Afro-Native Americans
Notable Black Indians: Bessie Coleman · Jimi Hendrix · James Earl Jones  · Aaliyah  · Beyonce Knowles  · Rosa Parks
Total population
182,494 (2000)[1] Image File history File links Coleman-Bessie_01. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Picture of James Earl Jones from http://www. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 421 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (562 × 800 pixel, file size: 267 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photograph of Rosa Parks with Dr. King (ca. ... Bessie Coleman (1892-1926) Bessie Queen Bess Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926), was the first African American woman to become an airplane pilot, and the first American woman to hold an international pilot license. ... Jimi Hendrix (November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American guitar virtuoso, singer and songwriter. ... James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American Academy Award-nominated, Emmy- and Tony Award-winning actor of film and stage well known for his deep basso voice. ... For other uses, see Aliyah (disambiguation). ... Beyoncé in 2004 with her five Grammys. ... Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist and seamstress whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake...
Regions with significant populations
United States (especially the Southern United States or in locations populated by Southern descendants).
Languages
American English
Related ethnic groups
African Americans · Native Americans in the United States · Freedmen · Other Native peoples of the Americas  · Zambos · Cafuzos ·

Black Indians is a term generally used to describe Americans who have significant traces of both sub-Saharan African and Native American or Indigenous American ancestry. The term may also include African Americans who, for a long time, were seamlessly embedded within Native American tribes and identities throughout the Americas. Subsequently, although no longer having social, cultural or linguistic ties to Native peoples, many Africans Americans have Native American ancestry. Historic Southern United States. ... For other uses, see American English (disambiguation). ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... A freedman is a former slave who has been manumitted or emancipated. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... A representation of Zambos in Pintura de Castas during the Latin American colonial period. ... Cafuzo is a term of Portuguese origin describing the first generation offspring of a Black African and an Amerindian (see Zambo). ... Sub-Saharan Africa, Africa south of the Sahara Desert, is the term used to describe those countries of Africa that are not part of North Africa. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ...

Overview

African slaves brought to the United States and their descendants have had a history of cultural exchange and notably intermarriage with Native Americans and other African slaves who possessed Native American ancestry (largely in the American South).^{[citation needed]} This cultural mixing is also believed to be the reason why certain phenotypes (physical characteristics) common within Native peoples also occur in the African-American population.^{[citation needed]} These may include longer and/or less curly hair texture than commonly appears in people of sub-Saharan African origin (sometimes called "indian hair" by fellow blacks), slanted eyes, many times with an epicanthal fold also common among many Native people as well as Asians, eyes sometimes widely spaced apart, an aquiline nose or hooknose, and skin coloration that can range from light brown/tan to reddish.^{[citation needed]} Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial quota... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution, or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size or eye color, that varies between individuals. ... A young woman with an epicanthal fold on both eyes Eye with epicanthal fold An epicanthal fold, epicanthic fold, or epicanthus is a skin fold of the upper eyelid (from the nose to the inner side of the eyebrow) covering the inner corner (medial canthus) of the human eye. ... Roman nose redirects here. ...

Native American groups have had both positive and strained relationships with Africans and African Americans they encountered.^{[citation needed]} Some groups were more accepting of Africans than others and welcomed them as full members of their respective cultures and communities. Some Native Americans, especially as they became more assimilated into the dominant American culture (aided in large part by White intermarriage with Natives), came to treat African Americans with contempt, as did much of the White population.^{[citation needed]} There were disagreements among Native peoples concerning the role of African people in their communities; some tribal factions (notably the Keetoowah Society of the Cherokee) were opposed to slavery. ^{[2][dubious – discuss]} Other American Indians saw uses for slavery and did not oppose it for others; wthis was part of a wider split among Native people who were either for or against assimilation into the increasingly dominant white American culture of the early-to-mid 19th century.^{[3][dubious – discuss]} Not to be confused with Intermarriage. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This page contains special characters. ...

