NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Black September (group)

The Black September Organization (BSO) (Arabic:منظمة أيلول الأسود) was a Palestinian militant group, founded in 1970. The group's name came from the conflict known as Black September, which began on September 16, 1970, when King Hussein of Jordan declared military rule in response to an attempt by the fedayeen to seize his kingdom, resulting in the deaths or expulsion of thousands of Palestinians from Jordan. The BSO began as a small cell of Fatah men determined to take revenge on King Hussein and the Jordanian army. Recruits from the PFLP, as-Sa'iqa, and other groups also joined. Image File history File links Ap_munich905_t. ... One of the Black September militants on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian organization Black September, a militant group... Arabic ( or just ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... This article, Black September in Jordan, describes the events surrounding September, 1970 in Jordan. ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: حسين بن طلال) (November 14, 1935 - February 7, 1999) was the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from 1952 to 1999. ... Fedayeen (from Arabic fidÄÄ«, plural fidÄÄ«yÄ«n ÙØ¯Ø§Ø¦ÙŠÙˆÙ†, one who is ready to sacrifice his life for the cause) describes several distinct, primarily Arab groups at different times in history. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Arabic Al-Jabhah al-Shabiyyah Li-Tahrir Filastin الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين) is a secular, Marxist-Leninist, nationalist Palestinian... As-Saiqa (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ØµØ§Ø¹Ù‚Ø© meaning thunderbolt) is a Palestinian political and military faction supported by Syria. ...

The BSO is notorious for the kidnap and murder of 11 Israeli athletes, and the murder of a German police officer, during the September 1972 attack on the Olympic Village in Munich, Germany, which became known as the Munich massacre. Munich: Frauenkirche and Town Hall steeple Munich: St. ... One of the Black September militants on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian organization Black September, a militant group...

Structure of the group

There is disagreement between historians, journalists, and the primary sources regarding the nature of the BSO and the extent to which it was controlled by Fatah, the PLO faction controlled at the time by Yasser Arafat. Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Abu Iyad(Arabic أبو إياد) (? - January 14, 1991)(born Salah Khalaf ( Arabic صلاح خلف)) was Palestine Liberation Organization deputy chief and intelligence chief, and at the time of his death was considered the second most senior official of Fatah after... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: â€Ž; or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary organization regarded bythe Arab League since October 1974 as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: â€Ž; or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary organization regarded bythe Arab League since October 1974 as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. ... Arafat redirects here. ...

In his book Stateless, Salah Khalaf (Abu Iyad), Arafat's chief of security and a founding member of Fatah, wrote that: "Black September was not a terrorist organization, but was rather an auxiliary unit of the resistance movement, at a time when the latter was unable to fully realize its military and political potential. The members of the organization always denied any ties between their organization and Fatah or the PLO." Abu Iyad(Arabic أبو إياد) (? - January 14, 1991)(born Salah Khalaf ( Arabic صلاح خلف)) was Palestine Liberation Organization deputy chief and intelligence chief, and at the time of his death was considered the second most senior official of Fatah after...

Abu Iyad's claim was contradicted by Mohammed Daoud Oudeh, also known as Abu Daoud, a BSO operative and former senior PLO member, who, according to a 1972 article in the Jordanian newspaper Al-Dustur, told Jordanian police: "There is no such organization as Black September. Fatah announces its own operations under this name so that Fatah will not appear as the direct executor of the operation." A March 1973 document released in 1981 by the U.S. State Department seemed to confirm that Fatah was Black September's parent organization. [1] Mohammad Oudeh, commonly known as Abu Daoud, is the leader of the Black September, the Palestine Liberation Organisation splinter group that carried out the 1972 Munich massacre. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

According to American journalist John K. Cooley, the BSO represented a "total break with the old operational and organizational methods of the fedayeen. Its members operated in air-tight cells of four or more men and women. Each cell's members were kept ignorant of other cells. Leadership was exercised from outside by intermediaries and 'cut-offs' [sic]", though there was no centralized leadership (Cooley 1973). John K. Cooley John K. Cooley is an American journalist and author who specializes in terrorism and the Middle East. ...

