an abnormal or difficult childbirth or labour. ... // There can be many baby defects within a baby C section. ...

Small for gestational age

Small for gestational age (SGA) babies are those whose birth weight lies below the 10th percentile for that gestational age. They have usually been the subject of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), formerly known as intrauterine growth retardation. Low birth weight, is sometimes used synonymously with SGA, or is otherwise defined as a fetus that weighs less than 2500 g (5 lb 8 oz) regardless of gestational age. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... // P00-P96 - Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P04) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal factors and by complications of pregnancy, labour and delivery (P00) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal conditions that may be unrelated to present pregnancy (P01) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal complications of... // P00-P96 - Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P00-P04) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal factors and by complications of pregnancy, labour and delivery (P00) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal conditions that may be unrelated to present pregnancy (P01) Fetus and newborn affected by maternal complications of... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... Look up Synonym in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Human fetus at eight weeks. ...

There is a 8.1% incidence of low birth weight in developed countries, and 6–30% in developing countries. Much of this can be attributed to the health of the mother during pregnancy. One third of babies born with a low birth weight are also small for gestational age. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A pregnant woman near the end of her term Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, inside their bodies. ...

Diagnosis

The condition is generally diagnosed by measuring the mother's uterus, with the fundal height being less than it should be for that stage of the pregnancy. If it is suspected, the mother will usually be sent for an ultrasound to confirm. The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. ... Fundal height, or MacDonalds rule, is a measure of the size of the uterus used to assess fetal growth and development. ... Obstetric sonogram of a fetus at 16 weeks. ...

Predetermining factors

The risk factor/etiology can be broadly divided into 3 categories-

• Fetal
• Maternal
• Placental

The primary risk factor is that development of the placenta is insufficient to meet the demands of the fetus, resulting in malnutrition of the developing fetus. There are numerous contributing factors, of both environmental and genetic origin: The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy), but a placenta has evolved independently also in other animals as well, for instance scorpions and velvet worms. ... Malnutrition is a general term for the medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. ...

• Environmental factors such as poor nutrition, tobacco smoking, drug addiction or alcoholism
• Severe anaemia (although hydrops may also occur)
• Thrombophilia (tendency for thrombosis)
• Prolonged pregnancy
• Pre-eclampsia
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Damaged or reduced placental tissue due to:
  • Chronic renal failure
  • Sickle cell anemia
  • Phenylketonuria
• Infections such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis or syphilis
• Twins and multiple births.

The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco. ... Drug addiction, or dependency is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. ... Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... This article discusses the medical condition. ... Hydrops fetalis is a blood condition in the fetus characterized by an edema in the fetal subcutaneous tissue, sometimes leading to spontaneous abortion. ... Thrombophilia is the propensity to develop thrombosis (blood clots) due to an abnormality in the system of coagulation. ... Thrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. ... Pre-eclampsia is said to be present when hypertension arises in pregnancy (pregnancy-induced hypertension) in association with significant protein in the urine. ... THERE ARE NOW 30 CHROMOSOMES!!!!!! Figure 1: A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen during cell division. ... Sickle-shaped red blood cells Sickle cell anemia (American English), sickle cell anaemia (British English) or sickle cell disease is a genetic disease in which red blood cells may change shape under certain circumstances. ... Phenylketonuria (PKU; ) is a human genetic disorder in which the body does not contain the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, necessary to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine, and converts phenylalanine instead to phenylpyruvic acid. ... Rubella (also known as epidemic roseola, German measles, liberty measles[1] or three-day measles) is a disease caused by the Rubella virus. ... Species see text Cytomegalovirus (CMV), is a genus of Herpes viruses; in humans the species is known as Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Fraternal twin boys bathing Identical Twin Girls Sleeping Twins in animal biology is a form of multiple birth in which the mother gives birth to two offspring from the same pregnancy, some of the same gender, others of opposite. ... Identical triplet brothers Quadruplet, quintuplet, etc. ...

