NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bishops War

The Bishops' Wars, a series of armed encounters and defiances between England and Scotland in 1639 and 1640, were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They led to the king making demands on the Parliament of England which ignited the English Civil War. Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population â€“mid-2004... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 kmÂ² 1. ... Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and JoÃ£o IV of Portugal becomes king. ... The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ... The Parliament of England can trace its roots back to the early medieval period. ... The term English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ...

Origins

See also the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ...

The Protestant Reformation brought a significant religious difference between the Kingdom of England where King Henry VIII imposed Protestantism, made himself head of the Church of England and appointed bishops in an Episcopalian system, and the Kingdom of Scotland where a popular movement established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland (the "Kirk") in opposition to the monarch. King James VI of Scotland introduced bishops by skilful management of both church and parliament. After he inherited the English throne and so also became King James I of England he continued his efforts to impose Episcopalian practices with a large degree of success. The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ... The Flag of England The Kingdom of England was a kingdom located in Western Europe, in the southern part of the island of Great Britain. ... Henry VIII King of England and Ireland by Hans Holbein the Younger His Grace King Henry VIII (28 June 1491–28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who, in certain Christian churches, holds a position of authority. ... The word Episcopal is derived from the Greek επισκοπος epískopos, which literally means overseer; the word however is used in religious terms to mean bishop. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Capital Edinburgh Government Monarchy Head of State King of Scots Parliament Parliament of Scotland Currency Pound Scots This article is about the historical state called the Kingdom of Scotland (843-1707). ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS, known informally as The Kirk) is the national church of Scotland. ... Kirk can mean church in general or The Church of Scotland in particular. ... James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ...

His son King Charles I of England and Scotland was less tactful in efforts to impose his will on the Scottish Kirk through bishops, and matters came to a head when his imposition of the Anglican liturgy with a Book of Common Prayer in 1637 sparked rioting, legendarily started by Jenny Geddes. Opposition to Charles became more formal, with people of all classes showing their open resistance by signing the National Covenant. His attempts to control the situation by diktat from London were futile, and by July 1638 he advised his English Privy Council that he would have to use force. To gain time he agreed to a General Assembly of the Church of Scotland which met at Glasgow in November 1638, but the Assembly firmly decided that bishops were to be deposed or excommunicated and the prayer book abolished. Support for the Covenant grew under the leadership of James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose and Archibald Campbell, 8th Earl of Argyll, while soldiers serving abroad returned to Scotland, including General Alexander Leslie. Charles I (19 November 1600 â€“ 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... The term Anglican (from Anglia, the Latin name for England) describes the people, institutions, and churches that adhere the religious traditions developed by the established Church of England. ... 1979 ECUSABCP The Book of Common Prayer[1] is foundational prayer book of the Church of England and also the name for similar books used in other churches in the Anglican Communion. ... Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats last theorem. ... Riot against use of prescribed prayer book The legendary Jenny Geddes famously threw her stool at the head of the minister in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, beginning a riot which led to the Wars of the Three Kingdoms that included the English Civil War. ... The Covenanters, named after the Solemn League and Covenant, were a party that, originating in the Reformation movement, played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England, during the 17th century. ... For other uses, see London (disambiguation). ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, especially in a monarchy. ... The 2004 Assembly with Dr Alison Elliot as Moderator The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Churchs governing body. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... Excommunication is religious censure which is used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose (1612 - 21 May 1650), was a Scottish nobleman and soldier, who initially joined the Covenanters in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but subsequently supported King Charles I as the English Civil War developed. ... Archibald Campbell Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess and 8th Earl of Argyll (1607 - 27 May 1661), eldest son of Archibald, 7th Earl, by his first wife, was educated at St Andrews University, where he matriculated on 15 January 1622. ... Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, Lord Balgonie, (appr. ...