Cooley writes that many of the cells in Europe and around the world were made up of Palestinians and other Arabs who had lived in their countries of residence as students, teachers, businessmen, and diplomats for many years. Operating without a central leadership (see Leaderless resistance), it was a "true collegial direction" (ibid). The cell structure and the need-to-know operational philosophy protected the operatives by ensuring that the apprehension or surveillance of one cell would not affect the others. The structure offered plausible deniability to the Fatah leadership, which was careful to distance itself from Black September operations. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1378x1880, 943 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Black September (group) Hussein of Jordan Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan Portal:Jordan... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1378x1880, 943 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Black September (group) Hussein of Jordan Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan Portal:Jordan... Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: حسين بن طلال) (November 14, 1935 - February 7, 1999) was the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from 1952 to 1999. ... This article, Black September in Jordan, describes the events surrounding September, 1970 in Jordan. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Leaderless resistance (or phantom cell structure) is a political resistance strategy in which small, independent groups (covert cells) challenge an established adversary such as a government. ...

Fatah needed Black September, according to Benny Morris, professor of history at Ben-Gurion University. He writes that there was a "problem of internal PLO or Fatah cohesion, with extremists constantly demanding greater militancy. The moderates apparently acquiesced in the creation of Black September in order to survive" (Morris 2001, p. 379). As a result of pressure from militants, writes Morris, a Fatah congress in Damascus in August–September 1971 agreed to establish Black September. The new organization was based on Fatah's existing special intelligence and security apparatus, and on the PLO offices and representatives in various European capitals, and from very early on, there was cooperation between Black September and the PFLP (ibid.) Benny Morris (born 1948) is a prominent Israeli historian. ... The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (Hebrew: ) was founded in 1969, in Beer Sheva, Israel. ... Damascus at sunset Damascus ( translit: Also commonly: Ø§Ù„Ø´Ø§Ù… ash-ShÄm) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ...

The PLO closed Black September down in the fall of 1973, prompted, Morris says, by the "political calculation that no more good would come of terrorism abroad" (ibid. p. 383). In 1974 Arafat ordered the PLO to withdraw from acts of violence outside Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Munich massacre

The group's most well-known operation was the killing of 11 Israeli athletes, nine of whom were first taken hostage, and the killing of a German police officer, during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. One of the Black September militants on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian organization Black September, a militant group... The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were held in Munich, West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. ... Munich: Frauenkirche and Town Hall steeple Munich: St. ...

Operations Wrath of God, and Spring of Youth

Following the attack, the Israeli government, headed by Prime Minister Golda Meir, ordered Mossad to hunt down those known to have been involved [2]. What was then known as Operation Bayonet was begun. By 1979, during what became known as Operation Wrath of God, at least one Mossad unit had assassinated eight PLO members. Among them was the leading figure of Ali Hassan Salameh, nicknamed the "Red Prince," the wealthy, flamboyant son of an upper-class family, and commander of Force 17, Yasser Arafat's personal security squad. Salameh was behind the 1972 hijacking of Sabena Flight 572 from Vienna to Lod. He was killed by a car bomb in Beirut on January 22, 1979. In Operation Spring of Youth, in April 1973, Israeli commandos killed three senior members of Black September (and at least nine others) in Beirut. In July 1973, in what became known as the Lillehammer affair, six Israeli operatives were arrested for the murder of Ahmed Bouchiki, an innocent Moroccan waiter who was mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh. Golda Meir (Hebrew: ) (born Golda Mabovitz, May 3, 1898; died December 8, 1978) was one of the founders of the State of Israel. ... For the Haganah branch responsible for coordinating Jewish immigration into the British Mandate of Palestine, see Mossad Lealiyah Bet (Hebrew: ×”×ž×•×¡×“ ×œ×ž×•×“×™×¢×™×Ÿ ×•×œ×ª×¤×§×™×“×™× ×ž×™×•×—×“×™×, The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations, often referred to as Mossad, meaning The Institute) is Israels intelligence agency and is responsible for intelligence collection, counter-terrorism, covert... The operation was ordered in response to the massacre of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics. ... Ali Hassan Salameh Ali Hassan Salameh (1943 â€“ January 22, 1979) was the chief of operations â€” code name Abu Hassan - for Black September, the terrorist organisation responsible for the Munich Massacre (1972) and other attacks; he was also the founder of Force 17. ... Force 17 is an elite VIP protection unit of the Palestinian Fatah movement and later of the Office of the Chairman of the Palestinian Authority. ... Arafat redirects here. ... On May 8, 1972 a passenger aircraft of the Belgian airline company Sabena that was in flight from Vienna to Lod was hijacked by four terrorists from the Black September organization (or another faction of the Fatah), and landed at the Lod airport. ... Inhabitants according to official census figures: 1800 to 2005 Vienna in 1858 Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Downtown area of Lod Lod (Hebrew ×œ×•Ö¹×“; Arabic Ø§ÙŽÙ„Ù’Ù„ÙØ¯Ù‘Ù’ al-Ludd, Greco-Latin Lydda, Tiberian Hebrew ×œÖ¹×“ LÅá¸) is a city in the Center District of Israel in Israel. ... Beirut ( translit: ) is the capital, largest city, and chief seaport of Lebanon. ... January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Smashing Pumpkins song, see 1979 (song). ... Operation Spring of Youth took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10, 1973. ... Beirut ( translit: ) is the capital, largest city, and chief seaport of Lebanon. ... The Lillehammer affair refers to the murder by Mossad agents of a Moroccan waiter, Ahmed Bouchiki, in Lillehammer, Norway on July 21, 1973. ... On July 21, 1973, Ahmed Bouchiki, an Algerian-born Moroccan citizen working as a waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, was killed by Israeli agents of the Mossad intelligence agency. ...