After the American Civil War, some African Americans participated in warfare against Native Americans, especially in the Western frontier states as members of military units such as the Buffalo Soldiers. On the other hand, many Native Americans and African-descended people fought alongside one another in armed struggles of resistance against U.S. expansion into Native territories, as well as resistance against slavery and racism. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Buffalo Soldiers was the name given by the Plains Indians to the United States Army regiments composed of African-American soldiers that served on the American frontier after the Civil War. ...

There are efforts underway to promote greater cooperation and understanding among both contemporary African American and Native American tribal groups. Some intermarriage still occurs between these groups; some African Americans who descend from or who identify as Black Indians identify strongly with the Native cultural traditions with which they were raised.^{[citation needed]}

History

The earliest recorded example of African slaves escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by American Indians occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miquel de Guadalupe. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and were taken in by the local Native Americans^[4] Shad Fishing in February Pee Dee River, Yauhanna, South Carolina The Pee Dee River, also known as the Great Pee Dee River, is a river in South Carolina. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude 78° 32′ W to 83...

In 1622 the European colony of Jamestown was overrun by Native Americans. The African slaves did not share the same fate as the Europeans who were killed, but were instead taken and integrated into the Native American communities.

Several colonial advertisements made direct reference to the integration of African Americans into the Native American communities. For example ...ran off with his Indian wife... had kin among the Indians...part Indian and speaks their language good.^[5]

In South Carolina, colonists became so concerned about the possible threat posed by the mixed African and Indian population that was arising as runaway Africans escaped to the Indians that they passed a new law in 1725. This law stipulated a fine of 200 pounds on anyone who brought a slave to the frontier regions of the colony. In 1751 the colony of South Carolina found it necessary to issue another law, warning that having Africans in proximity to Indians was deemed detrimental to the security of the colony.

In 1726 the British governor of colonial New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois Indians to return all runaway slaves who had joined up with them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Indians in 1764 and from the Delaware Indians in 1765. Despite their promises, no esacaped slaves were ever returned by these tribes, who continued to provide a safe and secure home for escaped slaves. The Province of New York (Dutch: Provincie Nieuw-Nederland or Provincie New York) was a British colony that existed roughly where the State of New York does now. ... For other uses, see Iroquois (disambiguation). ... This article is about the First Nations people, the Wyandot, also known as the Huron. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Delaware. ...

An 1835 census of the Cherokee showed that fully 10% were of African descent.^[5] This page contains special characters. ...

Native American slave ownership

Slavery existed among Native Americans before it was introduced by the Europeans, although unlike the chattel slavery that was introduced. In oral tradition, for instance, Cherokees saw slavery as the result of failure in warfare, and as a temporary status pending adoption or release.^[6] As the US Constitution and the laws of several states permitted slavery, Native Americans were legally allowed to continue owning slaves, including those brought from Africa by Europeans. The Cherokee tribe had the most members who held black slaves more than any Native American tribe.^[7] Records from the time period show several cases of brutal treatment of black slaves by their masters. Many African-descended people were held as slaves by members of Native groups, and some later recounted their lives for a WPA oral history project in the 1930s.^[8] For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... This article deals with the European people as an ethnic group or ethnic groups. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into slavery. ... Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America Page II of the United States Constitution Page III of the United States Constitution Page IV of the United States Constitution The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America and is... Slave redirects here. ... WPA Graphic The Works Progress Administration (later Work Projects Administration, abbreviated WPA), was created on May 6, 1935 by Presidential order (Congress funded it annually but did not set it up). ... This article is about the historical discipline; see Oral tradition for the oral transmission of historical information. ...

