 The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, Poland A Black Madonna or Black Virgin is a statue or painting of Mary in which she is depicted with dark or black skin. This name applies in particular to European statues or pictures of a Madonna which are of special interest because her dark face and hands seem to need explanation. In this specialised sense "Black Madonna" does not apply to images of the Virgin Mary portrayed as explicitly black African, which are popular in Africa and areas with large black populations, such as the United States. However, it has been argued that European Black Madonnas have their roots in African traditions (see below). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 410 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (760 × 1111 pixel, file size: 246 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ...
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Black Madonna, Fleur de lys of Częstochowa, Poland The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, (Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska Częstochowska in Polish) icon was, according to legend, painted by St. ...
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See also Mary (mother of Jesus) Andrey Rublevs Virgin of Vladimir, 1410(?). Madonna is a medieval Italian term for a noble or otherwise important woman. ...
Though most indigenous Africans possess relatively dark skin, they exhibit much variation in physical appearance. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
Some statues get their color from the material used, such as ebony or other dark wood, but there is debate about whether this choice of material is significant. Others were originally light-skinned but have become darkened over time, for example by candle soot. For a time this was thought to be the explanation for all medieval "black" images of Mary, but this has been contested by commentators starting in the 1950s with Leonard Moss, who believed the color of originally-dark Madonnas had significance. Occasionally, a Madonna's face has been re-painted black after restoration had returned it to its original pale-skinned coloring, though the blackness of even these is sometimes significant to devotees. For other uses, see Ebony (disambiguation). ...
Soot, also called lampblack, Pigment Black 7, carbon black or black carbon, is a dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, usually composed mainly of amorphous carbon, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke—especially from the combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in the...
The hard-to-explain Black Madonnas are generally medieval, or copies of medieval figures, and are found in Catholic areas. The statues are mostly wooden but occasionally stone, often painted and up to 75 cm tall, many dating from between the 11th and 15th centuries. They fall into two main groups: free-standing upright figures and seated figures on a throne. The pictures are usually icons: Byzantine in style though sometimes made in 13th or 14th century Italy. Most are an image of Mother and Child. Their faces tend to have recognizably European features. There are about 450-500 Black Madonnas in Europe, depending on how they are classified. There are at least 180 Vierges Noires in France, and there are hundreds of non-medieval copies too. A few are in museums, but most are in churches or shrines and are venerated by devotees. Many are associated with miracles and some attract substantial numbers of pilgrims. In Jörg Breu the Youngers painting, the Madonna and Child fix the spectator with a gaze that invites the pious to contemplation and prayer The Madonna and Child is one of the central icons of Christianity. ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Miracle (disambiguation). ...
Monument to pilgrims in Burgos, Spain This article is on religious pilgrims. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1712x2288, 862 KB)Black Madonna at the Cathedral of Santa Eulalia This picture is taken from hebrew wikipedia under the licence there. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1712x2288, 862 KB)Black Madonna at the Cathedral of Santa Eulalia This picture is taken from hebrew wikipedia under the licence there. ...
The Virgin of Montserrat, or La Moreneta in its setting Detail The Virgin of Montserrat is a statue of Mary, Mother of Jesus venerated at the Montserrat mountain in Catalonia, Spain. ...
Theories about the Black Madonnas
After a late 19th and early 20th century theory that applied dark skin color was due to chemical reactions in medieval paint, when it could not be explained by soot or other kinds of aging, there was little study of the Black Madonnas for several decades. Some theologians and historians still believe that all examples of dark coloring can be accounted for by the natural color of the wood used or by changes in color over time. They may add that a pale alabaster face was a post-medieval development. A counter-argument points to the apparently un-sooted bright colors of the clothing on some images with painted black face and hands.
