Black September in Jordan
Date 1970–1971 Location Jordan Result The Cairo Agreement, PLO were driven out to Lebanon Casus belli Assassination attempts on King
Combatants
PLO	Jordan
Commanders
Yasser Arafat	King Hussein
Casualties
7,000-8,000 killed[1]

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Geography
Governorates · Cities Transport · The Mediterranean Dead Sea · Red Sea · Amman Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... Secret agreement between Palestine Liberation Organization and the government of Lebanon granting the PLO the right to operate on Lebanese soil. ... Casus belli is a modern Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Palestine. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: ‎;   or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary organization regarded by the Arab League since October 1974 as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Not to be confused with Yasir Arafat (cricketer). ... Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: حسين بن طلال) (November 14, 1935 - February 7, 1999) was the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from 1952 to 1999. ... Image File history File links Jordan_coa. ... Anthem عاش المليك As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni(transliteration)1 Long live the King Capital (and largest city) Amman Official languages Arabic Government  -  King Abdullah II  -  Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit Independence  -  End of British League of Nations mandate 25 May 1946  Area  -  Total 89,342 km² (112th) 45,495 sq... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Anthem عاش المليك As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni(transliteration)1 Long live the King Capital (and largest city) Amman Official languages Arabic Government  -  King Abdullah II  -  Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit Independence  -  End of British League of Nations mandate 25 May 1946  Area  -  Total 89,342 km² (112th) 45,495 sq... The country of Jordan is divided into 12 governorates (Arabic: muhafazat, singular is muhafazah). ... This is a list of cities in the country of Jordan. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... The Dead Sea (Hebrew: ), (Arabic: ), is the Earths lowest point not covered by water or ice, at 418 m (1,371 feet) below sea level and falling,[2] and the deepest hypersaline lake in the world, at 330 m (1,083 feet) deep. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... For other meanings, see Amman (disambiguation) and Ammann. ...
History of Jordan
Hashemites · Transjordan · Black September Sykes-Picot Agreement · Mandate of Palastine · PLO History of Jordan. ... Hashemite is the Anglicised version of the Arabic: هاشمي (transliteration: Hashemi) and traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or clan of Hashem, a clan within the larger Quraish tribe. ... Map of the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the British Mandate of Palestine, created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect. ... Zones of French and British influence and control established by the Sykes-Picot Agreement The Sykes-Picot Agreement of May 16, 1916 was a secret understanding between the governments of Britain and France defining their respective spheres of post-World War I influence and control in the Middle East (then... Flag Britain unilaterally closed the territory east of the Jordan River (Transjordan) to Jewish settlement and organized Transjordan as an autonomous state in 1923. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the...
Arab-Israeli conflict
1948 War · Six-Day War Peace treaties with: Israel Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel and the United... Combatants  Israel Egypt, Syria, Transjordan,  Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin Glubb Pasha, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji Strength  Israel: 29,677 initially rising to 115,000 by March 1949 Egypt: 10,000 initially rising... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Saudi Arabia Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ...
Economy
Aqaba · Petra Aqaba (Arabic: العقبة al-Ê»Aqabah) is a coastal town with a population of 101,290 (2000) and 2% of Jordans population in the far south of Jordan (). It is the capital of Aqaba Governorate. ... The current version of this article or section is written in an informal style and with a personally invested tone. ...
Demographics · Culture
Music of Jordan · Sports in Jordan University of Jordan · Arabic · Famous Jordanians Jordanians are mostly Arabs, except for a few small communities of Circassians, Chechens, Armenians, and Kurds which have adapted to Arab culture. ... The culture of Jordan is based around Arab and Islamic elements. ... The music of Jordan can be distinguished from that of its neighboring countries like Syria and Saudi Arabia by its strong Bedouin influence . ... Football and Basketball in Jordan are the most-watched sports. ... University of jordan is the oldest institute in hashimiet kingdom, established in 1961, the university has, since then, applied itself to the advancement of knowledge no less than to its dissemination. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... The following is a list of famous people from Jordan: Sherif Hussein ibn Ali King Abdullah I of Jordan King Talal of Jordan King Hussein I King Abdullah II of Jordan Queen Noor of Jordan Queen Rania of Jordan Saed Munther Tuffaha Toujan al-Faisal Faisal al-Fayez Ali Abu...
Religon
Islam in Jordan · Christianity in Jordan Religion in Jordan is a much more important cultural issue than in the west. ... The Abu Darweesh Mosque was built in 1961 by the Circassian community which came to settle in Amman More than 90 percent of population in Jordan adhered to Sunni Islam in the late 1980s. ... Christians as a total form 6% of the total population of Jordan. ...
Politics
Kings · Prime Ministers · Marouf al-Bakhit King Abduallah II Politics of Jordan takes place in a framework of a parliamentary monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister of Jordan is head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... The Jordanian monarchy was set up in 1921, with help from the British. ... Categories: Jordan | Prime Ministers of Jordan ... Dr. Marouf Suleiman al-Bakhit (Arabic: معروف البخيت), also known as Marouf al-Bakheet (born 1947) is the Prime Minister of Jordan. ... As-Sayyid Muhammad Abdullah II bin al-Hussein al Hashimi, King of Jordan (Arabic: ‎) (born January 30, 1962 in Amman, Jordan), is the current King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. ...
Foreign affairs
United Nations · Arab League The foreign relations of Jordan have consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally Jordan has had close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... The Arab League or League of Arab States (Arabic: ‎), is an organization of predominantly Arab states (compare Arab world). ...
Jordanian Armed Forces
Land Force · Intelligence Department · Air Force His Majesty's Special Security · Royal Special Forces History References and links Jordan Royal Jordanian Land Force Royal Navy Force Royal Jordanian Air Force Royal Special Forces His Majestys Special Security General Intelligence Department External links kamouflage. ... Royal Jordanian Land Force is part of the Jordanian Armed forces (JAF). ... Dairat al-Mukhabarat al-Ammah (Arabic: ) (translated: General Intelligence Department, or GID) is the Jordanian Intelligence Agency. ... Royal Jordanian Air Force insignia The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) (Arabic: القوات الجوية الملكية الأردنية, Transliterated: Al Quwwat al-Jawwiya Almalakiya al-Urduniya in Arabic) is the Aviation branch of the Jordanian Armed Forces. ... A unit of the armed forces of Jordan. ... A unit of the armed forces of Jordan. ...
Portal:Jordan
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This article, Black September in Jordan, describes the events surrounding September, 1970 in Jordan. For the organization, see Black September (group).

