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Bituminous coal is a relatively hard coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen. It is of better quality than lignite coal but of poorer quality than anthracite coal. Bituminous coal This image is from: http://resourcescommittee. ...
Bituminous coal This image is from: http://resourcescommittee. ...
Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining). ...
Bitumen Bitumen is a mixture of organic liquids that are highly viscous, black, sticky, entirely soluble in carbon disulfide, and composed primarily of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ...
Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by mining. ...
Anthracite coal Anthracite (Greek ΑνθÏακίτης, literally a form of coal, from Anthrax [ΆνθÏαξ], coal) is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high luster. ...
Bituminous coal is an organic sedimentary rock formed by diagenetic and submetamorphic compression of peat bog material. Peat in Lewis, Scotland Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. ...
Bituminous coal has been compressed and heated so that its primary constituents are the macerals vitrinite, exinite, etc. The carbon content of bituminous coal is around 60-80%, the rest is composed of water, air, hydrogen, and sulphur which have not been driven off from the macerals. Vitrinite is one of the primary components of coals and most sedimentary kerogens. ...
In coal geology, exinite is an umbrella term, used when referring to the finely-ground and macrerated remains, originally formed by spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, leaf cuticles, plant resins and waxes, as found in coal deposits. ...
For the chemical element see: sulfur. ...
A maceral is a component of coal. ...
The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu/ton (24 to 35 MJ/kg) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis.
Bituminous coal is usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material. Bituminous coal seams are stratigraphically identified by the distinctive sequence of bright and dark bands and are classified accordingly as either "dull, bright-banded" or "bright, dull-banded" and so on.
Uses
Bituminous coals are graded according to vitrinite reflectance, moisture content, volatile content, plasticity and ash content. Generally, the highest value bituminous coals are those which have a specific grade of plasticity, volatility and low ash content, especially with low carbonate, phosphorus and sulphur. In inorganic chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Atomic mass 30. ...
Plasticity is vital for coking and steel making, where the coal has to behave in a manner which allows it to mix with the iron oxides during smelting. Low phosphorus content is vital for these coals, as phosphorus is a highly deleterious element in steel making.
Coking coal is best if it has a very narrow range of volatility and plasticity. This is measured by the Free Swelling Index test. Tar content, volatile content and swelling index are used to select coals for coke blending. Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. ...
Volatility is also critical for steel making and power generation, as this determines the burn rate of the coal. High volatile content coals, while easy to ignite often are not as prized as moderately volatile coals; low volatile coal may be difficult to ignite although it will contain more energy per unit volume. The smelter must balance the volatile content of the coals to optimise the ease of ignition, burn rate, and energy output of the coal.
Low ash, sulphur, and carbonate coals are prized for power generation because they do not produce much boiler slag and they do not require as much effort to scrub the flue gases to remove particulate matter. Carbonates are deleterious as they readily stick to the boiler apparatus. Sulphide contents are also deleterious in some fashion as this sulphur is emitted and can form smog, acid rain and haze pollution. Again, scrubbers on the flue gases aim to eliminate particulate and sulphur emissions. A path through a slag heap in Clarkdale, Arizona, showing the striations from the now rusting corrugated sheets used to hold it back. ...
Victorian London was notorious for its thick smogs, or pea-soupers, a fact that is often recreated to add an air of mystery to a period costume drama. ...
The effects of acid rain in the Jizera Mountains of the Czech Republic Acid rain (or more accurately acid precipitation)[1] occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere, undergo chemical transformations and are absorbed by water droplets in clouds. ...
Coking Coal When used for many industrial processes, bituminous coal must first be "coked" to remove volatile components. Coking is achieved by heating the coal in the absence of oxygen, which drives off volatile hydrocarbons such as propane, benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons, and some sulfur gases. This also drives off a considerable amount of the contained water of the bituminous coal. Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. ...
Hydrocarbons are refined at oil refineries and processed at chemical plants A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ...
Benzene, also known as benzol, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. ...
Coking coal is used in the manufacture of steel, where carbon must be as volatile-free and ash-free as possible. For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...
Jurassic Coals Extensive but low-value coals of Jurassic age extend through the Surat Basin in Australia, formed in an intracratonic sag basin, and contain evidence of dinosaur activity in the numerous ash plies. These coals are exploited in Queensland from the Walloon Coal Measures which are up to 15m thick of sub-bituminous to bituminous coals suited for coking, steam-raising and oil cracking. The Surat Basin is a part of the Great Artesian Basin of Australia. ...
Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ...
Emblems: Faunal - Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Floral - Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium bigibbum); Bird - Brolga (Grus rubicunda); Aquatic - Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos); Gem - Sapphire; Colour - Maroon Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Const. ...
