NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Black British

See also: British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British, British Asian,Britsh Mixed This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the Midlands. ... Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England which has a population of 2. ... Coat of Arms of South Yorkshire West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, that has a population of 2. ... This article is about the English city. ... The East Midlands is one of the regions of England and consists of most of the eastern half of the traditional region of the Midlands. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Caribbean English is a broad term for the dialects of the English language spoken in the Caribbean, most countries on the Caribbean coast of Central America, and Guyana. ... Map showing the distribution of African language families and some major African languages. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... The Leicester Caribbean Carnival The British African-Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean) community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background, and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa. ... A Caribbean British person is someone who is British by residence or citizenship and who has ancestry originating from the Caribbean. ... The term British Asian is used to denote a person of Southern Asian ancestry or origin, or sometimes Western Asian origin, who was born in or was an immigrant to the United Kingdom. ...

Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. Historically it has been used to refer to any non-white British national. The term was first used to refer to the end of colonial era where several major colonies formally gained independence and thereby created a new form of national identity. The term was at that time (1950s) used mainly to describe those from the former colonies of India, African, and Caribbean colonies, ie the New Commonwealth. In some circumstances the word "Black" still signifies all ethnic minority populations.^[1] â€œWhitesâ€ redirects here. ... (For a general meaning see Colony) The Colonial Era is most commonly used to describe the period in history where Europeans, in particular, of The Old World began to colonize the The New World of The Americas. ... For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation) A nation is a community of people who live together in an area (or, more broadly, of their descendants who may now be dispersed); and who regard themselves, or are regarded by others, as sharing some common identity, to which certain... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... â€œWest Indianâ€ redirects here. ... The term New Commonwealth was commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s to refer to members of the Commonwealth of Nations that had joined in recent years as a result of decolonization. ... This article is about the concept of a minority. ...

More recently it has come to define a British resident with specifically African ancestral origins, who self identifies, or is identified, as "Black", African or African-Caribbean. Similar to African immigrants to the United States, Black British also immigrate from other countries. A Masai man in Kenya Black people or blacks is a political, social or cultural classification of people. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... The Leicester Caribbean Carnival The British African-Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean) community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of West Indian background, and whose ancestors were indigenous to Africa. ... Africans in the United States, in the scope of this article, are recent immigrants to the United States from continental Africa and their descendants. ...

Currently, Black British is used by the British authorities to mean UK passport holders of African/African-Caribbean origin (e.g. the usage of the Commission for Racial Equality), but is historically used to include others, for instance for British Asians or others of non-European descent who consider themselves involved in a struggle against white racism. The Commission for Racial Equality is a non-governmental organisation in the United Kingdom which tackles racial discrimination and promotes racial equality. ... The term British Asian is used to denote a person of South Asian ancestry or origin, who was born in or was an immigrant to the United Kingdom, former heartland of the British Empire. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that white people are superior to other races. ...

Use of term

Historically, the term has most commonly been used to refer to those of New Commonwealth origin. For example, Southall Black Sisters was established in 1979 "to meet the needs of black (Asian and African-Caribbean) women" ^[2] It was also used in a political sense to mean "not white British" - the main groups in the 1970s were from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent, but solidarity against racism extended the term to the Irish population of Britain as well ^[3]^[4]. Several organisations continue to use the term inclusively, such as the Black Arts Alliance^[5] and the National Black Police Association^[6]. This is unlike the official British Census definition which adheres to the clear distinction between "British South Asians" and "British Blacks".^[7] The term New Commonwealth was commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s to refer to members of the Commonwealth of Nations that had joined in recent years as a result of decolonization. ... Southall Black Sisters is a non-profit organisation based in Southall, West London, UK. The organisation was established in Apirl 1979 during the Southall race riots, which occurred on the 23rd April 1979. ... â€œWest Indianâ€ redirects here. ... Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... The Irish community in Britain are residents of Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) whose birth place and/or ancestry originates in the island nation of Ireland. ... The National Black Police Association (NBPA) is a British police association, founded in November 1998, which seeks to improve the working environment of black and minority ethnic (BME) staff in UK police forces and to enhance racial harmony and the quality of service to the BME communities of the United...

