|
For Bitiş, the concluding portion of a Turkish puppet play, see Karagöz and Hacivat. | Bitis |
| | Scientific classification | | | | Synonyms | - Cobra - Laurenti, 1768
- Echidna - Merrem, 1820
- Clotho - Gray, 1842
- Bitis - Gray, 1842
- Echidne - Duméril & Bibron, 1844
- Hallowellius - Reus, 1939
- Macrocerastes - Reus, 1939[1]
| - Common names: puff adders, African adders,[2] African vipers.[3]
Bitis is a genus of venomous vipers found in Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula.[1] It includes the largest and the smallest vipers in the world. Members are known for their characteristic threat displays that involves inflating and deflating their bodies while hissing and puffing loudly.[2] The type species for this genus is B. arietans,[1] which is also the most widely distributed viper in Africa.[3] Currently, 14 species are recognized.[4] Hacivat (left) and Karagöz (right) Karagöz (meaning blackeye in Turkish) and Hacivat (also written Hacivad) are the lead characters of the traditional Turkish shadow play, popularized during the Ottoman period. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Binomial name Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) Synonyms Cobra lachesis - Laurenti, 1768 Cobra clotho - Laurenti, 1768 [Coluber] Lachesis - Gmelin, 1788 [Coluber] Clotho - Gmelin, 1788 C[oluber]. Bitin - Bonnaterre, 1790 Col[uber]. Intumescens - Donndorff, 1798 Vipera severa - Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 [Vipera (Echidna)] arietans - Merrem, 1820 Vipera inflata - Burchell, 1822 Echidna...
For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Orders Crocodilia - Crocodilians scary crocodiles. ...
Suborders Lacertilia- Lizards Serpentes - Snakes Amphisbaenia - Worm lizards This article is about the Squamata order of reptiles. ...
For other uses, see Snake (disambiguation). ...
Synonyms Viperae - Laurenti, 1768 Viperini - Oppel, 1811 Viperidae - Gray, 1825[1] The Viperidae are a family of venomous snakes commonly referred to as vipers, although the term viperids is more specific and distinguishes them from the viperines (subfamily Viperinae). ...
Synonyms Viperini - Oppel, 1811 Viperes - Cuvier, 1817 Viperides - Latreille, 1825 Viperina - Gray, 1825 Viperiodea - Fitzinger, 1826 Viperiodei - Eichwald, 1831 Viperinae - Cantor, 1847 Viperiformes - Günther, 1864 Viperida - Strauch, 1869[1] Common names: pitless vipers, true vipers, Old World vipers,[2] true adders. ...
John Edward Gray. ...
1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ...
For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ...
A venomous snake is a snake that uses modified saliva, venom, delivered through fangs in its mouth, to immobilize or kill its prey. ...
Synonyms Viperini - Oppel, 1811 Viperes - Cuvier, 1817 Viperides - Latreille, 1825 Viperina - Gray, 1825 Viperiodea - Fitzinger, 1826 Viperiodei - Eichwald, 1831 Viperinae - Cantor, 1847 Viperiformes - Günther, 1864 Viperida - Strauch, 1869[1] Common names: pitless vipers, true vipers, Old World vipers,[2] true adders. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Arabia redirects here. ...
A type species fixes the name of a genus (or of a taxon in a rank lower than genus). ...
Binomial name Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) Synonyms Cobra lachesis - Laurenti, 1768 Cobra clotho - Laurenti, 1768 [Coluber] Lachesis - Gmelin, 1788 [Coluber] Clotho - Gmelin, 1788 C[oluber]. Bitin - Bonnaterre, 1790 Col[uber]. Intumescens - Donndorff, 1798 Vipera severa - Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 [Vipera (Echidna)] arietans - Merrem, 1820 Vipera inflata - Burchell, 1822 Echidna...