Cherokee Freedmen

Main article: Cherokee Freedmen Controversy

The Cherokee Nation, in a tribal Supreme Court ruling, reinstated about 1,000 African American members into their community in March 2006 after denying them membership in the mid-1970s. In response, there was a movement among many in the Cherokee Nation to force a referendum requiring Cherokee blood for citizenship in the tribe, which would effectively reverse the decision; the decision was indeed revoked in March 2007 amid much controversy^[9]. The argument is that the African American descendants hold no Native blood and therefore should not qualify for membership, and voting rights, in the Cherokee Nation.^[10] Cherokee Citizens of the Cherokee Nation of Diverse Ancestry (2007) The Cherokee Freedmen controversy is an on-going political and tribal dispute among the Cherokee Nation and the Cherokee Freedmen (descendants of the former slaves of Cherokee citizens). ... Alternate meanings: Cherokee (disambiguation) The Cherokee are a people native to North America who first inhabited what is now the eastern and southeastern United States before most were forcefully moved to the Ozark Plateau. ...

An advocacy group representing the African American members claims that they are entitled to membership as they are indeed part Cherokee by blood, even though this is not immediately evident from the existing historical records (most notably the highly controversial Dawes Commission enrollment records, which tended to exclude those of African descent from being officially considered "Indian" for the purposes of tribal enrollment, even if they also clearly possessed Native ancestry and testified as such).^[11][12] The American Dawes Commission, named for its first chairman Henry L. Dawes, was authorized under a rider to an Indian Office appropriation bill, March 3, 1893. ...

Before the Dawes Commission was established, "(t)he majority of the people with African blood living in the Cherokee nation prior to the Civil war lived there as slaves of Cherokee citizens or as free black non citizens, usually the descendants of Cherokee men and women with African blood...In 1863, the Cherokee government outlawed slavery through acts of the tribal council. In 1866, a treaty was signed with the US government in which the Cherokee government agreed to give citizenship to those people with African blood living in the Cherokee nations who were not already citizens. African Cherokee people participated as full citizens of that nation, holding office, voting, running businesses, etc.^[13]

After the Dawes Commission, those African American "freedmen" of the Cherokee and the other Five Civilized Tribes were often treated as harshly as any other African American. Degrees of continued acceptance into tribal structures were very low throughout the ensuing decades, with some tribes restricting membership to those with a documented Native ancestor on the Dawes Commission listings. Because of the apparent deliberate exclusion of most people with African blood on these "blood rolls", it was difficult for Black Indians to establish official ties with those Native groups they genetically belonged to. Many of the freedmen feel that their continued exclusion from tribal membership, and the continued resistance to their efforts to gain recognition, is racially motivated.^{[14] [15]} The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white Anais because they had adopted many of the colonists customs (including the ownership of plantations and black slaves) and had generally good relations with their neighbors. ...

Genealogy

Many modern African Americans have taken an interest in genealogy and are learning about Native American heritage within their individual families. Some African Americans have knowledge of Native ancestry through oral history of the family and try to confirm these anecdotal stories of Native ancestry through genealogical research and DNA testing. Because of such findings, some have petitioned to be registered as members of Native American tribes and have met with some resistance. Genealogy (from Greek: γενεα, genea, family; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... This article is about the historical discipline; see Oral tradition for the oral transmission of historical information. ... Genetic fingerprinting or DNA testing is a technique to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ...

However, in part because of continued recent intermarriage between African-Americans and Native Americans, and also due to increased awareness of Black Indians in general, it has been fairly easy for younger generations of mixed African/Native people to become more easily recognized in their respective ethnic groups. It is even debated that Black people have more noticeable Native heritage than many whites claim (a major factor in the Cherokee freedmen controversy). Even among Native peoples themselves, some of these physical features have been confused with being Sub-Saharan African due to the negative influence of the one-drop rule.^[16] The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution, or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size or eye color, that varies between individuals. ... The one-drop rule is a historical colloquial term in the United States that holds that a person with any trace of sub-Saharan ancestry (however small or invisible) cannot be considered white[1] and so unless said person has an alternative non-white ancestry they can claim, such as...

