The Bishopric of Trent is a former independent state of Northern Italy which was created in 1027 and existed until 1802, when it was absorbed into Habsburg territory in the Holy Roman Empire. Trent is the name of several places: Trento in Italy, famous for the Roman Catholic Council of Trent Trent, Texas, USA Trent, South Dakota, USA Trent, Dorset, UK Rivers: River Trent in the UK, or one of several other Trent Rivers Other: Trent jet engine family manufactured by Rolls-Royce... Northern Italy encompasses nine of the countrys 20 autonomous regions: Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Liguria Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Trentino-Alto Adige Valle dAosta Veneto Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige and Valle dAosta are regions with a special statute. ... Events March 26 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor. ... --69. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in c. ...

History

Middle Ages

The bishopric was created in 1027 by the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, together with a similar Bishopric of Brixen (Bressanone). The areas included in the two new states were former parts of the Mark of Verona, and were intended to favor passage to imperial armies towards Italy along the two ancient roads, the Via Claudia-Augusta and the Via Altinate, entrusting the area to two bishops instead of often rebellious lay princes. Events March 26 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Conrad II (c. ... The bishopric of Brixen (Brixen-Bressanone, in what is now the autonomous province of South Tyrol) is a former independent state of Northern Italy which was created in 1179 and existed until 1803, when it was absorbed into the Habsburgs Holy Roman Empire. ... Verona is an ancient town, episcopal see, and province in Veneto, Northern Italy. ...

The two prince-bishops were true Holy Roman Empire princes, and enjoyed the right to take part to Imperial diets. The princes of Trento maintained a strong allegiance to the Emperor, even when the latter was excommunicated: this because they need his protection against the growing power of subjects like the counts of Tyrol, who controlled the area around Bolzano, those of Appiano, and others. In one of the attempts to reassure his temporal authority over these lesser but fierce nobles, the bishop Adelpreto was slaughtered at Arco, on September 20, 1172, by the lords of Castelbarco. The supremacy of the princes of Trento was however re-established by emperor Frederick Barbarossa and by his son Henry VI. The bishop earned the right to have a coin of his own and to impose tolls. Bolzano (Italian: Bolzano, German: Bozen, Ladin: Bulsan, ; Note that many of the Italian dialects and Rhaeto-Romance languages in the area use Bulsan) is a city in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy. ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... Events Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. ... Frederick in a 13th century Chronicle Frederick I (German: Friedrich I. von Hohenstaufen)(1122 – June 10, 1190), also known as Friedrich Barbarossa (Frederick Redbeard) was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. ... Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (November 1165, Nijmegen – September 28, 1197, Messina) was king of Germany 1190-1197, and Holy Roman Emperor 1191-1197. ...

The principate was reorganized and reformed by bishop Federico Wanga (1205-1218), a relative of emperor Otto IV. Allied with the bishop of Brixen and allowing wide estates to the Teutonic Knights he managed to thwart at all the nobles' strength, and recovered much of the territories lost in the past years. In order to state in a definitive way his authority he also collected all the official documents certificating the bishop's authority in the so-called Book of St. Vigilius (Codex Wangianus), Vigilius being the patron saint of Trento. Moreover, Federico supported trading over the Adige way across the Alps, and made concessions to the middle class. The drying of the valley allowed the area to become one of the most renowned of Italy for the production of wine. The statute issued by Federico on June 19, 1208, is considered the most ancient official document concerning the Alps mining industry. The city was encircled with a new line of walls and towers, and the building of the Cathedral was commenced. Otto IV of Brunswick (died 1218) was King of Germany (1208-1215) and Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 - 1215. ... Brixen is the name of two cities in the Alps: Brixen, Italy, with Brixen being the citys German name, and Bressanone its Italian name Brixen im Thale, Austria This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Hermann von Salza (c. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... Events Philip of Swabia King of Germany and rival Holy Roman Emperor to Otto IV, assassinated June 21 in Bamberg by German Count Otto of Wittelsbach because Philip had refused to give him his daughter in marriage. ... The west face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ...

The death of Wanga in the Holy Land, during a Crusade, stopped his reforms. In 1236 Emperor Frederick II deposed the bishops and ensured to himself the authority over the important military area of Trento, annexing it to the Mark of Treviso: the administration was entrusted to his faithful mate, Ezzelino III da Romano of Verona. The expression The Holy Land (Hebrew ארץ הקודש: Standard Hebrew Éreẓ haQodeš, Tiberian Hebrew ʾÉreṣ haqQāḏēš; Latin Terra Sancta; Arabic الأرض المقدسة, al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah) generally refers to the Land of Israel. ... // Events May 6 - Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albanss Abbey dies. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... Treviso is a town in the Veneto region of Italy. ... Ezzelino III da Romano. ... Verona is an ancient town, episcopal see, and province in Veneto, Northern Italy. ...