African British

The term "African British" has grown in popularity as an expression used to describe Black British people of specifically African ancestry. In 2005 a poll conducted by Blacknet revealed that African British was the most popular term (40%) for referring to people of African descent in the United Kingdom. Also in a poll carried out by Afford (African Foundation for Development) 50% of respondents agreed that African British should be the term adopted.^[8]. There is some confusion as to the use of the term between using it as an alternative to Afro-Caribbean or as a term only for British people of direct African descent, who have no family connection with the Caribbean or indeed America. Afro-Caribbean may refer to: the British Afro-Caribbean community other members of the African diaspora in or from the Carribean This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... â€œWest Indianâ€ redirects here. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

In the more inclusive sense "Black British" is being used to mean "non-white British". In the more common, restrictive sense it is a synonym for African British.

Alternative usage: Sierra Leone

Black British was also an identity of Black people in Sierra Leone (known as the Krio) who considered themselves British. They are generally the descendants of black people who lived in England in the 18th century and freed black slaves who fought for the Crown in the American Revolutionary War (see also Black Loyalists). In 1787, hundreds of London's Black poor (and 80 white women) agreed to go to this West African country on the condition that they would retain the status of British subjects, to live in freedom under the protection of the British Crown and be defended by the Royal Navy. A Masai man in Kenya Black people or blacks is a political, social or cultural classification of people. ... Krio is a diverse, mainly Christian culture founded by freed African slaves from Britain, Northern America and Jamaica who settled in Freetown in the late 18th century. ... This article is about military actions only. ... Black Loyalists is the name given to formerly enslaved Africans or to free people of color of the North American continent who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolutionary War. ... Year 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... It has been suggested that Black Poor be merged into this article or section. ... In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen_in_Parliament) legislative power. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ...

History

Before the twentieth century

There is a history of African people in Britain since the soldiers of the Roman Empire two thousand years ago. In Historia Regum Britanniae Book IX , Geoffrey of Monmouth (c.1100 – c.1155) describes how the Anglo-Saxons defeated the British thanks to the help of Gormund, at the head of an army of Africans. However, as this is probably a reference to a Vandal ruler of North Africa,^[9] it is hard to assess to what extent these people can be regarded as "Black", given that the Vandals originated as a Germanic tribe who merged with the population of North Africa, not Sub-Saharan Africa. For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: History of the Kings of Britain Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae (English: The History of the Kings of Britain) is a pseudohistorical account of British history, written around 1136. ... Geoffrey of Monmouth (in Welsh: Gruffudd ap Arthur or Sieffre o Fynwy) (c. ... For other uses, see Anglo-Saxon. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... A political map showing national divisions in relation to the ecological break (Sub-Saharan Africa in green) A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south...

Philippa of Hainault, Queen Consort of Edward III , is described in some sources as having been of African descent, though the evidence is debated and discounted by many historians. ^{[citation needed]} Philippa of Hainault Philippa of Hainault (~1314 - August 15, 1369) was the Queen consort of Edward III of England. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the King of England. ...

In late medieval times black Britons generally came from the sea-faring community.^{[citation needed]} Medieval Times location in Schaumburg, Illinois. ...

The legality of slavery in England had long been questionable following the Cartwright decision of 1569, when it was "resolved that England was too pure an air for a slave to breathe in." However, this case did not set a recognized precedent until it was brought up in the Somerset case of 1772 (see generally, Slavery at common law). In the early eighteenth century there are records of slave sales and the attempt to catch Africans described as escaped slaves. The precedent-setting Somerset case concerned a fugitive black Virginia slave James Somersett. Chief Justice Mansfield (whose own presumed great-niece Dido was of mixed race) concluded that Somerset had become free by setting foot in England. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... James Somersett or Somerset was a slave who was brought by his owner from Virginia to England. ... It is sometimes said that slavery at common law did not exist, often on the basis of pronouncements such as those attributed (incorrectly) to Lord Mansfield, that the air of England is too pure for any slave to breathe. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... James Somersett or Somerset was a slave who was brought by his owner from Virginia to England. ... William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield (March 2, 1705 - March 20, 1793), was a British judge and politician who reached high office in the House of Lords. ... Dido Elizabeth Belle with her cousin Elizabeth, detail of a painting by Johann Zoffany Dido Elizabeth Belle (1763?-1804) (or Dido Elizabeth Belle Lindsay) was an illegitimate daughter of Admiral John Lindsay and an African slave woman. ...