Interest in studying Black Madonnas revived in the late 20th century. Scholars of comparative religion have suggested that Black Madonnas are descendants of pre-Christian mother or earth goddesses (Moss, Benko). Some have highlighted Isis as the key ancestor-goddess (Redd, McKinney-Johnson). Psychologists have discussed the maternal and female archetypes from a Jungian perspective (Gustafson, Begg). Although these approaches have stimulated academic interest, there is no well-established consensus about medieval motives for carving or painting Black Madonnas. The Major religious groups of the world. ...
This article discusses the ancient goddess Isis. ...
Jung redirects here. ...
A direct link between the Black Madonnas of the European Middle Ages and ancient pagan traditions and representations has been asserted typologically since direct historical and artistic influences cannot be proved. Although no direct Catholic theological sources are available, it has also been suggested by many authors that the medieval veneration of Black Madonnas was in response to a line from the Song of Songs 1:5 in the Old Testament: "I am black but comely, O daughters of Jerusalem, ..." or "Nigra sum sed formosa" in Latin, words discussed at length in the sermons of Bernard of Clairvaux. Several surviving Black Madonnas are inscribed with these words, for example the figure from Tindari below; it is possible, however, that in some cases the inscriptions were added at a later date. Song of Solomon is also the title of a novel by Toni Morrison. ...
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The revived interest, especially from feminist, neo-gnostic and neo-pagan writers and scholars, psychoanalysts and others in the 20th century, has led to various theories about the Black Madonnas. Many of these link the images of the Black Madonna either with pre-Christian traditions, or with themes such as feminine power. Feminists redirects here. ...
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Monique Scheer approaches this topic from the perspective of symbolic anthropology. She believes that these statues and paintings came to be perceived as Black Madonnas after the Middle Ages, perhaps as part of a Counter-Reformation tendency to promote "the veneration of miraculous images of Mary". She discusses the "symbolic meanings communicated by the dark skin of the Madonna" rather than focussing on the origins of their colour, and suggests that these symbolic meanings have been different in different eras and contexts. Symbolic anthropology (or more broadly, symbolic and interpretive anthropology) is a diverse set of approaches within cultural anthropology that view culture as a symbolic system that arises primarily from human interpretations of the world. ...
The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ...
Many writers seeking to interpret the Black Madonnas suggest some combination of the following elements:
- Black Madonnas have grown out of pre-Christian earth goddess traditions. Their dark skin may be associated with ancient images of these goddesses, and with the colour of fertile earth. They are often associated with stories of being found by chance in a natural setting: in a tree or by a spring, for example. Some of their Christian shrines are located on the sites of earlier temples to Cybele and Diana of Ephesus.
- Black Madonnas derive from the Egyptian goddess Isis. The dark skin may echo an African archetypal mother figure. Professor Stephen Benko among others says that early Christian pictures of a seated mother and child were influenced by images of Isis and Horus. (See figure.)
- Black Madonnas express a feminine power not fully conveyed by a pale-skinned Mary, who seems to symbolise gentler qualities like obedience and purity. This idea can be discussed in Jungian terms. The "feminine power" approach may be linked to Mary Magdalene and female sexuality repressed by the medieval Church. In France, there are traditions affirming that some statues are of Mary Magdalene and not of Mary, the mother of Jesus, but these traditions and related theories are generally rejected by theologians. The suggestion that Black Madonnas represent feminine power may be linked with the earth goddesses and attributed to the archetypal "great mother" who presides not only over fertility, but over life and death. These ideas overlap with "feminist spirituality" or "women's spirituality". (Chiavola Birnbaum)
- Black Madonnas are sometimes associated with the Templars and/or St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Ean Begg suggests they were revered by an esoteric cult with Templar and/or Cathar links, but this idea is dismissed by other writers, who may also reject stories of a connection with Mary Magdalene, and any gnostic or heretical traditions.
- Some Black Madonnas may have been created because the artist was familiar with other similar images.
One 21st century suggestion which is devotional and not academic, and which illustrates Scheer's point about different eras and contexts, proposes that the black mother and child remind us of the under-privileged black people of the world, and the nurturing care offered to the infant symbolises Jesus' love for the poor and dispossessed. A fountain in Madrid depicting Cybele in her chariot drawn by lions, in the Plaza de Cibeles Originally a Phrygian goddess, Cybele (Greek: ΚυβÎλη) was a deification of the Earth Mother who was worshipped in Anatolia from Neolithic times. ...
