Michaëlle Jean, Canada's first African-Caribbean Governor General.

Black Canadians are black people who reside in Canada. Image File history File links Michaelle_Jean_Oct_2005. ... Image File history File links Michaelle_Jean_Oct_2005. ... Michaëlle Jean, CC, CMM, COM, CD, DUniv (honoris causa), D.Litt (honoris causa) , (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, Haïti) is the current Governor General of Canada. ... A Kenyan man As applied to Black people, Black can be a political, racial, ethnic, societal or cultural classification. ...

Most black Canadians could trace their ancestry back to people who were indigenous to Africa. The vast majority have relatively recent origins in the Caribbean, while others trace their lineage to the first slaves brought by British and French colonists to British North America. A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... World map depicting Caribbean : West Indies redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ...

The history of blacks in Canada prior to the 1833 abolition of slavery in the British colonies, though extensive, is rarely mentioned in Canadian media or education. The first recorded black to set foot on land now known as Canada was a free man named Matthew DeCosta, who travelled with Samuel de Champlain as a translator. This article is about the abolition of slavery. ... Samuel de Champlain by Théophile Hamel (1870) Samuel de Champlain (c. ...

Many black Canadians trace their lineage through twentieth century migration from the United States, Latin America, The Caribbean, or directly from Africa. There is a sizeable community in Nova Scotia who trace their ancestry to freed American slaves who fled to Canada seeking refuge. Black and other Canadians often draw a distinction between those of Caribbean ancestry and those of African descent. This article is about non-human migration. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total...

According to the 2001 census, 593,335 Canadians identified themselves as black (not including 70,000 other who claim to be of mixed black and European), consituting 1.97 per cent of the entire Canadian population (Statistics Canada).[1] The majority of black Canadians live in five major Canadian cities. As of 2001, Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Vancouver and Halifax were home to approximately 78.4 percent of all black Canadians. Statistics Canada is the Canadian federal government bureau commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. ... Motto: Concordia Salus Coordinates: Country Canada Province Québec Founded 1642 Established 1832 Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area    - City 366. ... Motto: Advance Ottawa/Ottawa en avant Coordinates: Country Canada Province Ontario County Established 1850 as Bytown City Mayor Larry OBrien Governing body Ottawa City Council MPs / MPPs Members of Parliament (MPs) Mauril Bélanger (LPC), Paul Dewar (NDP), John Baird (CPC), Royal Galipeau (CPC), David McGuinty (LPC),Pierre Lemieux... Vancouver (pronounced: ) is a city in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. ... Motto: Template:Unhide = E Mari Merces (Wealth from the Sea) Logo: Location City Information Established: April 1, 1996 Area: (former city) 79. ...

According to the Ethnic Diversity Survey released in September 2003, nearly one-third (32%) of blacks said that they had experienced some form of racial discrimination or unfair treatment sometimes or often in the five years prior to 2003.

Terminology

One of the ongoing controversies in the black Canadian community revolves around appropriate terminologies. Some may refer to black Canadians as Afro-Canadian or African Canadian. African-American is also used on occasion, but is generally considered incorrect. Caribbean Canadian is often used to refer to black Canadians of Caribbean heritage, although this usage can also be controversial because the Caribbean is not populated only by people of African origin. The Caribbean includes large groups of Indo-Caribbeans, Chinese Caribbeans, European Caribbeans, Syrian or Lebanese Caribbeans, and Amerindians. The same racial diversity is also true of Africa, although this is far less frequently cited as an argument against the use of African Canadian. The term Afro-Caribbean-Canadian is occasionally used in response to this controversy, although as of 2006 this term is still fairly rare. An African American (also Afro-American and black American) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Blacks of Caribbean origin form a much larger proportion of the black community in Canada than in the United States and the United Kingdom — in fact, almost 40 per cent of Canada's black population is of Jamaican origin. Many Canadians of Afro-Caribbean origin strongly object to the term African Canadian as obscuring their own culture and history, which partially accounts for the term's less prevalent use in Canada, compared to the consensus African American south of the border.

More specific national terms such as Jamaican Canadian, Haitian Canadian or Nigerian Canadian are also used. As of 2006, there was no widely-used alternative to black Canadian that was accepted by both the African Canadian and Afro-Caribbean-Canadian communities as an umbrella term for the whole group. The expression umbrella term means a word that provides a superset or grouping of related concepts. ...