The Black Londoners, encouraged by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, decided to emigrate to Sierra Leone to found the first British colony in Africa, very clearly demanded that their status as British subjects be recognised, along with the duty of the British Royal Navy to defend them. It has been suggested that Black Poor be merged into this article or section. ... In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ...

Despite this, numbers of people with African origins were relatively small, though there were significant communities of South Asians. However, the links established because of the British Empire led to increased population movement and immigration. Composite satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

In a famous case an Indian Briton, Dadabhai Naoroji, stood for election to parliament for the Liberal Party in 1886. He was defeated, leading the leader of the Conservative Party, Lord Salisbury to remark that "however great the progress of mankind has been, and however far we have advanced in overcoming prejudice, I doubt if we have yet got to the point of view where a British constituency would elect a black man".^[10] This led to much discussion about the applicability of the term "black" to South Asians. Naoroji was subsequently elected to parliament in 1892, becoming the first Member of Parliament (MP) of Indian descent. Statue of Naoroji in Mumbai Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825â€“30 June 1917) was a Parsi intellectual and educator, and an early Indian political leader. ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons The Right Honourable Michael Martin MP Lord Speaker HÃ©lÃ¨ne Hayman, Baroness Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups (as of May 5, 2005 elections) Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... Leaders of the UK Conservative Party since 1834. ... Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830 â€“ 22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister on three occasions, for a total of over 13 years. ... Composite satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia. ...

Twentieth century

Before the Second World War, the largest Black communities were to be found in Britain's great port cities: London's East End, Liverpool, Bristol and Cardiff, with other communities in South Shields and Glasgow. The South Shields community (mostly South Asians and Yemenis) were victims of the UK's first race riot in 1919.^[11] Soon all the other towns with significant non-white communities were also hit by race riots which spread across the Anglo-Saxon world. At this time, on Australian insistence, the British refused to accept the Racial Equality Proposal put forward by the Japanese at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Australian soldiers placed themselves in the front of the attacks on the Black community in Butetown, Cardiff. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... For other uses, see Port (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The term East End is most commonly used to refer to the East End of London. ... For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation). ... This article is about the English city. ... This article is about the capital city of Wales. ... , South Shields is a coastal town in Tyne and Wear, England, on the south bank of the mouth of the River Tyne, with a population of about 90,000. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... A race riot or racial riot is an outbreak of violent civil unrest in which race is a key factor. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Map of the World with the Participants in World War I. The Allies are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey. ... Map of the World with the Participants in World War I. The Allies are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey. ... Butetown is a district of the city of Cardiff, Wales. ... This article is about the capital city of Wales. ...

It was in the period after the Second World War, however, that the largest influx of black people occurred, mostly from the British West Indies. This migration event is often labelled "Windrush", a reference to the Empire Windrush, the ship that carried the first major group of Caribbean migrants to Britain in 1948.^[12] "Caribbean" is itself not one ethnic or political identity; for example, some of this wave of immigrants were Indo-Caribbean. The most widely used term then used was "West Indian" (or sometimes "coloured"); "Black British" did not come into widespread use until the second generation were born to these post-war immigrants to the country. Although British by nationality, due to friction between them and the white majority, they were often being born into communities that were relatively closed, creating the roots of what would become a distinct Black British identity. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Roadtown, Tortola The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were colonised by Great Britain. ... The Empire Windrush The Empire Windrush was a ship that is an important part of the history of multiracialism in the United Kingdom. ... An Indo-Caribbean is a person of South Asian origin who lives in the Caribbean, or the descendant of such a person. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