September 1970 is known as the Black September in Arab history and sometimes is referred to as the "era of regrettable events." It was a month when Hashemite King Hussein of Jordan moved to quash an attempt by Palestinian organizations to overthrow his monarchy. The violence resulted in the killing of 7,000 to 8,000 Palestinian civilians.^[1] Armed conflict lasted until July 1971 with the expulsion of the PLO and thousands of Palestinians to Lebanon. A Black September terrorist on a balcony in the Olympic Village in September 1972, during what became known as the Munich Massacre, in which 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped and killed. ... Look up September in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Maronite, Alawite Islam, Druze, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism An Arab (Arabic: ) is any member of the Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to... Hashemite is the Anglicised version of the Arabic: هاشمي (transliteration: Hashemi) and traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or clan of Hashem, a clan within the larger Quraish tribe. ... Hussein I bin Talal, King of Jordan (Arabic: ‎ ; November 14, 1935 – February 7, 1999). ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the...

Background

Following the shock of Israel's overwhelming victory in the 1967 Six Day War, a number of Arab groups were looking for alternatives to conventional inter-state warfare to recover territory and advance other goals. In particular, displaced Palestinian Arabs constituted a large internal population of Jordan ^[2] and had support from many Arab regimes, most notably Egypt's President Nasser. Israel was repeatedly hit with cross-border attacks by fedayeen guerrillas. The Palestinian nationalist organization Fatah had been organizing such attacks since January 1965, but received much broader support following the 1967 defeat. The 1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War or June War, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Fedayeen (from the Arabic fidāī, plural fidāīyīn, فدائيون: one who is ready to sacrifice his life, Armenian: ) describes several distinct, primarily Arab groups at different times in history. ... Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Fatah (Arabic: ); a reverse acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (literally: Palestinian National Liberation Movement) is a major secular Palestinian political party and the largest organization in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a generally secular multi-party confederation. ...