In the 13th century the count of Tyrol took advantage of the confused situation to carve out a conspicuous power for himself, much at the loss of the bishops of Chur, Brixen, Salzburg and Trento itself. Mainardo II of Tyrol and Carinthia totally subjected the bishops of Trento and Brixen under his power, and reorganized his new state along the more modern lines inspired to those of other Italian principalities. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Chur is the capital of the Swiss canton of Graubünden and lies in the northern part of the canton. ... Salzburg is a city in western Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg (population 150,000 in 2006). ... Coat of arms of the Dukes of Carinthia, today state coat The Duchy of Carinthia (German language: Kärnten, Slovenian: Koroška) was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until it dissolved in 1918. ...

15th and 16th centuries

In the 14th century, during the disputes between the rivals emperors Charles IV and Louis IV, the principality suffered several destructions and was temporarily annexed to the latter's Bavarian territories. In 1363 the bishops gave the County of Tyrol to Rudolf IV of Austria. In 1419 the bishop George I of Liechtenstein (1390-1419) managed to escape the subjugation to Tyrol sumbitting directly to the Emperor, but this did not prevent the bishops to lose further authority over the city and the countryside in the course of the 15th century, even though an attempt by the citizens to create a Republic in 1407 was bloodily suppressed. In 1425 Trento was declared a commune. Another revolt broke out ten years later, and Austro-Tyrolese troops invaded the territory of the principality. In the following year the bishops struggled in order to thwart the Habsburg growing power, and in the end the principality reduced to an effective subjugation to Austrian authority. This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... Emperor Louis IV Louis IV of Bavaria (also known as Ludwig the Bavarian) of the House of Wittelsbach (born 1282; died October 11, 1347) was duke of Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his brother Rudolf I, also count of the Palatinate until 1329 and, German king since 1314 and... The geographic region and Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 - 1363 - 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 See also: 1363 state leaders Events Magnus II, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg. ... Rudolf IV of Austria Rudolf IV der Stifter (the Founder) (born November 1, 1339 in Vienna, died July 27, 1365 in Milan) was a member of the House of Habsburg and Duke and self-proclaimed Archduke of Austria from 1358 to 1365. ... Events January 19 – Hundred Years War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England which brings Normandy under the control of England. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Events Foundation of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Births John II, Duke of Lorraine (died 1470) Edmund Sutton, English nobleman (died 1483) Deaths January 18 - Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (born 1391) March 17 - Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shogun (born 1407) May 24 - Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of... Defensive towers at San Gimignano, Tuscany, bear witness to the factional strife within communes. ...

In June 1511 the two principalities of Trento and Brixen received the status of "perpetual confederate" states among Austrian possessions. The peace of 1516 with the Republic of Venice, however, reduced the principality to a discontinuous enclave between large Habsburg possessions. During the war against Venice, in 1509, the territory had been ravaged by Landsknechts returning from a falied expedition against Vicenza. This was followed by pestilences in 1510 and 1512, famines in 1512, 1519 and 1520, and an earthquake in 1521: these grievous happenings spurred the beginning of forms of resistance against Habsburg rule. A true rebellion broke out in 1525, called Bauernkrieg or "contadine revolt". The rebellers were led by Michael Gaismayr, who had devised a complex plan of liberation of all the territories of Brixn and Trento and program of social freedom based on equalitary principles (Landesordnung). 1511 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I. July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria. ... Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000 CE. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red. ... Period illustration of Landsknecht soldiers. ... 1510 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1512 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ...