Since the 1980s, the majority of black immigrants into the country have come directly from Africa, in particular, Nigeria and Ghana in West Africa, Somalia and Kenya in East Africa, and Zimbabwe and South Africa in Southern Africa. The African experience in Britain is not a homogenous one. For example, Nigerians and Ghanaians have been especially quick to accustom themselves to British life, with young Nigerians and Ghanaians achieving some of the best results at GCSE and A-Level.^{[citation needed]} It has not been so easy for the growing Somali community, who suffer relatively high levels of social exclusion and isolation. The rate of inter-racial marriage between British citizens born in Africa and native Britons is still fairly low, compared to those from the Caribbean. This might change over time as Africans become more part of mainstream British culture as second and third generation African communities become established. A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Western Africa (UN subregion) Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... Eastern Africa (UN subregion) East African Community Central African Federation (defunct) geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | Southern Africa ... GCSE is an acronym that can refer to: General Certificate of Secondary Education global common subexpression elimination - an optimisation technique used by some compilers This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in the United Kingdom, usually taken by students during the optional final two years of secondary school (Years 12 & 13, commonly called the Sixth Form), or at a separate sixth form college or further education college... Social exclusion relates to the alienation or disenfranchisement of certain people within a society. ... It has been suggested that Interethnic marriage be merged into this article or section. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Historically significant Black and mixed race Britons

Well-known Black and mixed race Britons living before the twentieth century include: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (455x700, 49 KB)Olaudah Equiano - Project Gutenberg eText 15399. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (455x700, 49 KB)Olaudah Equiano - Project Gutenberg eText 15399. ... Olaudah Equiano Frontpage of The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (c. ... The terms multiracial, biracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestors are not of a single race. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ...

Dido Elizabeth Belle with her cousin Elizabeth, detail of a painting by Johann Zoffany Dido Elizabeth Belle (1763?-1804) (or Dido Elizabeth Belle Lindsay) was an illegitimate daughter of Admiral John Lindsay and an African slave woman. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... George Bridgetower - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A 1912 obituary in the African Methodist Episcopal Church Review Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (August 15, 1875â€“September 1, 1912) was a black, English composer who achieved such success he was called The Black Mahler. ... Holborn (pronounced ho-bun or ho-burn) is a place in London, named after a tributary to the river Fleet that flowed through the area, the Hole-bourne (the stream in the hollow). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... A movement for social and political reform in the United Kingdom during the mid_19th century, Chartism gains its name from the Peoples Charter of 1838, which set out the main aims of the movement. ... William Cuffay (1788 - 1870) was a Chartist leader and alleged rebel in early Victorian London. ... The Cato Street Conspiracy was an attempt to murder all the British cabinet ministers in 1820. ... Olaudah Equiano Frontpage of The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (c. ... Manumission is the act of freeing a slave, done at the will of the owner. ... For the Sanskrit word Soham Soham is a small town in the English county of Cambridgeshire. ... Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ... Ukawsaw Gronniosaw produced A Narrative of the Most remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African Prince, which was the first Slave narrative in the English language. ... The slave narrative is a literary form which grew out of the experience of enslaved Africans in the New World. ... Ignatius Sancho (1729-1780) was a composer, actor, and writer. ... An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to study, reflect, and speculate on a variety of different ideas. ... Thomas Spence (June 21, 1750 â€“ September 8, 1814) was a Radical democrat and advocate of the common ownership of land. ... Robert Wedderburn - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Nathaniel Wells (born 1779 in St Kitts; died 13 May 1852 in Bath, Somerset), was the son of a Welsh merchant and his black slave. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Kitts and Nevis is an island nation in the Caribbean. ... This article is about the country. ... Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit. ... A magistrate is a judicial officer. ... Look up Sheriff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Demographics