Black immigration

The first recorded instance of a black presence in Canada was that of Mathieu Da Costa. Da Costa arrived in Nova Scotia some time between 1603 and 1608 as a translator for the French explorer Sieur De Monts. The first known black person to live in Canada is a slave from Madagascar named Olivier Le Jeune. Olivier Le Jeune was the first recorded slave purchased in New France. ...

Black people arrived in Canada in several waves. The first of these came with the French as free persons serving in the French Army and Navy, and some were enslaved. The British colonial authorities promised land grants to those who had stayed loyal to the Crown during the American Revolution, though more promises were broken than kept. White American Loyalists fled north, bringing their African slaves with them, while free black Americans (black Loyalists) also made their way to the remaining colonies of British North America, settling predominantly in Nova Scotia. This latter group was largely made up of tradespeople and labourers, and many set up home in Birchtown near Shelburne. John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution was a political movement during the last half of the 18th century that resulted in the creation of... The term White American refers primarily to Americans of European descent residing in the United States. ... British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total...

In 1782, the first race riot in North America took place there, with white soldiers attacking the black settlers who were getting work that the soldiers thought they should have. Due to the unkept promises of the British government and the discrimination from the white colonists, 1,192 men, women and children left Nova Scotia on January 15, 1792 and settled in Freetown Sierra Leone. A race riot or racial riot is an outbreak of violent civil unrest in which race is a key factor. ...

In 1796, the Maroons of Jamaica were re-settled in Nova Scotia, following their long battle against colonization. While in Nova Scotia the Maroons from Jamacia detered an attack by Napolean, and were very important to the construction efforts of the Nova Scotia government, constructing the parts of the Halifax Citadel and all of Government House. The Jamaican Maroons were sent to Sierra Leone in 1800 by the British Government in order to avoid the cost of maintaining them in Nova Scotia. Upon their arrival in Sierra Leone, the Maroons were used to quell an uprising among the Black settlers unhappy with their treatment by the Sierra Leone Company. The word Maroon can have the following meanings: Maroon is a color mixture composed of brown and purple. ...

The next major migration of blacks into Nova Scotia occurred between 1813 and 1815. Black war refugees from the United States settled in Hammonds Plains, Beechville, Lucasville and Africville.

Canada was not suited to the large-scale plantation agriculture practiced in the southern United States, and slavery became increasingly rare. In 1793, in one of the first acts of the new Upper Canada colonial parliament, slavery was abolished. It was all but abolished throughout the other British North American colonies by 1800, and was illegal throughout the British Empire after 1834. This made Canada an attractive destination for those fleeing slavery in the United States, such as minister Boston King. // This article is about crop plantations. ... Southern United States The states shown in dark red are usually included in the South, while all or portions of the striped states may or may not be considered part of the Southern United States. ... Map of Upper Canada (orange) Upper Canada was a British territory in what is now the Canadian province of Ontario. ... British North America was an informal term first used in 1783, but uncommon before the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

From the late 1820s until the American Civil War began in 1861, the Underground Railroad brought tens of thousands of fleeing slaves to Canada. While many of these returned to the United States after emancipation, a significant population remained, largely in Southern Ontario, widely scattered in both rural and urban locations, including Chatham, Windsor, London, Hamilton, Collingwood and Toronto. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Lincoln, President Ulysses S. Grant, General Jefferson Davis, President Robert E. Lee, General Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Look up emancipation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages None Flower White Trillium Tree Eastern White Pine Bird Common Loon Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total... Categories: Stub | Cities in Ontario | Ontario counties and regions ... Nickname: The City of Roses Motto: The river and the land sustain us. ... Nickname: The Forest City Coordinates: Country Canada Province Ontario County Middlesex County Settled 1826 (as village) Incorporated 1855 (as city) City Mayor Anne Marie DeCicco-Best Governing Body London City Council MPs Sue Barnes (LPC) Glen Pearson (LPC) Irene Mathyssen (NDP) Joe Preston (CPC) MPPs Chris Bentley (OLP) Deb Matthews... Nickname: Ambitious City, Steeltown, The Hammer Motto: Together Aspire - Together Achieve Location in the province of Ontario, Canada Coordinates: Country  Province Canada  Ontario Incorporated June 9, 1846 [1] Mayor Fred Eisenberger City Council Hamilton City Council Representatives MPs and MPPs Area    - City 1,138. ... The town of Collingwood, (2000 estimated population 21,500), is located on the southern point of Georgian Bay known as Nottawasaga Bay. ... Template:Hide = Motto: Template:Unhide = Diversity Our Strength Image:Toronto, Ontario Location. ...