Battle of Karameh

Main article: Battle of Karameh

The Israel Defense Forces entered the village of Karameh on March 21, 1968.^[3] The village was said to be the guerrilla capital. The Israelis withdrew quickly. King Hussein managed to leave Karameh at night after being informed of the impending attack. King Hussein gave orders to the Jordanian forces not to intervene but the Jordanian general Mash'hor Haditha and some Jordanian officers ignored their king's orders and engaged the battle. The arrival of Jordanian troops in full-force shifted the tide of the battle and managed to inflict serious damage on the IDF. In fact, the Jordanian Army's intervention was not expected at all. An estimated 28 Israeli soldiers were killed and 80 wounded; the IDF also lost four tanks. Although the Jordanian Army had been decisive, the incident was a public relations coup for the PLO and Arafat in particular. The Karameh battle boosted Palestinian morale and gave the PLO additional prestige within the Arab community.[1] The Battle of Karameh was one of the main events in the history of the Palestinian national movement. ... The Israel Defense Forces are part of the Israeli Security Forces. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (81st in leap years). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... Hussein I bin Talal, King of Jordan (Arabic: ‎ ; November 14, 1935 – February 7, 1999). ... Public relations (PR): Building sustainable relations with all publics in order to create a postive brand image. ...

Yasser Arafat claimed this as a victory (in Arabic, "karameh" means "dignity") and quickly became a national hero who dared to confront Israel. Masses of young Arabs joined the ranks of his group Fatah. Under pressure, Ahmad Shukeiri resigned from the PLO leadership and in July 1969, Fatah joined and soon controlled the PLO. It was, in fact, a Jordanian victory as the Jordanian Artillery bombardment forced the IDF withdrawal. Not to be confused with Yasir Arafat (cricketer). ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Ahmad Shukeiri Ahmad Shukeiri (1908 - 1980), also al-Shuqayri, or Shukeiry, was the first Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. ...

Seven-point agreement

In Palestinian enclaves and refugee camps in Jordan, the police and army were losing their authority. Uniformed PLO militants openly carried weapons, set up checkpoints and attempted to collect what they called "taxes". During the November 1968 negotiations, a seven-point agreement was reached between King Hussein and Palestinian organizations:

• Members of these organizations were forbidden from walking around cities armed and in uniform
• They were forbidden from stopping civilian vehicles in order to conduct searches
• They were forbidden from competing with the Jordanian Army for recruits
• They were required to carry Jordanian identity papers
• Their vehicles were required to bear Jordanian license plates
• Crimes committed by members of the Palestinian organizations would be investigated by the Jordanian authorities
• Disputes between the Palestinian organizations and the government would be settled by a joint council of representatives of the king and of the PLO.

The PLO, reneging on this agreement, acted like a state within a state in Jordan. Between mid-1968 and the end of 1969, no fewer than five hundred violent clashes occurred between the Palestinian guerrillas and Jordanian security forces. Acts of violence against civilians and kidnappings frequently took place. Chief of the Jordanian royal court (and subsequently a Prime Minister) Zaid al-Rifai claimed that "the fedayeen killed a soldier, beheaded him, and played soccer with his head in the area where he used to live." ^[4] Zaid al-Rifai served as Prime Minister of Jordan twice (May 26, 1973 - July 13, 1976) and (April 4, 1985 and April 27, 1989). ... Football is a ball game played between two teams of eleven players, each attempting to win by scoring more goals than their opponent. ...