Since the 2001 census the population of the black community has risen, with large-scale migration from Africa, particularly from Nigeria, Ghana, Somalia, Angola and The Congo. The population of blacks in these areas may now be higher. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The London Borough of Southwark is a London borough in London, England. ... The London Borough of Lambeth is a London borough in South London, England and forms part of Inner London. ... The London Borough of Hackney is a London Borough in the east end of London and part of inner London. ... The London Borough of Brent is a London borough in north west London and forms part of Outer London. ... Newham Town Hall in East Ham (E6) Logo on the roadside at sunset The London Borough of Newham is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. ... The London Borough of Lewisham is a London borough in south east London, England and forms part of Inner London. ... The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in North-East London, England and forms part of Outer London. ... The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough in North London, England, and forms part of Outer London. ... The London Borough of Hillingdon is the westernmost borough in Greater London, England. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Birmingham (pron. ... For other uses, see Leeds (disambiguation). ... Chapeltown is an inner-city suburb of north-east Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, and is the centre of the citys British Afro-Caribbean community. ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Coventry (disambiguation). ... // Wolverhampton is a City in the historical county of Staffordshire and metropolian county of the West Midlands. ... Leicester city centre, looking towards the Clock Tower Leicester (pronounced ) is the largest city and unitary authority in the English East Midlands. ... This article is about the English city. ... Huddersfield is a large town in England near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme. ... For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation). ... Slough (pronounced ) is a town and unitary authority (Borough of Slough) in England. ... It has been suggested that Culture in Luton be merged into this article or section. ... Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). ... Geography Status City (1951) Region East of England Admin. ... This article is about the capital city of Wales. ... For other uses, see Nottingham (disambiguation). ... In 2001 censuses were conducted in Canada: Canada 2001 Census Nepal: Demographics of Nepal Portugal Slovakia: Demographics of Slovakia United Kingdom: United Kingdom Census 2001 Categories: Demographics ... Motto Justice â€“ Paix â€“ Travail(French) Justice â€“ Peace â€“ Work Anthem Debout Congolais Capital (and largest city) Kinshasaa Official languages French Recognised regional languages Lingala, Kongo/Kituba, Swahili, Tshiluba Demonym Congolese Government Semi-Presidential Republic - President Joseph Kabila - Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga Independence - from Belgium June 30, 1960 Area - Total 2,344...

In 2001, black people made up 2.2% of the population of England. While this is a lower percentage than that of the United States (12.9%), it is about the same as the proportion in Canada (2.0%). However, as the population of the USA, UK and Canada vary dramatically, the actual black populations are considerably different. The black populations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are considerably smaller than that of England, as is the case in may other European countries. Due to many the fact most blacks have arrived in the U.K. in more recent times, Black British people have a much younger population pyramid than African-Americans, and the British population in general. This means that even if there was more immigration, the Black British population would probably still continue to increase. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... This article is about the country. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: ) is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 kmÂ², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... This distribution is named for the pyramidal shape of its graph. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ...

Culture

It has taken hundreds of years for the Black British culture to develop and to become accepted in the mainstream. Some black Liverpudlians can trace their roots in Liverpool back as far back as ten generations^[14] There are still notable differences between Black Britons of different national backgrounds – but that culture has flourished until it has become an accepted and vital part of the culture of modern Britain, shared by those of all backgrounds. This article is about the city in England. ... For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation). ...

Black British music

See also: Caribbean music in the United Kingdom Jamaican music in the United Kingdom // White Reggae White reggae has very low artistic credibility, but it laid a path for genuine reggae in Britain. ...

Black British music is a long established and influential part of British music. Its presence in Britain has been noted from street musicians like Billy Waters to concert performers like George Bridgetower in the eighteenth century. Music from the United Kingdom has achieved great international popularity since the 1960s, when the British Invasion peaked. ... Busking is the practice of doing live performances in public places to entertain people, usually to solicit donations and tips. ... George Bridgetower - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

In the late 1970s and 1980s 2 Tone became popular with the British youth, especially in the West Midlands. A blend of punk, ska and pop made it popular with both white and black audiences. Famous bands include The Selecter, The Specials, The Beat and Bodysnatchers. This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The West Midlands conurbation is the name given to the large conurbation that includes the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton, in the English West Midlands. ... Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ... Ska (pron. ... For popular forms of music in general, see Popular music. ... The Selecter were a ska revival band from Coventry, England, formed in the late 1970s and who became one of the essential bands of the British ska movement. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Beat, known in North America as The English Beat, was one of the most important 2 Tone ska music groups. ...