Notable Black Indians

• Aaliyah, grandmother is Native American. ^[17]
• Monica "Monica" Arnold, is part Native American ^[18]
• Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges, is part Native American ^[19]
• Bessie Coleman, part Cherokee^[20]
• Rosario Dawson, is part Native American through her father. ^[21]
• Vivica A. Fox, is part Native American ^[22]
• Redd Foxx, is part Seminole^[23]
• Meagan Good, is part Native American ^{[24] [25]}
• Regina Hall, is part Native American ^[26]
• Ciara "Ciara" Harris, is part Native American ^[27]
• Jimi Hendrix, part Cherokee^[28]
• Shar Jackson, is part Cherokee ^[29]
• Illinois Jacquet, Mother was Sioux and father Creole.^[30]
• James Earl Jones, part Cherokee and Choctaw^[31][32]
• Kimberly "Lil' Kim" Jones, is part Native American, ^[33]
• Christopher Judge, part Cherokee
• Eartha Kitt, part Cherokee
• Beyonce Knowles, part Native American ^[34]
• Solange Knowles, is part Native American ^[35]
• Sanaa Lathan, is part Native American ^[36]
• Edmonia Lewis, part Ojibwa^[37]
• Amber Littlejohn, part Cherokee
• Magoo (rapper), part of rap duo Timbaland and Magoo, is part Native American
• LisaRaye McCoy, is part Native American ^[38]
• Chrisette Michele, is part Native American
• Rosa Parks, part Cherokee-Creek^[39]
• Oscar Pettiford, Mother was Choctaw and father part Cherokee.^[40][41]
• Martha Redbone, Native American Music Award winning Soul music of Shawnee, Choctaw ^[42]
• Della Reese, part Cherokee^[43]
• Wendy Raquel Robinson, is part Native American ^[44]
• Diana Ross, is part Cherokee ^[45]
• Al Sharpton, is part Cherokee ^[46]
• Jada Pinkett Smith, part Cherokee ^[47]
• Will Smith, is part Native American ^[48]
• Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas, mother is part Native American ^[49]
• Teyana, part Black Foot Native American and Trinidadian^{[citation needed]}
• Tina Turner, part Cherokee and Navajo^[50]
• Kerry Washington, is part Native American ^[51]
• Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins, is part Native American ^[52]
• Lynn Whitfield, is part Cherokee ^[53]
• Mykelti Williamson, part Blackfeet^[54]
• Keke Wyatt, is part Cherokee ^[55]