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Bernard of Clairvaux, illustrated in A Short History of Monks and Monasteries by Alfred Wesley Wishart, 1900 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Fontaines, near Dijon, 1090 – August 21, 1153 in Clairvaux) was a French abbot and theologian who was the main voice of conservatism during the intellectual revival of Western...
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Black Madonnas in Europe
 Tindari Madonna Bruna: restoration work in the 1990s found a medieval statue with later additions. Nigra sum sed formosa , meaning "I am black but beautiful" (from the Song of Songs, 1:5), is inscribed round a newer base. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (4048x3040, 2188 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Black Madonna Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (4048x3040, 2188 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Black Madonna Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
Tindari is a small city in the province of Messina in Sicily, between Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto and Cefalù. It has a famous sanctuary and is also famous for the poem Vento a Tindari, written by Salvatore Quasimodo. ...
Song of Solomon is also the title of a novel by Toni Morrison. ...
Belgium - Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Regula (Moeder van Regula van Spaignen), Brugge
- Chapelle de la Vierge Noire, Maillen (Assesse)
- Our Lady of Flanders, Tournai
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Tournai (in Dutch: Doornik in Latin: Tornacum) is a municipality located 85 kilometres southwest of Brussels, on the river Scheldt (in French: Escaut, in Dutch: Schelde), in the Belgian province of Hainaut. ...
Halle is a Flemish city and municipality in the province of Flemish-Brabant (Belgium). ...
Croatia Medjimurje (Međimurska županija, Muraköz in Hungarian) is a triangle-shaped county in the northernmost part of Croatia. ...
France Many sightings including: Rocamadour Alleged fragment of Durandal in Rocamadour Rocamadour is a commune of southwestern France. ...
Aix (prounounced eks), or, to distinguish it from other cities built over hot springs, Aix-en-Provence is a city in southern France, some 30 km north of Marseille. ...
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Alpes-Maritimes is a département in the extreme southeast corner of France. ...
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Germany Altötting is a town in Bavaria, capital of the district Altötting (population 12,871 in 2004). ...
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Ireland Our Lady of Dublin is a partially restored black oak statue currently on display in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church, Dublin, Ireland. ...
Italy Tindari is a small city in the province of Messina in Sicily, between Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto and Cefalù. It has a famous sanctuary and is also famous for the poem Vento a Tindari, written by Salvatore Quasimodo. ...
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Casale Monferrato is a town in the Piedmont region of north-west Italy, part of the province of Alessandria. ...
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// Events James was happy for once hehe what Births John Chrysostom, Christian bishop and preacher Deaths Pachomius, early monasticist (approximate date) Bishop Nicholas of Myra, Roman priest (or 352). ...
There are four Saints Eusebius: Pope Eusebius, Pope 309–310. ...
The Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute (Basilica of St Mary of Health/Salvation), commonly known simply as the Salute, is a famous church in Venice, placed scenically at a narrow finger of land which lies between the Grand Canal and the Bacino di San Marco on the lagoon, visible...
Malta - In Malta a medieval painting of a Black Madonna rests in a small church in Hamrun, with the church being possibly the oldest one in the area, originally built in honor of St. Nicholas. Brought to Malta by a merchant in the year 1630, the painting is of a statue found in Atocha, a parish in Madrid, Spain, and is widely known as Il-Madonna tas-Samra. (This can mean 'tanned Madonna', 'brown Madonna', or 'Madonna of Samaria'). She may also be called Madonna ta' Atoċja, corresponding to the Spanish Nuestra Señora de Atocha. There were celebrations in 2005, the painting's 375th year in Malta.
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Saint Nicholas, also known as Nikolaus in Germany and Sinterklaas (a contracted form of Sint Nicolaas) in the Netherlands and Flanders, is the common name for the historical Saint Nicholas of Myra, who lived in 4th century Byzantine Anatolia, (now in modern Turkey) and had a reputation for secret gift...