For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
Description
Size variation within this genus is extreme, ranging from the very small B. schneideri, which grows to a maximum of 28 cm and is perhaps the world's smallest viperid, to the very large B. gabonica, which can attain a length of over 2 m and is the heaviest viper in the world.[2] Binomial name Bitis schneideri (Boettger, 1886) Synonyms Vipera Schneideri - Boettger, 1886 Bitis caudalis paucisquamatis - Mertens, 1954 Bitis paucisquamata - FitzSimons, 1962 Bitis caudalis paucisquamata - Klemmer, 1963 Bitis paucisquamatis - FitzSimons, 1966 Bitis schneideri - Haacke, 1975[1] Common names: Namaqua dwarf adder,[2][3] spotted dwarf adder,[2] Schneiders adder. ...
Synonyms Viperae - Laurenti, 1768 Viperini - Oppel, 1811 Viperidae - Gray, 1825[1] The Viperidae are a family of venomous snakes commonly referred to as vipers, although the term viperids is more specific and distinguishes them from the viperines (subfamily Viperinae). ...
Binomial name Bitis gabonica (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) Synonyms Echidna Gabonica - Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Bitis gabonica - Boulenger, 1896 Cobra gabonica - Mertens, 1937 Bitis gabonica gabonica - Mertens, 1951 Bi[tis]. javonica - Suzuki & Iwanga, 1970 Bitis gabonica - Golay , 1993[1] Common names: gaboon viper, butterfly adder, forest...
All have a wide, triangular head with a rounded snout, distinct from the neck, and covered in small, keeled, inbricate scales. The canthus is also distinct. A number of species have enlarged rostral or supraorbital scales that look like horns. The eyes are relatively small. They have large nostrils that are directed outwards and/or upwards. 0-6 rows of small scales separate the rostral and nasal scales. All species have a well-developed supranasal sac. The front of the maxillary bones are very short, supporting only one pair of recurved fangs.[5][2] In snakes, the canthus, or canthus rostralis,[1] is the angle between the flat crown of the head and the side of the head between the eye and the snout. ...
Echis carinatus sochureki The rostral scale, or rostral, in snakes and other scaled reptiles refers to the median plate on the tip of the snout that borders the mouth opening. ...
In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. ...
In reptiles, the nasal scale refers to the scale that encloses the nostril. ...
These snakes are moderately to extremely stout. The body is covered with keeled scales that are imbricate with apical pits. At midbody, the dorsal scales number 21-46. Laterally, the dorsal scales may be slightly oblique. The ventral scales, which number 112-153, are large, rounded and sometimes have slight lateral keels. The tail is short. Anal scale single. The paired subcaudal scales number 16-37 and are sometimes keeled laterally.[5][2] Keeled scales refer to scales (on snakes, at least) that, rather than being smooth, have a ridge down the center. ...
Dorsal scales on the body of a Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus, an Elapid. ...
Amphiesma stolata In snakes, the ventral scales, or gastrosteges, are the enlarged scales that extend down the underside of the body[1] from the head to the anal plate. ...
Amphiesma stolata In snakes, the anal scale (or anal plate) is the scale just in front of and covering the cloacal opening. ...
Amphiesma stolata In snakes, the subcaudal scales are the enlarged plates on the underside of the tail. ...
Geographic range Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula.[1] A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Arabia redirects here. ...
Behavior Bitis species are known for their behavior of inflating and deflating their bodies in loud hissing or puffing threat displays. They are terrestrial ambush predators and appear sluggish, but can strike with amazing speed.[2] Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land, as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e. ...
Reproduction All members are viviparous and some give birth to large numbers of offspring.[2] A viviparous animal is an animal employing vivipary, a method of reproduction in which the embryo develops inside the body of the mother from which it gains nourishment, and not from an egg. ...
Venom All members of this genus are dangerous — some extremely so.[2] At least six different polyvalent antivenoms are available. Five are produced by Aventis Pasteur (France), Pasteur Merieux (France) and SAIMR (South Africa). All of these specifically protect against B. arietans and four also cover B. gabonica.[6][7] At least one protects specifically against bites from B. nasicornis: India Antiserum Africa Polyvalent.[8] In the past, such antivenoms have been used to treat bites from other Bitis species, but with mixed results.[2] Binomial name Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) Synonyms Cobra lachesis - Laurenti, 1768 Cobra clotho - Laurenti, 1768 [Coluber] Lachesis - Gmelin, 1788 [Coluber] Clotho - Gmelin, 1788 C[oluber]. Bitin - Bonnaterre, 1790 Col[uber]. Intumescens - Donndorff, 1798 Vipera severa - Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 [Vipera (Echidna)] arietans - Merrem, 1820 Vipera inflata - Burchell, 1822 Echidna...