Recent remarks by Abu Daoud, the alleged mastermind of the Munich kidnappings, deny that any of the Palestinians assassinated by Mossad had any relation to the Munich operation, this despite the fact that the list includes 2 of the 3 surviving members of the kidnap squad arrested at the airport. Mohammad Oudeh, commonly known as Abu Daoud, is the leader of the Black September, the Palestine Liberation Organisation splinter group that carried out the 1972 Munich massacre. ...

Other operations

Other actions attributed to Black September include: Image File history File links Khartoum_hostage_crists. ... Image File history File links Khartoum_hostage_crists. ... Khartoum (in Arabic, al-Khartûm: الخرطوم, meaning elephant trunk) is the capital of Sudan, at the point where the White Nile coming from Uganda meets the Blue Nile coming from Ethiopia. ...

November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... Wasfi al-Tal (also Wasfi Tel) was Prime Minister of Jordan for several terms. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... West Germany was the informal but almost universally used name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 until 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include East Germany. ... On May 8, 1972 a passenger aircraft of the Belgian airline company Sabena that was in flight from Vienna to Lod was hijacked by four terrorists from the Black September organization (or another faction of the Fatah), and landed at the Lod airport. ... Inhabitants according to official census figures: 1800 to 2005 Vienna in 1858 Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Downtown area of Lod Lod (Hebrew ×œ×•Ö¹×“; Arabic Ø§ÙŽÙ„Ù’Ù„ÙØ¯Ù‘Ù’ al-Ludd, Greco-Latin Lydda, Tiberian Hebrew ×œÖ¹×“ LÅá¸) is a city in the Center District of Israel in Israel. ... Map of Sudan with Khartoum Khartoum ( Ø§Ù„Ø®Ø±Ø·ÙˆÙ… al-á¸ªará¹Å«m Elephant Trunk) is the capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. ... Cleo A. Noel, Jr. ... George Curtis Moore - was the United States Deputy Ambassador to the Sudan. ... ChargÃ© daffaires (Fr. ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Saudi embassy during the hostage-taking of diplomatic offcials in Khartum, Sudan The Khartoum diplomatic assassinations took place between 1 March 1973 and 3 March 1973 in the capital city of Sudan, Khartoum and were executed by the Palestinian...

Contents

Structure of the group

Munich massacre

Operations Wrath of God, and Spring of Youth

Other operations

See also

References

Further reading

Contents

Structure of the group GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Munich massacre

Operations Wrath of God, and Spring of Youth

Other operations

See also

References

Further reading

Structure of the group