Black British music sometimes reflects Caribbean influences or takes inspiration from Black American ones such as hip hop and rap. However, it is now developing its own distinctive identity. Grime music was invented in London and is growing in popularity. Famous grime artists include Dizzee Rascal, Kano, Wiley, Lethal Bizzle, and DJ Semtex. It is now common to hear British MCs rapping in a strong British accent. The music of the Caribbean is a diverse grouping of musical genres. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Hip hop is a cultural movement that began amongst urban African American youth in New York and has since spread around the world. ... RAP may mean: the IATA airport code for Rapid City Regional Airport Rassemblement pour lalternative progressiste, a QuÃ©becois political party. ... Grime is a sub-genre of urban music which first emerged in London in the early 2000s, primarily a development of UK garage, drum and bass, dancehall and hip hop. ... Dylan Mills, known professionally as Dizzee Rascal (born 1985 in Bow/East London)[1], is an English MC/rapper and producer. ... Kano is the administrative center of the Kano State and the third largest city in Nigeria, in terms of geographical size, after Ibadan and Lagos. ... Look up Wiley in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Lethal Bizzle (also known as Lethal B, born Maxwell Ansah) 23, is a rapper from, Walthamstow, East London, born to Ghanaian parents. ... Semtex (b. ... MasterCard logo Manchaster Town Hall MC can mean: Mini Cooper: Macao: FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code Machine, (also m/c) Manchester, England (also m/c) Mariah Carey, American songstress Marginal cost Marin Catholic Master cylinder Master of Ceremonies Rapper (also emcee), or a prefix for the names of rappers... British English (BrE) is a term used to refer to the form of the English language spoken in the British Isles. ...

Notable Black Britons

There are examples of Blacks who have achieved success in practically every field of British life. // This is a list of Black Britons. ...

An example from television is reporter and newsreader Sir Trevor McDonald, born in Trinidad, who was knighted in 1999. McDonald is now seen as a part of the broadcasting establishment. His clear, confident delivery and serious attitude have made him one of British television's most trusted presenters, winning more awards than any other British broadcaster. Other examples from television are entertainer Lenny Henry and chef Ainsley Harriott. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Look up Trinidad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Lenworth George Henry, CBE, better known as Lenny Henry (born 29 August 1958), is an English entertainer. ... Ainsley Harriott (born February 28, 1957) is a British celebrity chef. ...

Michael Fuller, after a successful career in the Metropolitan Police, has been Chief Constable of Kent since 2004. He is the son of Jamaican immigrants who came to Britain in the 1950s. Fuller was brought up in Sussex, where his interest in the police force was encouraged by an officer attached to his school. He is a graduate in social psychology.^[15] Michael Fuller QPM is the Chief Constable of Kent Police and the first black Chief Constable in the United Kingdom. ... Metropolitan Police redirects here. ... Chief Constable is the title given to the commanding officer of every territorial police force in the United Kingdom except the two responsible for Greater London. ... The Kent coat of arms For other uses, see Kent (disambiguation). ... Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. ... For the band, see The Police. ... The scope of social psychological research. ...

In 2005 soldier Johnson Beharry, born in Grenada of mixed African and East Indian roots, became the first man to win the Victoria Cross, Britain's foremost military award for bravery, since the Falklands War of 1982. He was awarded the medal for service in Iraq in 2004. Johnson Beharry in front of a mural of the Victoria Cross Private Johnson Gideon Beharry, VC (born 26 July 1979, in Grenada), of the 1st Battalion, Princess of Waless Royal Regiment is a British soldier who, in March 2005, was awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest military decoration for... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Combatants Argentina United Kingdom Commanders President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario MenÃ©ndez Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John â€œSandyâ€ Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore Casualties 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner 75 fixed...

