A king of Sennar, 1821

Kingdom of Sennar was a former sultanate in the north of Sudan, which ruled a substantial area of northeast Africa between 1504 and 1821. A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic monarch ruling under the terms of shariah. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... 1504 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

In the fifteenth century the part of Nubia formerly controlled by Makuria was home to a number of small states and subject to frequent incursions by desert nomads. The situation in Alodia is less well known, but it also seems as though that state had collapsed. The area was reunified under Abdallah Jamma, the gatherer, who came from the eastern regions that had grown wealthy and powerful from the trade on the Red Sea. Abdallah's empire was short lived as in the early sixteenth century the Funj people under Amara Dunkas arrived from the south, having been driven north by the Shilluk. The Funj defeated Abdallah and set up their own kingdom based at Sennar. Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. ... Makuria (to Arabs al-Mukurra or al-Muqurra) was a kingdom located in what is today Southern Egypt and the Sudan. ... Alodia or Alwa was a kingdom in Christian Nubia. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea (Arabic البحر الأحمر Baḥr al-Aḥmar, al-Baḥru l-’Aḥmar; Hebrew ים סוף Yam Suf; Tigrigna ቀይሕ ባሕሪ QeyH baHri) is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... The Funj were an ethnic group in present day Sudan their origins are not clearly known but they moved into Nubia from south of the swamplands in the early sixteenth century, fleeing pressure from the Shilluk. ... The Shilluk are a major Nilotic ethnic group of southern Sudan, living on the west bank of the Nile around the city of Malakal. ... Sennar is also an alternate spelling of Shinar, in a Biblical context. ...

The Funj religion had originally been a mix of Animism and Christianity. Islam also had an important influence, and in 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to that religion, though many elements of the previous beliefs continued. Sennar expanded rapidly at the expense of neighboring states. Its power was extended over the Gezira, the Butana, the Bayuda, and southern Kordofan. This caused immediate tensions with its neighbours. Ethiopia felt much threatened but its internal problems prevented intervention. Newly Ottoman Egypt also saw the new state as a threat and invaded in force, but failed to conquer the area. Instead the Ottoman forces fortified the border and consolidated their hold on northern Nubia. This border would hold until 1821. In religion, the term Animism is used in a number of ways. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion that recognizes Jesus Christ as its central figure, Lord and Messiah. ... Events April - Battle of Villalar - Forces loyal to Emperor Charles V defeat the Comuneros, a league of urban bourgeois rebelling against Charles in Spain. ... Al Jazirah Al Jazirah (also Gezira) is one of the 26 states of Sudan. ... Kordofan is a former province of central Sudan. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335 - 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Relations with Ethiopia were more strained as both states competed over highlands between their two states. Eventually the Ethiopian moved their capital to nearby Gondar and secured their influence over these areas. Conflicts with the Shilluk to the south continued, but later the two were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the Dinka. Under the leadership of Badi II, Sennar defeated the Kingdom of Taqali to the west and made that state its vassal. Gondar (less commonly spelled Gonder) was the old imperial capital of Ethiopia and the historic Begemder province, now part of the Amhara region. ... The Dinka is one of the tribes of south Sudan, inhabiting the swamplands of the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin, Jonglei and parts southern Kordufan and uppernile regions . ...

The armies of Sennar were centred on heavy cavalry. The riders were armoured with chain mail while the horses were covered in thick quilts and copper headgear. These riders were armed with long broadswords as the toe stirrups they used did not permit the use of lances. These horsemen were drawn from the nobility. A greater mass of troops were infantry who were composed of slaves. These infantry would also carry swords and be armoured. The armies were a permanent standing force garrisoned in castles and forts throughout the kingdom. Reliance on a standing army meant that the armies fielded by Sennar were usually quite small, but they were highly effective against their less organized rivals. For other uses, see Chainmail (disambiguation). ... A quilt is a type of bedding— a bed covering composed of a quilt top, a layer of batting, and a layer of fabric for backing, generally combined using the technique of quilting. ... The term broadsword was originally used to describe the straight double-edged basket-hilted swords of Europe during the 17th through 19th centuries. ... The term lance has become a catchall for a variety of different pole weapons based on the spear. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ...