Binomial name Bitis gabonica (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) Synonyms Echidna Gabonica - Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Bitis gabonica - Boulenger, 1896 Cobra gabonica - Mertens, 1937 Bitis gabonica gabonica - Mertens, 1951 Bi[tis]. javonica - Suzuki & Iwanga, 1970 Bitis gabonica - Golay , 1993[1] Common names: gaboon viper, butterfly adder, forest...
Binomial name Bitis nasicornis (Shaw, 1792) Synonyms Coluber Nasicornis - Shaw, 1792 Coluber Nasicornis - Shaw, 1802 Vipera nasicornis - Daudin, 1803 Clotho nasicornis - Gray, 1842 Arastes nasicornis - Hallowell, 1845 Cerastes nasicornis - Hallowell, 1847 Vipera Hexacera - Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Echidna nasicornis - Hallowell, 1857 V[ipera]. (Echidna) nasicornis - Jan, 1863 Bitis...
Species | Species[1] | Authority[1] | Subsp.*[4] | Common name | Geographic range[1] | | B. arietansT | (Merrem, 1820) | 1 | Puff adder | Most of sub-Saharan Africa south to the Cape of Good Hope, including southern Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, southern Algeria, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Cameroon, Central African Republic, northern, eastern and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa. Also occurs on the Arabian peninsula, where it is found in southwestern Saudi Arabia and Yemen. | | B. atropos | (Linnaeus, 1758) | 0 | Berg adder | Isolated populations in the mountainous areas of southern Africa: the Inyanga Highlands and Chimanimani Mountains of eastern Zimbabwe and nearby Mozambique, in South Africa along the Drakensberg Escarpments in the provinces of Transvaal, western Natal, Lesotho and eastern Free State, and in the southern coastal mountains of western and eastern Cape Province. | | B. caudalis | (Smith, 1839) | 0 | Horned adder | The arid region of south-west Africa: south-west Angola, Namibia, across the Kalahari Desert of southern Botswana, into northern Transvaal and southwestern Zimbabwe. In South Africa it is found from the northern Cape Province south to the Great Karoo. | | B. cornuta | (Daudin, 1803) | 1 | Many-horned adder | The coastal region of south-west Namibia through west and south-west Cape Province in South Africa. There are also a few isolated populations in eastern Cape Province. | | B. gabonica | (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) | 1 | Gaboon viper | Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Central African Republic, southern Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, eastern Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe, Mozambique, northeast KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. | | B. heraldica | (Bocage, 1889) | 0 | Angolan adder | The high plateau of central Angola. | | B. inornata | (Smith, 1838) | 0 | Plain mountain adder | Isolated population on the Sneeuberg, eastern Cape Province, South Africa. | | B. nasicornis | (Shaw, 1792) | 0 | Rhinoceros viper | From Guinea to Ghana in West Africa, and in Central Africa in the Central African Republic, southern Sudan, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, Angola, Rwanda, Uganda and western Kenya. | | B. parviocula | Böhme, 1977 | 0 | Ethiopian mountain adder | Known from only three localities in the highlands to south-west Ethiopia, at altitudes of 2000-3000 m. | | B. peringueyi | (Boulenger, 1888) | 0 | Peringuey's desert adder | The Namib Desert from southern Angola to Lüderitz, Namibia. | | B. rubida | Branch, 1997 | 0 | Red adder | Several isolated populations in the northern Cape Fold Mountains and inland escarpment in Western Cape Province, South Africa. | | B. schneideri | (Boettger, 1886) | 0 | Namaqua dwarf adder | White coastal sand dunes from Namibia, near Lüderitz, south to Hondeklip Bay, Little Namaqualand, South Africa. | | B. worthingtoni | Parker, 1932 | 0 | Kenyan horned viper | Restricted to Kenya's high central Rift Valley at altitudes over 1500 m. | | B. xeropaga | Haacke, 1975 | 0 | Desert mountain adder | North-western Cape Province in South Africa and the arid mountains of the lower Orange River basin, north into to southern Namibia and Great Namaqualand as far as Aus. | *) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
T) Type species. Binomial name Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) Synonyms Cobra lachesis - Laurenti, 1768 Cobra clotho - Laurenti, 1768 [Coluber] Lachesis - Gmelin, 1788 [Coluber] Clotho - Gmelin, 1788 C[oluber]. Bitin - Bonnaterre, 1790 Col[uber]. Intumescens - Donndorff, 1798 Vipera severa - Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 [Vipera (Echidna)] arietans - Merrem, 1820 Vipera inflata - Burchell, 1822 Echidna...