In sport, prominent examples of success include boxing champion Frank Bruno, whose career highlight was winning the WBC world heavyweight championship in 1995. Altogether, he won 40 of his 45 contests. He is also well known for acting in pantomime. Lennox Lewis, born in East London, is another successful Black British boxer and former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. Recently, Lewis Hamilton has created a major impact in the world of Formula One racing, with many comparing his arrival in a largely white-dominated sport to that of Tiger Woods in golf. Kelly Holmes, who won two gold medals in the 2004 Athens Olympics, also has black roots, her father being born in Jamaica, while her mother is English. Lastly, the English national football team had seven black or mixed-race players out of a total of 23 players on its 2006 FIFA World Cup roster that competed in Germany. Franklin Ray Bruno (born November 16, 1961) is an English former boxer whose career highlight was winning the WBC world heavyweight championship in 1995. ... The World Heavyweight Championship is the name given to a number of unrelated titles, meant to emphasize the top championship of boxing, professional wrestling, mixed martial arts, or other similar sports and performance arts. ... The Christmas Pantomime colour lithograph bookcover, 1890 Pantomime (informally, panto) refers to a theatrical genre, traditionally found in Great Britain, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and Ireland, which is usually performed around the Christmas and New Year holiday season. ... Lennox Claudius Lewis CBE (born September 2, 1965 in West Ham, London, England) is a retired professional boxer who represented Canada in the Olympics and fought under the British flag as a professional. ... East London area East London is the name commonly given to the north eastern part of London, England on the north side of the River Thames. ... Lewis Carl Hamilton (born January 7, 1985 in Stevenage, Hertfordshire) is a British Formula One driver. ... Formula One - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Personal Information Birth December 30, 1975 ) Cypress, California Height 6 ft 1 in (1. ... This article is about the sport. ... Dame Kelly Holmes, DBE (born April 19, 1970) is a retired British middle-distance athlete. ... (Redirected from 2004 Athens Olympics) The Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, commonly known as the 2004 Summer Olympics were the 28th Summer Olympic Games. ... First international Scotland 0 - 0 England (Partick, Scotland; 30 November 1872) Biggest win Ireland 0 - 13 England (Belfast, Ireland; 18 February 1882) Biggest defeat Hungary 7 - 1 England (Budapest, Hungary; 23 May 1954) World Cup Appearances 12 (First in 1950) Best result Winners, 1966 European Championship Appearances 7 (First in... â€œ2006 World Cupâ€ redirects here. ...

Black people such as Bernie Grant, Oona King, Paul Boateng and Diane Abbott have made significant contributions to politics and trade unionism. Paul Boateng became the UK's first black cabinet minister in 2002 when he was appointed as Chief Secretary to the Treasury. Bill Morris was elected general secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1992. He was knighted in 2003, and in 2006 he took a seat in the House of Lords as a working life peer, Baron Morris of Handsworth. Diane Abbott became the first black woman Member of Parliament when she was elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election. Valerie Amos became the first black woman cabinet minister and the first black woman to become leader of the House of Lords. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Oona Tamsyn King (born October 22, 1967, in Sheffield) is a British politician. ... The Rt Hon. ... Diane Julie Abbott (born September 27, 1953 in Paddington, London) is a British Labour Party Member of Parliament, representing the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... Alternate meanings in cabinet (disambiguation) A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ... The Chief Secretary to the Treasury is a junior position in the British Cabinet. ... Sir William Morris (born 19 October 1938), generally known as Bill Morris, was general secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union from 1992 to 2003, and the first black leader of a British trade union. ... The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions, parties or associations. ... Transport and General Workers Union central office Front door of the central office The Transport and General Workers Union, also known as the TGWU and the T&G, is one of the largest general trade unions in the United Kingdom and Ireland - where it is known as the Amalgamated Transport... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... In the United Kingdom, Life Peers are appointed members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as hereditary peers). ... Diane Julie Abbott (born September 27, 1953 in Paddington, London) is a British Labour Party Member of Parliament, representing the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency. ... Type Lower House Speaker of the House of Commons Leader of the House of Commons Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Harriet Harman, QC, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader of the House of Commons Theresa May, PC, (Conservative) since December 6, 2005 Members 646 Political groups... Valerie Ann Amos, Baroness Amos, PC (born 13 March 1954), is a British Labour Party politician and life peer, currently serving as Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Council. ... Leader of the House of Lords is a function in the British government that is always held in combination with a formal Cabinet position, most often Lord President of the Council, Lord Privy Seal or Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. ...