Many elements in the PLO extorted money from merchants at gunpoint under the claim that they were donations to the Palestinian cause. Jordanian security forces would typically respond by rounding them up and sending them to the front. Outbreaks of violence however were continuously on the rise. As long as both parties maintained the condition that they would not enter or remain in the capital a large scale clash could have been avoided.^{[dubious — see talk page]}

The PLO also continued attacking Israel from Jordanian territory without regard to Jordanian authority. Heavy Israeli reprisals resulted in high Jordanian civilian and military casualties. Jordanian soldiers who were on weekend leave were continuously attacked by Palestinians. After some Jordanian soldiers were ritualistically murdered by hammering nine-inch nails in their heads, the troops were prevented from leaving their camps.^{[dubious — see talk page]}

Ten-point edict

King Hussein visited U.S. President Richard Nixon, and the Egyptian President Nasser in February 1970. Upon his return, King Hussein published a ten-point edict, restricting activities of the Palestinian organizations. On February 11, fighting broke out between Jordanian security forces and the Palestinian groups in the streets of Amman, resulting in about 300 deaths. Trying to prevent the violence spinning out of control, King Hussein announced "We are all fedayeen" and fired the interior minister who was hostile towards the Palestinians. For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other meanings, see Amman (disambiguation) and Ammann. ... Fedayeen (from the Arabic fidāī, plural fidāīyīn, فدائيون: one who is ready to sacrifice his life, Armenian: ) describes several distinct, primarily Arab groups at different times in history. ...

Armed Palestinians set up a parallel system of visa controls, customs checks and checkpoints in Jordanian cities and added more tensions to already polarized Jordanian society and the army.

In July, Egypt and Jordan accepted the U.S.-backed Rogers plan that called for a cease fire in the War of Attrition between Israel and Egypt and for Israel's negotiated withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967, according to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, but the plan mentioned the West Bank to be under King Hussein's authority and that was unacceptable for the more radical organizations in the PLO, George Habash's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), Naif Hawatmeh's Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) opposed the plan, criticized and scandalized Nasser. Thus, the PLO lost the good relations with Nasser and his protection. Reportedly, the plan was a trap conceived to destroy PLO's relations with Nasser, and it had never been implemented.[2] As a result, King Hussein started his military campaign against the PLO. Between February and June of 1970, about a thousand lives were lost in Jordan alone due to the conflict. The more radical organizations in the PLO decided to undermine Hussein's pro-Western regime. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Rogers Plan (1969) The Rogers Plan was a term to describe a framework proposed by United States Secretary of State William P. Rogers to achieve an end to belligerency in the Arab-Israeli conflict following the Six-Day War. ... An armistice is the effective end of a war, when the warring parties agree to stop fighting. ... Combatants Israel Egypt Soviet Union Strength unknown Egyptian: unknown Soviet advisors: 10,700–12,300 Casualties 1,424 soldiers and >100 civilians killed 2,000 soldiers and 700 civilians wounded [1] [2] 10,000 Egyptian soldiers and civilians killed¹ 3 Soviet pilots killed The War of Attrition (Hebrew: ‎)(Arabic: ‎) was... United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. ... George Habash (Arabic جورج حبش) (born August 2, 1926 in Lod), sometimes known by his nom de guerre Al-Hakim, الحكيم, meaning the doctor, is a Palestinian politician, formerly a militant, and the founder and former Secretary-General of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Naif Hawatmeh Naif Hawatmeh (kunya Abu an-Nuf, b. ... The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) (Arabic: الجبهة الديموقراطية لتحرير فلسطين, transliterated Al-Jabha al-Dimuqratiya Li-Tahrir Filastin) is a Palestinian Marxist-Leninist political and military organization. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the...