The rebellers, however, lacked of organisation and were easily suppressed in 1526 by Austrian mercenaries and by the bishop Bernardo Clesio, who ferociously exterminated them in the battles of the Eisack-Isarco valley and Sterzing-Vipiteno. The rebellion leaders were beheaded, hung, or mutilated, while the simple followers were released but with a "mark of infamy" impressed on their brow. Any dream of further revolt ended when Gasmayr was murderered by Archduke's killer in Padua in 1532. Some a thousand of Tyrolese and Trentine rebellers took shelter in Moravia, near Auspitz, were they established "fraternal farms" (Bruderhöfe). January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... Bernardo Cles (1484 – 1539, Cles, Trentino-South Tyrol) was an Italian cardinal, prince, diplomat, humanist and botanist who was born to the noble Cles family (lat. ... The Eisack (ital. ... Sterzing (German) - Vipiteno (Italian) is an Italian commune in South Tyrol. ... Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua. ... Events May 16 - Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England. ... Flag of Moravia Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: ; Hungarian: ; Polish: ) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic. ... Auspitz refers to: Hustopece, Moravian town Heinrich Auspitz Auspitzs sign, named after Heinrich Auspitz This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Bishop Cardinal Bernardo II Clesio is considered the true refounder (Neubegründer) of the authority of the princes of Trento. An adviser of emperor Maximilian of Habsburg and a friend of Erasmus of Rotterdam, he had an important role in the election of Charles V, at Frankfurt in 1519, and in that of Ferdinand I as King of Bohemia. His personal charisma reverted the subalterne status of the Trento state between the Habsburg territories, gaining the seignory of Castelbarco and Rovereto. His statute of the city, issued in 1528, remained in use until 1807. Under Clesio's rule Trento was renovated with a new urbanistic asset, and a new great church, S. Maria Maggiore: these were needed in order to host the Council of Trento (1545-1563), and, after the sudden death of Clesio in 1539, were completed by his successor, cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo. Also the economy and services were greatly improved. The presence of famous intellectual and scholars during the Council, spurred the diffusion of Renaissance in the principality. The introduction of Counter-Reformation in the principality brought also a general recover of Italian language over the German one, as the new religious ideas had found more followers in the German-speaking population. Portrait by Albrecht Dürer, 1519 (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna). ... This article deals with the Erasmus, the theologian. ... Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. ... For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... Events March 4 - Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico. ... Ferdinand I Habsburg Ferdinand I (10 March 1503–25 July 1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1556–1564), was born in Madrid, the son of Juana the Mad, Queen of Castile (1479–1555), and Philip I the Handsome, King of Castile (1478–1506), who was heir to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I... The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Czech Země koruny české, Latin Corona regni Bohemiae) (e. ... Rovereto - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Events June 19 - Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. ... Year 1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Council of Trent (Italian: Trento) was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in discontinuous sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Protestant Reformation. ... Cristoforo Madruzzo (1512-1578), politician, cardinal, studied at the University of Padova and University of Bologna. ... Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ...

This "Golden Age", however, was ended in by Ferdinand, who invaded the Trentine territories, occupying Rovereto and, in 1567, declaring the Confederation Treaty over. The dispute was settled only in 1578, when the Imperial Diet reinstated the prince-bishops' suzerainty. Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... Events January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. ...

Modern Age

In the 17th century the principality suffered for the economical consequences of the Thirty Years' War and of the decadence of Venetian trades. The principality was held by the Madruzzo family (who also indirectly controlled Brixen) until 1658, with the death of Carlo Emanuele. Emperor Leopold I assigned therefore the principality to Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria, regent of Tyrol. Relationships with the Austrian Empire were again settled in 1662. Three years later, however, Sigismund Francis died and the principality was included in the Habsburg emperors' direct dominions. This however did not meant the loss of his semi-independent status, and several outstanding results were obtained anyway: the balance active of 1683, the completion of the Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, and the drying of the marshes in the Adige Valley. Rice cultivation was introduced in the lands obtained. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (Storebælt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Silver coin of Leopold I, 3 Kreuzers, dated 1670. ... Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Further Austria (born November 27, 1630 in Innsbruck, died June 25, 1665 in Innsbruck) was the ruler of Further Austria including Tyrol from 1662 to 1665. ... Events February 1 - The Chinese pirate Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ...

The situation worsened at the beginning of the 18th century, when the Trentino and the Tyrol were invaded by French and Bavarian armies, and Trento itself was bombed for six days in the September 1703. But the most dangerous menace to the principality status were the claims of emperor Charles VI to reunite under the Habsburg crown all the hereditary territories of his house. The bishops continued their struggle for independence against the growing Austrian prominence, until the Napoleon's invasion of 1796. The Treaty of Paris definitively secularized the principality as a part of the Austrian Empire. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Events February 2 - Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan, the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Norcia, Italy April 21 - Company of Quenching of Fire (ie. ... Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI Charles VI of Austria (October 1, 1685 – October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1711 to 1740 and the second son of Leopold I with his third wife, Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg, came first to the throne with the name Charles III of... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Many treaties have been negotiated and signed in Paris, including: Treaty of Paris (1229) - ended the Albigensian Crusade Treaty of Paris (1259) - between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France Treaty of Paris (1763) - ended the Seven Years War Treaty of Paris (1783) - ended the American Revolutionary War...

See also

• List of Prince-Bishops of Trent
• Historical states of Italy
• Parma

The Prince-bishops of Trento (German title Fürstbischof zu Trient) were the leader of the independent Bishopric of Trento, an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire of what is now northern Italy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it more accessible to a general audience, this article may require cleanup. ... Country Italy Region Emilia-Romagna Province Parma (PR) Mayor Elvio Ubaldi (since May 28, 2002) Elevation 55 m Area 260 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 175,789  - Density 676/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Parmigiani (Parmensi are called the provinces inhabitants) Dialing code...

External links

• Map of Tyrol in 1766