Difficulties

There is much controversy surrounding the politics of integrating Britain's black community, particularly concerning crime. Look up integration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The poverty rate for Britain’s minority ethnic groups stands at 40%, double the 20% found amongst white British people, according to new research published in 2007 (30 April) by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF). Minority ethnic groups are also being overlooked for jobs and are being paid lower wages, despite improvements in education and qualifications. The research highlights the differences between minority ethnic groups with 45% of Black Africans and 30% of Indians and Black Caribbeans living in poverty. Over half of Black African children in the UK are growing up in poverty. The research shows that people from minority ethnic groups who have higher educational achievements do not receive the same rewards as those from white British backgrounds with similar qualifications. A wide range of factors are shown to affect different groups and the research highlights how the Government needs to consider and implement more targeted policies.

According to the TUC report Black workers, jobs and poverty, ^[16] people from black and Asian groups are far more likely to be unemployed than the white population, despite having the required skills and qualifications. The rate of unemployment among the white population is only 11%, but among black groups it is 13%, mixed-race 15%, Indian 7%, Pakistani 15% and Bangladeshi 17%. The usual argument to counter high unemployment rates among black and Asian people - namely that they lack the necessary skills and qualifications - does not bear merit, the report states. For example, 81.4% of black and Asian people with degrees are employed, compared with 87.4% of white people. Furthermore, a white person whose highest qualification is GCSE’s at grades A-C is more likely to have a job than a black or Asian person with A-levels.

Both racist crime and black on black gang-related crime continues to effect black communities. Numerous deaths in police custody of black men have grown a general distrust of police amongst urban blacks in the UK. According to the Metropolitan Police Authority in 2002-2003 of the 17 deaths in police custody, 10 were black or Asian. The government reports ^[17] the overall number of racist incidents recorded by the police rose by 7% from 49,078 in 2002/3 to 52,694 in 2003/4.

While the media has highlighted black gangs and black on black violence, it should be noted that according to the Home Office report^[18], 10% of all homicide victims between 2000 and 2004 were black. Of these, 44% were murdered by non-blacks. This compares with 8% of whites murdered by non-whites.

Black people, who according to government statistics^[19] make up 2% of the population, are the principal suspects in 11.7% of homicides, i.e. in 252 out of 2163 homicides committed 2001/2, 2002/3, and 2003/4.^[20]. It should be noted that, judging on the basis of prison population, a substantial minority (about 35%) of black criminals in the UK are not British citizens but foreign nationals.^[21] A foreign national is a person present in a country who does not currently have the right to permanent residency of that count-ry. ...

After several high-profile investigations such as that of the murder of Stephen Lawrence, the police have often been accused of racism, from both within and outside the service. Cressida Dick, head of the Metropolitan Police's anti-racism unit in 2003, remarked that it was 'difficult to imagine a situation where we will say we are no longer institutionally racist'.^[22] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Deputy Assistant Commissioner Cressida Dick (born 1960) is a senior officer in Londons Metropolitan Police. ... Metropolitan Police redirects here. ... Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) is a theoretical form of racism that is supposed to occur in institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. ...

Contents

Use of term

African British

Alternative usage: Sierra Leone

History

Before the twentieth century

Twentieth century

Historically significant Black and mixed race Britons

Demographics

Culture

Black British music

Notable Black Britons

Difficulties

See also

Groups included in "Black British"

Groups outside Britain

Other links

External links

References

Contents

Use of term GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

African British

Alternative usage: Sierra Leone

History

Before the twentieth century

Twentieth century

Historically significant Black and mixed race Britons

Demographics

Culture

Black British music

Notable Black Britons

Difficulties

See also

Groups included in "Black British"

Groups outside Britain

Other links

External links

References

Use of term