Events of September, 1970

Aircraft hijackings

Main article: Dawson's Field hijackings

On September 1, 1970, several attempts to assassinate the king failed. On September 6, in the series of Dawson's Field hijackings, three planes were hijacked by PFLP: a SwissAir and a TWA in Zarqa and a BOAC in Cairo, on September 9, a British Airways plane at Amman, the passengers were held hostage. The PFLP announced that the hijackings were designed "to teach the Americans a lesson because of their long-standing support of Israel". After all hostages were removed, the planes were demonstratively blown up in front of TV cameras. Directly confronting and angering the King, the rebels declared Irbid area a "liberated region". Main article: Black September in Jordan The Dawsons Field hijacking occurred on September 6, 1970. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... Main article: Black September in Jordan The Dawsons Field hijacking occurred on September 6, 1970. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Arabic Al-Jabhah al-Shabiyyah Li-Tahrir Filastin الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين) is a secular, Marxist-Leninist, nationalist Palestinian... Swissair (Swiss Air Transport Company Limited) is the former national airline of Switzerland. ... Trans World Airlines (IATA: TW, ICAO: TWA, and Callsign: TWA), commonly known as TWA, was an American airline company that was acquired by American Airlines in April 2001. ... Zarqa (Arabic الزرقاء az-Zarqā, local dialects ez-Zergā or ez-Zera, The Blue One) is a city in Jordan located to the northeast of Amman. ... The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the exclusive British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946. ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... For the 1930s airline of similar name, see British Airways Ltd. ... Irbid in the spring Irbid (Arabic: إربد), the ancient Arabella, is Jordans second largest city located about 85 km north of Amman, situated at an equal distance from Pella and Umm Qais and 7 km to the north from Al Hisn. ...

Jordanian army attacks

On September 16, King Hussein declared martial law. The next day, Jordanian tanks (the 60th armored brigade) attacked the headquarters of Palestinian organizations in Amman; the army also attacked camps in Irbid, Salt, Sweileh and Zarqa. Then the head of Pakistani training mission to Jordan, Brigadier Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (later Chief of Army Staff and President of Pakistan), took command of the 2nd division.^{[citation needed]}. In addition, the Iraqi armies - which were in Jordan after 1967 war as reserves forces – supported the Jordanian army. [3] // 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr declared Prince of Wales by his followers. ... For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Urdu: محمد ضیاءالحق) (August 12, 1924–August 17, 1988) was the military ruler and later President of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988. ...

The armored troops were inefficient in narrow city streets and thus the Jordanian army conducted house to house sweeps for Palestinian fighters and got immersed in heavy urban warfare with the inexperienced and undisciplined Palestinian fighters.

Hussein has often been criticised because of the ordering of 'random' attacks, however, many justify Hussein's decisions, saying that he was out of options. For example, Queen Noor, Hussein's wife, described in her bestseller book title Leap of Faith how serious things were, how many people were killed by the Palestinian groups, and the fact that Hussein didn't actually want to do anything violent, but he was forced to. However, she was not living in Jordan during that time period. She had lived in the USA until her marriage to the king on June 15, 1978. Queen Noor (Arabic: الملكة نور) (born August 23, 1951 in Washington, D.C.) is the fourth wife and widow of the late King Hussein of Jordan. ...

PLA intervention attempt

On September 18, Syria, through the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) branch, whose headquarters were located in Damascus and which was very close to the Syrian regime, tried to intervene on the behalf of the Palestinian guerrillas. The PLA size was equivalent to a division and was met by the 40th armored brigade of the Jordanian army. September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... The Palestine Liberation Army, also known as the PLA, was a regular military force recruited from among Palestinians by the Syrians. ... Symbol of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division in NATO code A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to twenty thousand soldiers. ...

American and Israeli involvement

The Jordanian king asked for American support to prevent the Syrian-backed attack which could ultimately result in a victory of the Palestinians and an end to his pro-western government. In order to protect their vital Arab ally, the American government requested Israeli help. Israel Air Force planes made low overflights over the PLA tanks as a sign of warning. Soon the PLA began to withdraw. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) (Hebrew: חיל האוויר Heyl haAvir) is the Air branch of the Israel Defense Force. ...

President Nixon sent an additional carrier task force and the USS Guam, an amphibious assault ship, to supplement the 6th fleet. The U.S. Navy positioned itself off the coast of Israel and Jordan to protect American interests and citizens. U.S. Forces remained on alert in the area throughout September and October. The third USS Guam (LPH-9), an Iwo Jima class amphibious assault ship, was laid down by the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard 15 November 1962; launched 22 August 1964; sponsored by Mrs. ...