Blasius Merrem (February 4, 1761 _ February 23, 1824) was a German naturalist. ...
1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
A political map showing national divisions in relation to the ecological break (Sub-Saharan Africa in green) A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south...
The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ...
Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. ...
Arabia redirects here. ...
Binomial name Bitis atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Coluber atropos - Linnaeus, 1754 [Coluber] Atropos - Linnaeus, 1758 Cobra Atropos - Laurenti, 1768 Vipera Atropos - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 [Vipera (Echidna)] Atropos - Merrem, 1820 Vipera montana - A. Smith, 1826 [Echidna] Atropos - Wagler, 1830 Clotho [(Bitis)] Atropos - Gray, 1842 E[chidna]. ocellata - Tschudi, 1845 Calechidna ocellata...
Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Year 1758 (MDCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Categories: Africa geography stubs | Southern Africa ...
Chimanimani mountains Chimanimani is a mountainous area in the east of Zimbabwe. ...
The Drakensberg Drakensberg Range from space, April 1993 Maluti mountains in Lesotho The Drakensberg (Afrikaans for Dragons Mountain) mountains are the highest in Southern Africa, rising up at Thabana Ntlenyana to 3,482 m (11,422 ft) in height. ...
KwaZulu-Natal (often referred to as KZN) is a province of South Africa. ...
For the term free state as it arises in United States history, see: Free state. ...
Under the Union of South Africa and after that under the Republic of South Africa, the old Cape Colony became the Cape of Good Hope Province (though it was commonly known as the Cape Province). ...
Binomial name Bitis caudalis (Smith, 1839) Synonyms Vipera ocellata - A. Smith, 1838 Vipera (Cerates) caudalis - A. Smith, 1839 Vipera caudalis - A. Smith, 1839 Cerastes caudalis - Gray, 1842 Vipera caudalis - Jan, 1859 V[ipera]. (Cerastes) caudalis - Jan, 1863 Bitis caudalis - Boulenger, 1896 Cobra caudalis - Mertens, 1937 Bitis caudalis caudalis - Mertens, 1955...
Dr. Sir Andrew Smith (1797 - 1872) was a Scottish surgeon and zoologist. ...
1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
“Kalahari†redirects here. ...
Flag of Transvaal For the Russian theme park, see Transvaal Park. ...
The Karoo is a semi-desert region of South Africa. ...
Binomial name Bitis cornuta (Daudin, 1803) Synonyms Vipera cornuta - Daudin, 1803 Vipera armata - A. Smith, 1826 Vip[era]. lophophris - Cuvier, 1829 Vip[era]. lophophrys - Wagler, 1830 Vipera Lophophris - Gray, 1831 Cerastes cornuta - Gray, 1842 Vipera [Echidna] atropoides - A. Smith, 1846 Vipera atropoides - A. Smith, 1846 Clotho cornuta - Gray, 1849 Cerastes...
François Marie Daudin (March 25, 1774–1804) was a French zoologist. ...
1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
Binomial name Bitis gabonica (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) Synonyms Echidna Gabonica - Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Bitis gabonica - Boulenger, 1896 Cobra gabonica - Mertens, 1937 Bitis gabonica gabonica - Mertens, 1951 Bi[tis]. javonica - Suzuki & Iwanga, 1970 Bitis gabonica - Golay , 1993[1] Common names: gaboon viper, butterfly adder, forest...
Constant Duméril. ...
Gabriel Bibron (1806 - 1848) was a French zoologist. ...