Sennar was heavily divided along geographic and racial/ethnic lines. The society was divided into six racial groups. The blue, the green, the yellow, the red, the green mixed with yellow, and the slaves who were brought from further south. The capital, its prosperity based on trade, had representatives from all over the Middle East and Africa.

There was a sharp division between those who were the heirs of the ancient kingdom of Alodia and the rest of Sennar. The Alodians adopted the mantle of the defeated Abdallah Jamma and came to be known as the Abdallab. In the late sixteenth century they rose in revolt under Ajib the Great. Ajib routed the Kings of Sennar, first making them his vassals and then seizing almost the entire kingdom in 1606. The Sennar monarchy regrouped under Adlan I, defeating Ajib in a pair of decisive battles. Eventually a compromise was reached whereby Ajib and his successors would rule the Sennar province of Dongola with a great deal of autonomy. Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill Premier Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... Dongola (also spelled Dunqulah or Dunqula and formerly sometimes known as Al Urdi) is the capital of the state of Northern in Sudan, on the banks of the Nile. ...

Sennar was at its peak at the end of the sixteenth century, but over the seventeenth it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The wealth and power of the king had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. In time this power was eroded. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of merchants. These merchants were educated and literate and read widely about Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The king of Sennar had long been regarded as semi-divine, in keeping with ancient traditions, but this idea ran strongly counter to Islam. Many festivals and rituals also persisted from earlier days, a number of which involved consumption of great deals of alcohol and these traditions were also abandoned. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king was the merchant funded ulema who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice. Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)) , the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhūl الكحول = the spirit, the chemical.) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... The Ulema are Muslim scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies, responsible for interpreting the Sharia. ...

In 1762 Badi IV was overthrown in a coup launched by Abu Likayik of the red Hamaj from the northeast of the country. Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state. 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Badi IV, also known as Badi abu Shalukh (1724 - 1762) was a ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar. ...

These internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in 1821 the Ottoman khedive of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, led an army into Sennar; he encountered no resistance from the last king, whose realm was promptly absorbed into Ottoman Egypt. The region was subsequently absorbed into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of Sudan on that country's independence in 1956. 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335 - 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million... Khedive (from Persian for lord) was a title created in 1867 by the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz for the then-governor of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. ... Muhammad `Alī Muhammad `Ali Pasha (Arabic: محمد علي باشا) (many spelling variations, including Turkish Mehmet Ali (Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa), are encountered) (c. ... Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was the name of Sudan between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Rulers of Sennar

• Amara Dunqas 1503-1533/4 (AH 940)
• Nayil 1533/4 (AH 940)-1550/1 (AH 957)
• Abd al-Qadir I 1550/1 (AH 957)-1557/8 (AH 965)
• Abu Sakikin 1557/8 (AH 965)-1568
• Dakin 1568-1585/6 (AH 994)
• Dawra 1585/6 (AH 994)-1587/8 (AH 996)
• Tayyib 1587/8 (AH 996)-1591
• Unsa I 1591-1603/4 (AH 1012)
• Abd al-Qadir II 1603/4 (AH 1012)-1606
• Adlan I 1606-1611/2 (AH 1020)
• Badi I 1611/2 (AH 1020)-1616/7 (AH 1025)
• Rabat I 1616/7 (AH 1025)-1644/5
• Badi II 1644/5-1681
• Unsa II 1681-1692
• Badi III 1692-1716
• Unsa III 1719-1720
• Nul 1720-1724
• Badi IV 1724-1762
• Nasir 1762-1769
• Isma'il 1768-1769
• Adlan II 1776-1789
• Awkal 1787-1788
• Tayyib II 1788-1790
• Badi V 1790
• Nawwar 1790-1791
• Badi VI 1791-1798
• Ranfi 1798-1804
• Agban 1804-1805
• Badi VII 1805-1821

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Rabat I (1616/7 - 1644/5) was a ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar. ... Events October 25 — Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria Collegium Musicum founded in Prague Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... 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Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. ... Badi IV, also known as Badi abu Shalukh (1724 - 1762) was a ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar. ... Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 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Hamaj regents

• Abu Likayik - 1769-1775/6
• Badi walad Rajab - 1775/6-1780
• Rajab 1780-1786/7
• Nasir 1786/7-1788

1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the year 1776. ... 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the year 1776. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

References

• R.S. O'Fahey and J.L Spaulding Kingdoms of the Sudan