The 82nd Airborne Division was put on full alert on September 15th. On September 17th some paratroopers were off the ground and on the way to Amman. The mission was aborted however, approximately 40 minutes after the first C-141 took off from Pope AFB, NC.

Hussein-Arafat Cairo agreement

Meanwhile, both Hussein and Arafat attended the meeting of leaders of Arab countries in Cairo and on September 27 Hussein signed an agreement that treated both sides as equals and acknowledged the right of the Palestinian organizations to operate in Jordan, but they should leave the cities and stay in the fronts. September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On September 28, Egypt's Nasser died of a sudden heart attack. As a result the PLO lost his protection, and King Hussein continued the attack. September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Casualties

Estimates of the number of the people killed in the ten days of Black September range from three thousand to more than five thousand, although exact numbers are unknown. The Western reporters were concentrated at the Intercontinental Hotel, away from the action. Nasser's state controlled Voice of the Arabs from Cairo reported genocide. Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or...

Events after September

The situation in Syria became unstable and soon Hafez al-Assad became the ruler of Syria in a coup d'état. Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ) (October 6, 1930–June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ... // A coup dÉtat (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, often through illegal means by a part of the state establishment — mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ...

On October 31, Arafat, whose position was weakened, had to sign another agreement (similar to one of November 1968) that returned control of Jordan to the King, requiring the dismantlement of Palestinian militant bases and banning their members from carrying unconcealed weapons. At a meeting of the Palestinian National Council that followed, both PFLP and DFLP groups refused to accept this agreement and instead, accepted the proposal that Jordan would be a part of a Palestinian state to replace both Jordan and Israel. October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... The Palestinian National Council (PNC) is the parliament in exile of the Palestinian people. ... It has been suggested that State of Palestine be merged into this article or section. ...

The violations continued and on November 9, Jordanian prime minister Wasfi al-Tal signed an order to confiscate illegal weapons. By January 1971, the army strengthened its control over the cities. Another agreement regarding surrendering weapons was signed and broken. After the discovery of illegal arms warehouse in Irbid in the Spring, the army placed a curfew and began arresting the rebels. On June 5, several leading Palestinian organizations including Arafat's Fatah, called on Radio Baghdad to overthrow King Hussein who was regarded as a "puppet separatist authority." November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... Wasfi al-Tal (also Wasfi Tel) (1919 - November 28, 1971) was Prime Minister of Jordan for several terms. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ...

The army regained control over the remaining PLO strongholds, mountainous cities of Jerash and Ajloun.

Aftermath

The number of casualties in what resembled a civil war is estimated at tens of thousands, and both sides were involved in intentional killing of civilians. It was a turning point for Jordanian identity, as the kingdom embarked on the program of "Jordanization" of the society. A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ...

Palestinian militants were driven out to Lebanon as a result of the Cairo Agreement. See Lebanon Civil War. Secret agreement between Palestine Liberation Organization and the government of Lebanon granting the PLO the right to operate on Lebanese soil. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

The group Black September was established by Fatah members. On November 28, 1971, in Cairo, four of its members assassinated Wasfi al-Tal. See also Munich massacre. A Black September terrorist on a balcony in the Olympic Village in September 1972, during what became known as the Munich Massacre, in which 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped and killed. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... Wasfi al-Tal (also Wasfi Tel) (1919 - November 28, 1971) was Prime Minister of Jordan for several terms. ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian organization Black September, a militant group...

References

• Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2

Efraim Karsh is Professor and Head of Mediterranean Studies at Kings College London. ...

External links

• Jordanian Removal of the PLO (globalsecurity.org)
• Hussein - the Guerrilla Crisis Country Studies at the U.S. Library of Congress, alt. [4]
• Black September: Tough negotiations 1 January 2001 (BBC)
• 1970 - Black September (HistoryCentral)
• Black September, The PLO's attempt to take over Jordan in 1970 (Uria Shavit, Ha'aretz Newspaper, May 28, 2002)
• Why did Jordan expel the PLO in 1970? (palestinefacts.org)
• Black September in Jordan 1970-1971 (onwar.com)
• Hussein of Jordan: The Bloody King of Black September (Revolutionary Worker #995, February 21, 1999)