Auguste Duméril. ...
1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
KwaZulu-Natal (often referred to as KZN) is a province of South Africa. ...
Binomial name Bitis heraldica (Bocage, 1889) Synonyms Vipera heraldica - Bocage, 1889 Bitis peringueyi - Boulenger, 1896 Bitis heraldica - Betherncourt-Ferreira, 1898[1] Common names: Angolan adder,[2][3] Bocages horned adder. ...
José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823, Funchal, Madeira - 1907, Lisbon, Portugal) was a Portuguese zoologist and politician. ...
Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Binomial name Bitis inornata (Smith, 1838) Synonyms Echidna inornata - A. Smith, 1838 Clotho ?inornata - Gray, 1849 Vipera inornata - Strauch, 1869 Bitis inornata - Boulenger, 1896 Bitis cornuta inornata - Underwood, 1968 B[itis]. inornata - Branch, 1991[1] Common names: plain mountain adder, hornless adder. ...
| Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Binomial name Bitis nasicornis (Shaw, 1792) Synonyms Coluber Nasicornis - Shaw, 1792 Coluber Nasicornis - Shaw, 1802 Vipera nasicornis - Daudin, 1803 Clotho nasicornis - Gray, 1842 Arastes nasicornis - Hallowell, 1845 Cerastes nasicornis - Hallowell, 1847 Vipera Hexacera - Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Echidna nasicornis - Hallowell, 1857 V[ipera]. (Echidna) nasicornis - Jan, 1863 Bitis...
George Shaw. ...
1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Western Africa (UN subregion) Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ...
Binomial name Böhme, 1977 Synonyms Bitis parviocula - Böhme, 1977[1] Common names: Ethiopian mountain adder, Ethiopian mountain viper. ...
Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ...
Binomial name Bitis peringueyi (Boulenger, 1888) Synonyms Vipera Peringueyi - Boulenger, 1888 Bitis peringueyi - Boulenger, 1896 Bitis peringueyi - Golay et al. ...
George Boulenger. ...
For the toll-free telephone number see Toll-free telephone number Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Dune 7, one of the highest sand dunes in the world (ca. ...
Binomial name Branch, 1997 Synonyms Bitis inornata - FitzSimons, 1946 Bitis cornuta albanica - FitzSimons, 1962 Bitis cornuta cornuta - Haacke, 1975 Bitis cornuta cornuta - Visser, 1979 Bitis caudalis - Visser, 1979 Bitis cornuta inorata - Broadley, 1983 Bitis inornata - Branch, 1988 Bitis inornata - Branch, 1988 (!) Bitis cornuta albanica - Broadley, 1990 Bitis inornata - M. Burger...
For the band, see 1997 (band). ...
Capital Cape Town Largest city Cape Town Premier Ebrahim Rasool Area - Total Ranked 4th 129,370 km² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 5th 4,524,335 35/km² Languages Afrikaans (55. ...
Binomial name Bitis schneideri (Boettger, 1886) Synonyms Vipera Schneideri - Boettger, 1886 Bitis caudalis paucisquamatis - Mertens, 1954 Bitis paucisquamata - FitzSimons, 1962 Bitis caudalis paucisquamata - Klemmer, 1963 Bitis paucisquamatis - FitzSimons, 1966 Bitis schneideri - Haacke, 1975[1] Common names: Namaqua dwarf adder,[2][3] spotted dwarf adder,[2] Schneiders adder. ...
Lüderitz, Namibia Lüderitz, Namibia is a harbour town on one of the least hospitable coasts in Africa. ...
Namaqualand (Afrikaans: Namakwaland) is an arid region of South Africa, extending along the west coast over 600 miles and covering a total area of 170,000 square miles/440,000 km². It is divided by the lower course of the Orange River into two portions - Little Namaqualand to the south...
Binomial name Parker, 1932 Synonyms Bitis worthingtoni - Parker, 1932[1] Common names: Kenya horned viper. ...
Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Binomial name Bitis xeropaga Haacke, 1975 Synonyms Bitis peringueyi - Nieden, 1913 Bitis caudalis caudalis - Mertens, 1958 Bitis xeropaga - Haacke, 1975[1] Common names: Desert mountain adder. ...
Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Namaqualand (Afrikaans: Namakwaland) is an arid region of South Africa, extending along the west coast over 600 miles and covering a total area of 170,000 square miles/440,000 km². It is divided by the lower course of the Orange River into two portions - Little Namaqualand to the south...
A type species fixes the name of a genus (or of a taxon in a rank lower than genus). ...
Taxonomy Other species may be encountered in literature, such as:[2] - B. albanica - Hewitt, 1937
- B. armata - Smith, 1826
Lenk et al. (1999) used molecular data (immunological distances and mitochondrial DNA sequences) to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among species of Bitis. They identified four major monophyletic groups for which they created four subgenera:[2] In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic grade intermediate between genus and species. ...
- Bitis - B. arietans
- Calechidna - B. albanica, B. armata, B. atropos, B. caudalis, B. cornuta, B. heraldica, B. inorata, B. peringueyi, B. rubida, B. schneideri, B. xeropaga
- Macrocerastes - B. gabonica, B. nasicornis, B. parviocula
- Keniabitis - B. worthingtoni
For now, this division is of little consequence as far as the nomenclature is concerned. However, the definition of subgenera within a genus is often the sign of an impending split. Therefore, anyone interested in these snakes would do well to familiarize themselves with these new subgenera.[2] Binomial name Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820) Synonyms Cobra lachesis - Laurenti, 1768 Cobra clotho - Laurenti, 1768 [Coluber] Lachesis - Gmelin, 1788 [Coluber] Clotho - Gmelin, 1788 C[oluber]. Bitin - Bonnaterre, 1790 Col[uber]. Intumescens - Donndorff, 1798 Vipera severa - Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 [Vipera (Echidna)] arietans - Merrem, 1820 Vipera inflata - Burchell, 1822 Echidna...
Binomial name Bitis atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Coluber atropos - Linnaeus, 1754 [Coluber] Atropos - Linnaeus, 1758 Cobra Atropos - Laurenti, 1768 Vipera Atropos - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 [Vipera (Echidna)] Atropos - Merrem, 1820 Vipera montana - A. Smith, 1826 [Echidna] Atropos - Wagler, 1830 Clotho [(Bitis)] Atropos - Gray, 1842 E[chidna]. ocellata - Tschudi, 1845 Calechidna ocellata...
Binomial name Bitis caudalis (Smith, 1839) Synonyms Vipera ocellata - A. Smith, 1838 Vipera (Cerates) caudalis - A. Smith, 1839 Vipera caudalis - A. Smith, 1839 Cerastes caudalis - Gray, 1842 Vipera caudalis - Jan, 1859 V[ipera]. (Cerastes) caudalis - Jan, 1863 Bitis caudalis - Boulenger, 1896 Cobra caudalis - Mertens, 1937 Bitis caudalis caudalis - Mertens, 1955...
Binomial name Bitis cornuta (Daudin, 1803) Synonyms Vipera cornuta - Daudin, 1803 Vipera armata - A. Smith, 1826 Vip[era]. lophophris - Cuvier, 1829 Vip[era]. lophophrys - Wagler, 1830 Vipera Lophophris - Gray, 1831 Cerastes cornuta - Gray, 1842 Vipera [Echidna] atropoides - A. Smith, 1846 Vipera atropoides - A. Smith, 1846 Clotho cornuta - Gray, 1849 Cerastes...
Binomial name Bitis heraldica (Bocage, 1889) Synonyms Vipera heraldica - Bocage, 1889 Bitis peringueyi - Boulenger, 1896 Bitis heraldica - Betherncourt-Ferreira, 1898[1] Common names: Angolan adder,[2][3] Bocages horned adder. ...
Binomial name Bitis inornata (Smith, 1838) Synonyms Echidna inornata - A. Smith, 1838 Clotho ?inornata - Gray, 1849 Vipera inornata - Strauch, 1869 Bitis inornata - Boulenger, 1896 Bitis cornuta inornata - Underwood, 1968 B[itis]. inornata - Branch, 1991[1] Common names: plain mountain adder, hornless adder. ...