Categories of growth restriction

There are two distinct categories of growth restriction, indicating the stage at which the development was slowed. Small for gestational age babies can be classified as having symmetrical or assymmetrical [asymmetrical] growth restriction.

Symmetrical growth restriction, less commonly known as global growth restriction, indicates that the fetus has developed slowly throughout the duration of the pregnancy and was thus affected from a very early stage. The head circumference of such a newborn is in proportion to the rest of the body. Common causes include: Human fetus at eight weeks. ...

• Early intrauterine infections, such as cytomegalovirus, rubella or toxoplasmosis
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Chronic high blood pressure
• Severe malnutrition
• Anemia
• Maternal substance abuse (prenatal alcohol use can result in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder)

Asymmetrical growth restriction occurs when the embryo/fetus has grown normally for the first two trimesters but encounters difficulties in the third, usually pre-eclampsia. Such babies have a disparity in their length and head circumference when compared to the birth weight. A lack of subcutaneous fat leads to a thin and small body out of proportion with the head. Other symptoms include dry, peeling skin and an overly-thin umbilical cord, and the baby is at increased risk of hypoxia and hypoglycaemia. The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ of most mammals, including humans. ... Species see text Cytomegalovirus (CMV), is a genus of Herpes viruses; in humans the species is known as Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). ... Rubella (also known as epidemic roseola, German measles, liberty measles[1] or three-day measles) is a disease caused by the Rubella virus. ... THERE ARE NOW 30 CHROMOSOMES!!!!!! Figure 1: A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen during cell division. ... This baby has FASD. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) describes a spectrum of permanent and often devastating birth-defect syndromes caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. ... It has been suggested that embryology be merged into this article or section. ... The human gestation period of approximately 40 weeks between the time of the last menstrual cycle and delivery is traditionally divided into three periods of three months, or trimesters. ... The distribution of the bloodvessels in the skin of the sole of the foot. ... In placental mammals, the umbilical cord is a tube that connects a developing embryo or fetus to its placenta. ... Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole (generalised hypoxia) or region of the body (tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. ... Hypoglycemia (hypoglycæmia in the UK) is a medical term referring to a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. ...

Treatment

Possible treatments include the early induction of labour, though this is only done if the condition has been diagnosed and seen as a risk to the health of the fetus. Induction is a way of artificially bringing on labour in a woman. ...

Influence on adult life

Studies have been conducted to investigate how a person's birth weight can influence aspects of their future life. This includes theorised links with obesity, diabetes and intelligence. This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ...

Obesity

A baby born small or large for gestational age (either of the two extremes) is thought to have an increased risk of obesity in later life. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Diabetes

Babies that have a low birth weight are thought to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life. [7] [8] [9] [10] This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...

Intelligence

Some studies have shown a direct link between an increased birth weight and an increased intelligence quotient. [11] [12] [13] IQ tests are designed to give approximately this Gaussian distribution. ...

Effects on the mother

There is some evidence of a link between a child's birth weight and its mother's risk of cardiovascular disease. [14] Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart and/or blood vessels (arteries and veins). ...

See also

• MOMO syndrome

MOMO syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder which has been diagnosed in only four cases around the world. ...

References

• Mayes, M., Sweet, B. R. & Tiran, D. (1997). Mayes' Midwifery - A Textbook for Midwives 12th Edition, pp. 852–857. Baillière Tindall. ISBN 0-7020-1757-4
• eMedicine med/3279. Retrieved 30 May 2005.

eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 001500
• "Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Identification and Management" at the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
• "Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)" at Health System, University of Virginia
• eMedicine med/3247
• "Researchers link low birth weight to lower achievement"
• "Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia"
• "Vit D linked to baby birth weight" at BBC News, 25 April 2006
• Born in Bradford - 2006 cohort study into the causes of low birth weight and infant mortality in Bradford, UK
• Intrauterine Growth Restriction Help - IUGR factors and solutions