Atocha may mean: Atocha railway station in Madrid Atocha, one of the Spanish names for Macrochloa tenacissima. ...
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Poland - The Black Madonna of Częstochowa
The original Black Madonna of Częstochowa, The fleur-de-lys (Flower of Light) The Black Madonna of Częstochowa (The Archtype) The Fleur-de-luce/Lys/Lis Madonna (Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska Częstochowska in Polish) icon was, according to legend, painted by St. ...
Russia A 1703 copy of the original icon. ...
Serbia - Church of the Black Madonna, Kosovo, Letnice
For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ...
Spain - Our Lady of Argeme, Coria, Cáceres
- Our Lady Of Atocha, Madrid
- The Virgin in the Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe
- Our Lady of la Cabeza, Andújar, Jaén
- The Virgin of Candelaria, Tenerife, Canary Islands
- Virgin of la Encina, Ponferrada, León
- Nuestra Señora de la Merced (Our Lady Of Mercy), Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz
- The Virgin of the Miracles (Virgen de los milagros), El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz
- Virgin of Montserrat in Catalonia
- Virgen de la Peña de Francia (The Virgin of France's Rock), Salamanca
- The Virgin of Regla, Chipiona, Cádiz
- Our Lady of Torreciudad, Torreciudad, Huesca
Cáceres province. ...
The following places are called Cáceres: The Cáceres province in Spain. ...
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The Royal Monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe (Spanish: Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe) is a monastic establishment in Cáceres province of the Extremadura autonomous community of Spain, which used to be the most important monastery in the country for more than four centuries. ...
Andújar (the ancient Slilurgi), a town of southern Spain, in the province of Jaén; on the right bank of the river Guadalquivir and the Madrid-Córdoba railway. ...
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Anthem: Arrorró Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 13th 7,447 km² 1. ...
Location Location of Ponferrada in Europe Coordinates : 42º3240 N, 2º5410 W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Ponferrada (Spanish) Spanish name Ponferrada Founded 11th century Postal code 244xx Area code 34 (Spain) + 987 (León) Website http://www. ...
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Location Location of Cádiz Coordinates : Time Zone : General information Native name Cádiz (Spanish) Spanish name Cádiz Postal code – Website http://www. ...
Nickname: Motto: Puerto de Menesteo, Alcanatif Location Coordinates: Country Spain Autonomous Community Andalusia Province Cádiz Founded XII Century BC[1] Government - Mayor Area - City 159 km² km² (Expression error: Unrecognised word km sq mi) Population - City 82,306 - Density 479,47 ab. ...
The Virgin of Montserrat, or La Moreneta in its setting Detail The Virgin of Montserrat is a statue of Mary, Mother of Jesus venerated at the Montserrat mountain in Catalonia, Spain. ...
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Salamanca (population 160,000) is a city in western Spain, the capital of the province of Salamanca, which belongs to the autonomous community (region) of Castile-Leon (Castilla y León). ...
Chipiona is a town of the province of Cádiz, in Spain. ...
Shrine of Torreciudad Torreciudad is the name of a Marian shrine in Aragon, Spain, built by Josemaria Escriva, the founder of Opus Dei, and consecrated on July 7, 1975, under the title of Our Lady of Torreciudad. ...
Huesca (Aragonese Uesca, Catalan Osca) is a city in Aragon, Spain. ...
Switzerland , Einsiedeln abbey Einsiedeln abbey Lady Fountain Einsiedeln is a Benedictine monastery in Einsiedeln town, in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, dedicated to Our Lady of the Hermits, that title being derived from the circumstances of its foundation, from which the name Einsiedeln is also said to have originated. ...
Sonogno is a municipality in the district of Locarno, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. ...
Black Madonnas or important replicas in the Americas
Brazil Our Lady of Aparecida (also written as Our Lady Aparecida) is the patron saint of Brazil, represented by a statue of the Virgin Mary located in the Basilica of Aparecida, in the city of Aparecida in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. ...