First Bishops' War (1639)

Despite problems in raising funds, Charles gathered a poorly trained English force of around 20,000 men in the early summer of 1639 and marched towards the border. At Berwick-upon-Tweed he was confronted by a better organised force led by Leslie. As neither side wanted to fight, a settlement called "the Pacification of Berwick" was reached in June under which the king agreed that all disputed questions should be referred to another General Assembly or to the Parliament of Scotland. Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... Map sources for Berwick-upon-Tweed at grid reference NT9952 Berwick-upon-Tweed from across the river Berwick-upon-Tweed, (pronounced Berrick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost town in England, situated on the east coast on the mouth of the river Tweed. ... The parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. ...

Interlude

The new General Assembly then re-enacted all the measures passed by the Glasgow Assembly, and the Scottish Parliament went further, abolishing Episcopacy and freeing itself from Royal control. The word episcopal is derived from the Greek ÎµÏ€Î¯ÏƒÎºÎ¿Ï€Î¿Ï‚, transliterated epÃskopos, which literally means overseer; the word, however, is used in religious contexts to refer to a bishop. ...

Charles, believing that the Scots were intriguing with France, fancied that England, in hatred of its ancient foe, would now be ready to rally to his standard. After having ruled alone in England for eleven years, in April 1640 he once more called an English parliament. The so-called Short Parliament demanded redress of grievances, the abandonment of the royal claim to levy ship money, and a complete change in the ecclesiastical system. Charles thought that it would not be worthwhile agreeing such terms even to conquer Scotland, and dissolved parliament. A fresh war with Scotland followed. The Short Parliament (April-May, 1640) of King Charles I is so called because it lasted only three weeks. ... Ship money was a tax, the levy of which by Charles I of England without the consent of Parliament was one of the causes of the English Civil War. ... This article should be transwikied to wiktionary Ecclesiastical means pertaining to the Church (especially Christianity) as an organized body of believers and clergy, with a stress on its juridical and institutional structure. ...

Second Bishops' War (1640)

Thomas Wentworth, now earl of Strafford, became the leading adviser of the King. He threw himself into Charles’s plans with great energy and left no stone unturned to furnish the new military expedition with supplies and money. But no skilfulness of a commander can avail when soldiers are determined not to fight. Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (April 13, 1593 - May 12, 1641) was an English statesman, a major figure in the period leading up to the English Civil War. ...

The Scots under Leslie and Montrose crossed the River Tweed, and Charles’s army was well pleased to fly before them. In a short time the invaders overran the whole of Northumberland and County Durham (see Battle of Newburn.) Charles had to leave the two counties in Scots hands as a pledge for the payment of Scots expenses when he agreed to peace and signed the Treaty of Ripon in October 1640. The impoverished King had to summon another parliament to grant him the supplies which he needed to make that payment, and a resurgent Long Parliament attacked his Government, impeaching (and eventually executing) his chief supporters, Strafford and Laud. There are other rivers with this name: see Tweed River The River Tweed at Abbotsford, near Melrose The River Tweed at Coldstream The River Tweed (156 kilometres or 97 miles long) flows primarily through the Borders region of Scotland. ... Northumberland is a traditional, ceremonial and administrative county in northern England. ... County Durham is a county in north-east England. ... The Battle of Newburn took place in 1640 during the Bishops Wars. ... The Treaty of Ripon was an agreement signed by Charles I of England and the Scots on October 26, 1640 in the aftermath of the Second Bishops War. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and JoÃ£o IV of Portugal becomes king. ... The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops Wars. ...

In the hopes of winning Scottish support, Charles went to Scotland in the autumn of 1641 where he gave titles to Leslie and Argyll, and accepted all the decisions of the General Assembly of 1638 and of the Scottish Parliament of 1641, including confirming the right of the Parliament to challenge the actions of his ministers. He had now withdrawn all the causes of the original dispute, but within a year his disputes with the English Parliament would lead to civil war. Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ...

References

EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, the 11th edition The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910â€“1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Books

Contents

Origins GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");