Triassic Coals Coals of Triassic age are known from the Clarence-Moreton and Ipswich Basins, near Ipswich, Australia and the Esk Trough. Coals of this era are rare, and many contain fossils of flowering plants. Some of the best coking coals are Australian Triassic coals, although most economic deposits have been worked out. The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 to 200 Ma (million years ago). ...
Timber framed buildings in St Nicholas Street The Ancient House is decorated with a particularly fine example of pargeting Ipswich (pronounced Ip-Switch) is the county town of Suffolk and a non-metropolitan district in East Anglia, England on the estuary of the River Orwell. ...
Permian Coals The second largest deposits of the world's bituminous coal is contained within Permian strata in Russia and also in the Bowen Basin in Queensland, Australia, as well as in the Sydney Basin and Perth Basin where thicknesses in excess of 300m are known. Current reserves and resources are projected to last for over 200 years. Satellite image and map of the Bowen Basin region The Bowen Basin is the largest coal reserve in Australia. ...
Emblems: Faunal - Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Floral - Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium bigibbum); Bird - Brolga (Grus rubicunda); Aquatic - Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos); Gem - Sapphire; Colour - Maroon Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Const. ...
The Sydney Basin is a large basin in New South Wales, between the Blue Mountains and the sea, expanding south towards Goulburn and north towards Newcastle. ...
City of Perth is situated on Swan River. ...
Australia exports the vast majority of its coal for coking and steel making in Japan. Certain Australian coals are the best in the world for these purposes, requiring little to no blending. Some bituminous coals from the Permian and Triassic in Australia are also the most suitable for cracking into oil. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Ignacy Åukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...
Vast deposits of oil shale exist in the Permian sediments of Queensland. Oil shale is a general term applied to a group of rocks rich enough in organic material (called kerogen) to yield petroleum upon distillation. ...
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Carboniferous Coals Much North American coal was created when swamps created organic material faster than it could decay, before the orogenies that created the Appalachian Mountains during the Carboniferous epoch, which is subdivided in American literature into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian eras after the two main coal-bearing time periods. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...
Orogeny is the process of mountain building, and as such is both a tectonic structural event, a geographical event and a chronological event, in that orogenic events happen within a time frame, affect certain regions of rocks and crust, and cause distinctive structural phenomena and related tectonic activity. ...
A rainy day in the Great Smoky Mountains, Western North Carolina Appalachia, the central and southern Appalachian Mountains of the United States, also including the Allegany and Cumberland Plateaus The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a vast system of North American mountains, partly in Canada, but mostly in the...
The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ...
This article is about the geologic period; for the North American culture, see Mississippian culture. ...
The Pennsylvanian is an epoch of the Carboniferous period lasting from roughly 325 Ma to 299 Ma (million years ago). ...
Bituminous coal is mined in the Appalachian region, primarily for power generation. Mining is done via both surface and underground mines. Pocahontas bituminous coal at one time fueled half the world's navies and today stokes steel mills and power plants all over the globe. This article is about the modern area called Appalachia. ...
This article is about mineral extraction. ...
Norfolk and Western Railway (AAR reporting mark: NW), a US class 1 railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982. ...
While coal mining is an important part of Appalachia's economy, many miners are afflicted with black lung disease. Pneumoconiosis is a lung condition caused by the inhalation of dust, characterized by formation of nodular fibrotic changes in lungs. ...
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See also A maceral is a component of coal. ...
Vitrinite is one of the primary components of coals and most sedimentary kerogens. ...
This page is intended as a list of all rock types. ...
Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by mining. ...
Anthracite coal Anthracite is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high luster. ...
Graphite (named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek γÏαφειν: to draw/write, for its use in pencils) is one of the allotropes of carbon. ...
Satellite image and map of the Bowen Basin region The Bowen Basin is the largest coal reserve in Australia. ...
Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Area Ranked 41st - Total 24,244 sq mi (62,809 km²) - Width 130 miles (210 km) - Length 240 miles (385 km) - % water 0. ...
Georges Creek Valley is located in Allegany County, Maryland along the Georges Creek tributary stream. ...
The Big Vein refers to a 14-foot thick seam of bituminous coal discovered in the Georges Creek Valley in the US in the early 19th century. ...
David Thomas Ansted (February 5, 1814-May 13, 1880) was an English geologist and author. ...
William Nelson Page (January 6, 1854–March 7, 1932), was a United States civil engineer, entrepreneur, capitalist, businessman, and industrialist. ...
Henry Huttleston Rogers (January 29, 1840 – May 19, 1909) was a United States capitalist, businessman, industrialist, financier, and philanthropist. ...
Bituminous coal Building the Virginian Railway began as a project to create an 80 mile-long short line railroad to provide access for shipping of untapped bituminous coal reserves in southern West Virginia early in the 20th century. ...
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