Costa Rica Cartago is a city in Costa Rica, about 25 km (15 miles) east of the capital, San José. It is at an elevation of about 1435 m (some 4930 ft) above sea level on the Cartago River, at the base of the Irazú Volcano. ...
Mexico - Our Lady of Guadalupe. Her skin is not as black as the European Black Madonnas but she is not white. The general opinion is that she represents an indigenous woman. An comparative religious belief traces her figure to the Egyptian Goddess Isis, since her apparition day (December 12th, or 1212) can be read as an anagram for her name. Some experts argue that the Templars's affection to the Black Madonna was related to Isis; Notre Dame in Paris was built above a Roman temple dedicated to the Egyptian Goddess.
An image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. ...
United States The Black Madonna Shrine and Grotto is a shrine located in the unincorporated area south of Pacific and Southwest of Eureka. ...
The National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa, known also as the American Czestochowa is a Polish-American Roman Catholic shrine near Doylestown, Pennsylvania, founded in 1953. ...
This article is about the U.S. State. ...
Miscellanea A Black Madonna is an important motif in The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd. She inspires spiritual strength in the female characters in the novel, and has been connected with "the solidarity of the divine mother with those who are oppressed", according to Jennie S. Knight. This Madonna is not of the specific European kind discussed above. In literature, a motif is a recurring element or theme that has symbolic significance in the story. ...
The Secret Life of Bees is a 2002 novel by the author Sue Monk Kidd that has received much critical acclaim. ...
References - Begg, Ean The Cult of the Black Virgin (1985)
- Benko, Stephen Virgin Goddess: Studies in the Pagan and Christian Roots of Mariology (1993)
- Chiavola Birnbaum, Lucia Black Madonnas: Feminism, Religion, and Politics in Italy (2000)
- Gustafson, Fred The Black Madonna (1990)
- Gustafson, Fred The black madonna of Einsiedeln : a psychological perspective (1975)
- Hale, Susan Elizabeth Sacred Space, Sacred Sound: The Acoustic Mysteries of Holy Places Quest Books (2007) ISBN 0835608565
- Knight, Jennie S Remythologizing the Divine Feminine in Religion and Popular Culture in America ed. Forbes and Mahan (University of California, 2005)
- LeMieux, Raymond W. The Black Madonnas of France (1991)
- McKinney-Johnson, Eloise Egypt's Isis: the Original Black Madonna in Black Women in Antiquity (Journal of African Civilizations ; V. 6) edited by Ivan Van Sertima
- Moser, Mary Beth Honoring darkness: exploring the power of black madonnas in Italy (2005)
- Moss, Leonard In Quest of the Black Virgin: She Is Black Because She Is Black in Mother Worship:Themes and Variations (1982) edited by James Preston
- Redd, Danita Black madonnas of Europe: diffusion of the African Isis in Black Women in Antiquity (Journal of African Civilizations ; V. 6) edited by Ivan Van Sertima
- Ralls, Karen Knights Templar Encyclopedia, Career Press (2007) ISBN 1564149269
- Scheer, Monique From Majesty to Mystery: Change in the Meanings of Black Madonnas from the: Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries. The American Historical Review 107.5 (2002)
- Schmid, Margrit Rosa Schwarz bin ich und schön ([SJW] Schweizerisches Jugendschriftenwerk 2002)
- Schmid, Margrit Rosa Die Wallfahrt zur schwarzen Madonna Documentary film, 30 minutes (Margrit R. Schmid Zurich 2003)
See also Black Madonna, Fleur de lys of Częstochowa, Poland The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, (Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska Częstochowska in Polish) icon was, according to legend, painted by St. ...
Theotokos of Vladimir The Theotokos of Vladimir, also known as Our Lady of Vladimir, the Virgin of Vladimir or Vladimirskaya (Russian: ), is one of the most venerated Orthodox icons. ...
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