Binomial name Bitis peringueyi (Boulenger, 1888) Synonyms Vipera Peringueyi - Boulenger, 1888 Bitis peringueyi - Boulenger, 1896 Bitis peringueyi - Golay et al. ...
Binomial name Branch, 1997 Synonyms Bitis inornata - FitzSimons, 1946 Bitis cornuta albanica - FitzSimons, 1962 Bitis cornuta cornuta - Haacke, 1975 Bitis cornuta cornuta - Visser, 1979 Bitis caudalis - Visser, 1979 Bitis cornuta inorata - Broadley, 1983 Bitis inornata - Branch, 1988 Bitis inornata - Branch, 1988 (!) Bitis cornuta albanica - Broadley, 1990 Bitis inornata - M. Burger...
Binomial name Bitis schneideri (Boettger, 1886) Synonyms Vipera Schneideri - Boettger, 1886 Bitis caudalis paucisquamatis - Mertens, 1954 Bitis paucisquamata - FitzSimons, 1962 Bitis caudalis paucisquamata - Klemmer, 1963 Bitis paucisquamatis - FitzSimons, 1966 Bitis schneideri - Haacke, 1975[1] Common names: Namaqua dwarf adder,[2][3] spotted dwarf adder,[2] Schneiders adder. ...
Binomial name Bitis xeropaga Haacke, 1975 Synonyms Bitis peringueyi - Nieden, 1913 Bitis caudalis caudalis - Mertens, 1958 Bitis xeropaga - Haacke, 1975[1] Common names: Desert mountain adder. ...
Binomial name Bitis gabonica (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) Synonyms Echidna Gabonica - Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Bitis gabonica - Boulenger, 1896 Cobra gabonica - Mertens, 1937 Bitis gabonica gabonica - Mertens, 1951 Bi[tis]. javonica - Suzuki & Iwanga, 1970 Bitis gabonica - Golay , 1993[1] Common names: gaboon viper, butterfly adder, forest...
Binomial name Bitis nasicornis (Shaw, 1792) Synonyms Coluber Nasicornis - Shaw, 1792 Coluber Nasicornis - Shaw, 1802 Vipera nasicornis - Daudin, 1803 Clotho nasicornis - Gray, 1842 Arastes nasicornis - Hallowell, 1845 Cerastes nasicornis - Hallowell, 1847 Vipera Hexacera - Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Echidna nasicornis - Hallowell, 1857 V[ipera]. (Echidna) nasicornis - Jan, 1863 Bitis...
Binomial name Böhme, 1977 Synonyms Bitis parviocula - Böhme, 1977[1] Common names: Ethiopian mountain adder, Ethiopian mountain viper. ...
Binomial name Parker, 1932 Synonyms Bitis worthingtoni - Parker, 1932[1] Common names: Kenya horned viper. ...
See also This is a list of all species and subspecies of the subfamily Viperinae, otherwise referred to as the true vipers, the pitless vipers or the Old World vipers. ...
A snakebite, or snake bite, is a bite inflicted by a Snake. ...
Cited references - ^ a b c d e f g McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ^ a b Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
- ^ a b Bitis (TSN 634420). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 18 July 2006.
- ^ a b U.S. Navy. 1965. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C. 212 pp.
- ^ Bitis arietans antivenoms at Munich AntiVenom INdex. Accessed 25 August, 2006.
- ^ Bitis gabonica antivenoms at Munich AntiVenom INdex. Accessed 25 August, 2006.
- ^ Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Venom Response Unit at VenomousReptiles.org. Accessed 5 September 2006.
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is a partnership designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the taxonomy of biological species. ...
is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Other references - Branch WR. 1999. Dwarf adders of the Bitis cornuta-inornata complex (Serptentes: Viperidae) in Southern Africa. Kaupia (Darmstadt) (8): 39-63.
- Lenk, P., H.-W. Herrmann, U. Joger, & M. Wink (1999) Phylogeny and taxonomic subdivision of Bitis (Reptilia: Viperidae) based on molecular evidence. Kaupia, 8: 31-38.
- U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: Dover Books. (Reprint of US Govt. Printing Office, Washington D.C.) 232 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
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