For other uses, see Aliyah (disambiguation). ... Monica Denise Arnold (born October 24, 1980), professionally known as Monica, is an American R&B singer, songwriter, and occasional actress. ... -1... Bessie Coleman (1892-1926) Bessie Queen Bess Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926), was the first African American woman to become an airplane pilot, and the first American woman to hold an international pilot license. ... Rosario Dawson (born May 9, 1979) is an American actress and singer, perhaps best known for her roles in the films Sin City, He Got Game, Rent and most recently as a lead character in Quentin Tarantinos Death Proof. ... Vivica Anjanetta Fox (born July 30, 1964) is an African-American & Native-American actress. ... Redd Foxx (December 9, 1922 – October 11, 1991), born John Elroy Sanford,[1] was an American comedian best known for his starring role on the television sitcom Sanford and Son. ... For other uses, see Seminole (disambiguation). ... Meagan Monique Good (born August 8, 1981) is an American film and television actress. ... Regina Hall Regina Hall (born on December 12, 1970 in Washington, D.C.) is an American film and television actress best known for her roles in the Scary Movie films. ... Ciara (born Ciara Princess Harris on October 25, 1985 in Austin, Texas)(IPA pronunciation: [1])is a Grammy Award-winning American singer, songwriter, dancer, record producer, and occasional actress. ... Jimi Hendrix (November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American guitar virtuoso, singer and songwriter. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Jean-Baptiste Illinois Jacquet (October 31, 1922 - July 22, 2004) was a jazz tenor saxophonist most famous for his solo on Flying Home. He is better known simply as Illinois Jacquet. ... James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American Academy Award-nominated, Emmy- and Tony Award-winning actor of film and stage well known for his deep basso voice. ... Douglas Christopher Judge (born October 13, 1964 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actor of African American and Cherokee Indian descent. ... Eartha Kitt (born Eartha Mae Keith on January 17, 1927),[1] is an American actress, singer, and cabaret star. ... Beyoncé in 2004 with her five Grammys. ... Solange Piaget Knowles[1] (born June 24, 1986 in Houston, Texas) is an American actress, R&B singer, songwriter, producer, model. ... Sanaa McCoy Lathan (born September 19, 1971) is a Tony Award-nominated American actress. ... Edmonia Lewis Edmonia Lewis (born July 4, 1845 - died c. ... Melvin Barcliff (born July 12, 1973 in Norfolk, Virginia) best known as Magoo is an African-American rapper. ... Timbaland. ... Lisa Raye McCoy-Misick (born September 23, 1966 in Chicago, Illinois) is an actress. ... Chrisette Michele Payne (born December 22, 1982), known professionally as Chrisette Michele, is an American R&B singer on the Def Jam Recordings record label. ... Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist and seamstress whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake... Oscar Pettiford (Okmulgee, Oklahoma, 30 September 1922-Copenhagen, Denmark, 8 September 1960) was an American jazz bassist, cellist and composer known particularly for his pioneering work in bebop. ... For other uses, see Choctaw (disambiguation). ... This page contains special characters. ... Martha Redbone is a part Shawnee, African American, and Choctaw musician. ... The Native American Music Award, commonly known as The Nammy is an award given to outstanding musical performance by Native Americans. ... For other uses, see Soul music (disambiguation). ... Della Reese (born Delloresse Patricia Early on July 6, 1931), is a famous American Emmy nominated actor and Grammy nominated singer. ... Wendy Raquel Robinson Wendy Raquel Robinson (born July 25, 1967 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an African American film and television actress. ... For the author-illustrator, see Diana Ross (author). ... Alfred Charles Al Sharpton Jr. ... Jada Koren Pinkett Smith (born September 18, 1971) is an American actress and singer. ... “W. S.” redirects here. ... Rozonda Ocelean Thomas (born February 27, 1971) better known by her stage name Chilli, is an American R&B singer and actress who rose to fame as one third of the successful R&B/Hip-Hop girl group TLC. // Rozonda Ocelean Thomas was born February 27, 1971 in Atlanta, Georgia... Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock) November 26, 1939) is an 11 time Grammy Award-winning (sharing three), American Singer, Dancer, Record Producer, Executive Producer, Film Producer, Actress, Writer, Performer, Songwriter, Author and occasional Painter whose career has spanned from 1956 to present. ... Kerry Washington (born January 31, 1977) is an American actress. ... Tionne T-Boz Watkins is an R&B singer; the lead singer of the successful group TLC. She was diagnosed with sickle-cell anemia as a child, and is today one of the spokespeople for Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. ... Lynn Whitfield (May 6, 1953 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress most famous for portraying entertainment pioneer Josephine Baker in 1991. ... Mykelti Williamson (born March 4, 1960 in St. ... KeKe Wyatt, (born Ketara S. Wyatt on March 10, 1982[1] in Indianapolis, Indiana), is a multi-talented Multiracial-American R&B recording artist mostly noted for her soulful siren vocal style and exotic looks. ...

References

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Fox News Channels slogan is We Report, You Decide The Fox News Channel is a U.S. cable and satellite news channel. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Fox News Channels slogan is We Report, You Decide The Fox News Channel is a U.S. cable and satellite news channel. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