In 1858, the governor of the colony of Vancouver Island, James Douglas replied to an inquiry from a group of blacks in San Francisco about the possibilities of settling on the island. Governor Douglas, whose mother had been at least part black, replied favourably, and several dozen travelled to Victoria at the outbreak of the Cariboo Gold Rush. Two of these people, Peter Lester and Mifflin Gibbs, became successful Victoria merchants, and Gibbs was elected to the Council of the City of Victoria in the 1860s. Vancouver Island is separated from mainland British Columbia by the Strait of Georgia and the Queen Charlotte Strait, and from Washington by the Juan De Fuca Strait. ... James Douglas Sir James Douglas, K.C.B, (August 15, 1803 – August 2, 1877), was born of a Scottish father and Creole mother in Demerara. ... The Cariboo Gold Rush is the most famous of the gold rushes in British Columbia and is erroneously sometimes mentioned as the reason for the creation of the Colony of British Columbia. ... Victoria is a Canadian city, and it is the capital of the province of British Columbia. ...

In the late nineteenth century, there was an unofficial policy of restricting blacks from immigration, and in the 1920s, formal racially-based immigration standards excluding blacks were developed. The huge influx of immigrants from Europe and the United States in the period before World War I included only very small numbers of black arrivals.

Another wave of immigration to Nova Scotia occurred in the 1920s, with blacks from the Caribbean coming to work in the steel mills of Cape Breton. The restrictions on immigration remained until 1962, when racial rules were eliminated from the immigration laws. This coincided with the dissolution of the British Empire in the Caribbean, and over the next decades several hundred thousand blacks came from that region to Canada. Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Official languages none (English, French, Gaelic) Flower Mayflower Tree Red Spruce Bird Osprey Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 11 10 Area Total... // The term Cape Breton appears in several different things: Geographic locations Cape Breton Island, a Canadian island on the Atlantic Ocean coast Cape Breton County, Nova Scotia, Canada. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

Since then, an increasing number of immigrants from Africa have been coming to Canada, as is also the case in the United States and Europe. This includes large numbers of refugees, but also many skilled workers pursuing better economic conditions. Today's black Canadians are largely of Caribbean origin, with some of recent African origin, and smaller numbers from Latin American countries. Howeever, a sizeable number of black Canadians who descended from freed American slaves can still be found in Nova Scotia and parts of Southwestern Ontario. Some descendants of the freed American black slaves have mixed into the white Canadian community and have mostly lost their ethnic identity. Southwestern Ontario is a region of the Canadian province of Ontario, centred on the city of London. ...

Statistics

• 70 percent of all blacks in Canada immigrated from the Caribbean and Bermuda.^{[citation needed]}

• 60 percent of all blacks (nearly two out of three) are under the age of 35.^{[citation needed]}

• 99.5 percent of Canada's Blacks were not in Canada as of 1961.{{[2]}}

• There are 20,000 more black women than black men in Canada.^{[citation needed]}

• Seventy percent of all blacks live in Toronto and Montreal. The number of blacks in Montreal was tagged at 101,390 and in Toronto at 240,940.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• List of Black Canadians
• Slavery in Canada
• Africville
• African diaspora
• Black people
• African American

This is a list of Black Canadians. ... Slavery in Canada was first practised by some aboriginal nations, who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. ... Africville was a small neighbourhood in the north end of Halifax, Nova Scotia, populated entirely by black families from a wide variety of origins. ... The African diaspora or Afro diaspora is the diaspora created by the movements and culture of Africans and their descendants throughout the world, to places such as the Americas, (including the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America) Europe and Asia . ... A Kenyan man As applied to Black people, Black can be a political, racial, ethnic, societal or cultural classification. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

References

• Ethnic Diversity Survey
• Black Canadian Studies
• Memoirs of the Life of Boston King, A Black Preacher, eighteenth-century autobiography of Black Loyalist and Nova Scotia minister Boston King
• "Is it racist to speak of a 'black community' in Canada?", Toronto Star, February 26, 2006
• Alvin McCurdy - online exhibit at the Archives of Ontario
• Margaret A. Ormsby British Columbia, A history 1958: Macmillan Company of Canada
• Terry Reksten "More English than the English": A Very Social History of Victoria 1985 Orca Book Publishers