This is a list of articles that are related to African and black people. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... See Main articles: Mashantucket Pequot Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Cuban boys playing in Trinidad, Cuba The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. ... Ciboney (also Siboney) is a word derived from the Caribbean Indian language of the Arawak. ... Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ... 19th-century engraving depicting a Black Seminole warrior of the First Seminole War (1817–8). ... Cafuzo is a term of Portuguese origin describing the first generation offspring of a Black African and an Amerindian (see Zambo). ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Cherokee Freedmen are descendants of the former slaves owned by citizens of the Cherokee Nation prior to 1866. ... Cherokee Citizens of the Cherokee Nation of Diverse Ancestry (2007) The Cherokee Freedmen controversy is an on-going political and tribal dispute among the Cherokee Nation and the Cherokee Freedmen (descendants of the former slaves of Cherokee citizens). ... The Chestnut Ridge people are a Melungeon community residing just northeast of Philippi, West Virginia, USA. The local West Virginia historian Hu Maxwell was bemused by these people when he investigated Barbour County history in the late 1890s: There is a clan of partly-colored people in Barbour County often... This article is about the term used for people of African descent in North America. ... Not to be confused with Dominica. ... poop. ... Garífuna refers to both the people and language of the Garínagu. ... See Haliwa-saponi ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... This article is about an ethnic culture in Louisiana, USA. For uses of the term Creole in other countries and cultures, see Creole (disambiguation). ... The Lumbee are a Native American tribe recognized by the state of North Carolina. ... Body of Ndyuka Maroon child brought before a shaman, Suriname 1955 A Maroon (from the word marronage or American/Spanish cimarrón: fugitive, runaway, lit. ... Melungeon (mɛlʌndʒʌn) is a term traditionally applied to one of a number of tri-racial isolate groups of the Southeastern United States, mainly in the Cumberland Gap area of central Appalachia: east Tennessee, southwest Virginia, and east Kentucky. ... For other uses, see Mosquito (disambiguation). ... Mulatto (Spanish mulato, small mule, person of mixed race, mulatto, from mulo, mule, from Old Spanish, from Latin mūlus. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. ... Plaçage was an recognized extralegal system by which predominantly wealthy and white Creole men in Louisiana entered into the equivalent of common-law marriages with women of both African and white Creole descent known as placées (from the French word placer which means to place with). ... This article is about the residents inhabiting the island of Puerto Rico. ... Redbones are a mixed blood group of people of unknown ancestry. ... // Even as the idea of race was becoming a powerful organizing principle in many societies, the shortcomings of the concept were apparent. ... We-Sorts is an archaic nickname for people of mixed-race origins who currently claim descent from the Piscataway Native American population in Charles County, Maryland. ... William Loren Katz is an American author, educator, and historian. ... A representation of Zambos in Pintura de Castas during the Latin American colonial period. ...

External links

• Aframerindian Slave Narratives
• The Binay Tribe - Black Indians & Inter-tribal Native American Association
• The Chahta Nation
• Cherokee Nation
• Freedmen Five Tribes
• Video: Black Indians, an American Story
• List: African Descendants of Amerindian Extraction
• African-Native American Scholars
• African Americans - Black Indians In American West History
• Cherokee Trails
• The African-Native American
• Black Indians, by Dr Arthur N Lewin
• William Loren Katz Official Website
• Sequoyah Research Center
• Black Indians in Mexico
• AfriGeneas: Black/Indian Relations
• Melungeons.com: 'Black Indian' Lists
• Documentation: Black-Indian Jamaicans sold into slavery in Louisiana

Further reading

• Amir Nashid Ali Muhammad; Muslims in America - Seven Centuries of History ISBN 0-915957-75-2
• Sylviane A. Diouf; Servants of Allah - African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas ISBN 0-8147-1905-8
• Allan D. Austin; African Muslims in Antebellum America ISBN 0-415-91270-9
• --
• Tiya Miles; Ties that Bind : the Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom ISBN 0520241320
• J. Leitch Wright; The Only Land They Knew : American Indians in the Old South ISBN 0803298056
• Patrick Minges; Black Indian Slave Narratives ISBN 0895872986
• Jack D. Forbes; Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples ISBN 025206321X
• James F. Brooks; Confounding the Color Line: The Indian - Black Experience in North America ISBN 0803261942
• Claudio Saunt; Black, White, and Indian: Race and the Unmaking of an American Family ISBN 0195313100