Blackberry
Blackberries on a bush
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Rosoideae Genus: Rubus Subgenus: Rubus (formerly Eubatus)
Species
Rubus ursinus Rubus argutus Rubus fruticosus - Common Blackberry And hundreds more microspecies (the subgenus also includes the dewberries) This article is about the fruit. ... Look up Blackberry, BlackBerry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x841, 267 KB)Blackberry fruits Taken by User:Fir0002 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... Families Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Dirachmaceae Elaeagnaceae Moraceae (mulberry family) Rosaceae (rose family) Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Ulmaceae (elm family) Urticaceae (nettle family) For the Philippine municipality, see Rosales, Pangasinan. ... Global distribution of Rosaceae Subfamilies Rosoideae Spiraeoideae Maloideae Amygdaloideae or Prunoideae The Rosaceae or rose family is a large family of plants, with about 3,000-4,000 species in 100-120 genera. ... Genera Aphanes Dryas - mountain avens Filipendula Fragaria - strawberry Geum - avens Kerria Potentilla - cinquefoil Rhodotypos Rosa - rose Rubus - bramble fruit Waldsteinia The rose subfamily Rosoideae includes many shrubs and perennial herbs. ... Species See text. ... Species See text The Dewberries (Rubus sect. ...

The blackberries (singular, blackberry; genus Rubus, subgenus Eubatus; also called bramble or occasionally "bramble raspberry") are a widespread and well known group of several hundred species, a number of which are closely related apomictic microspecies, native throughout the temperate Northern hemisphere.^[1] Species See text. ... In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic grade intermediate between genus and species. ... The blackberry is a bramble fruit Bramble refers to thorny plants of the Genus Rubus, in the Rose family (Rosaceae). ... In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction, without fertilization. ... Northern hemisphere highlighted in yellow. ...

Blackberry bush in late June in UK

They are perennial plants which typically bear biennial stems ("canes") from the perennial root system. In its first year, a new stem grows vigorously to its full length of 3-6 m, arching or trailing along the ground and bearing large palmately compound leaves with five or seven leaflets; it does not produce any flowers. In its second year, the stem does not grow longer, but the flower buds break to produce flowering laterals, which bear smaller leaves with three or five leaflets. First and second year shoots are usually spiny, usually with numerous short curved very sharp spines (spineless plants also occur). The flowers are produced in late spring and early summer on short racemes on the tips of the flowering laterals. Each flower is about 2-3 cm in diameter with five white or pale pink petals. The newly developed primocane fruiting blackberries flower and fruit on the new growth. The fruit, in botanical terminology, is not a berry, but an aggregate fruit of numerous drupelets ripening to a black or dark purple fruit, the "blackberry". Unmanaged mature plants form a tangle of dense arching stems, the branches rooting from the node tip when they reach the ground. They are very vigorous, growing at fast rates in woods, scrub, hillsides and hedgerows, covering large areas in a relatively short time. It will tolerate poor soil, and is an early colonist of wasteland and building sites.^[1][2] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 2938 KB) Summary Photo taken by me of blackberry bush in late June 2006 in UK. Flowers and early fruits seen against a brick wall. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 2938 KB) Summary Photo taken by me of blackberry bush in late June 2006 in UK. Flowers and early fruits seen against a brick wall. ... Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... A Biennial plant is a plant that takes between twelve and twenty-four months to complete its lifecycle. ... In botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaves: cordate leaf Acicular: slender and pointed Alternate (alternifolia): Arranged alternately Bipinnate (bipinnata): Each leaflet also pinnate Cordate (cordata): Heart-shaped, stem attaches to cleft Cuneate: Triangular, stem attaches to point Deltoid: Triangular, stem attaches to side... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... This inflorescence of the terrestrial orchid Spathoglottis plicata is a typical raceme. ... It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Pinguicula grandiflora commonly known as a Butterwort Example of a cross section of a stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... This article is about the fruit. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... The peach is a typical drupe (stone fruit) In botany, a drupe is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp or skin and mesocarp or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For other uses, see Soil (disambiguation). ...

The early flowers often form more drupelets than the later ones. This can be a symptom of exhausted reserves in the plant's roots, marginal pollinator populations, or infection with a virus such as Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV). Even a small change in conditions, such as a rainy day or a day too hot for bees to work after early morning, can reduce the number of bee visits to the flower, thus reducing the quality of the fruit. The drupelets only develop around ovules that are fertilized by the male gamete from a pollen grain. A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ...

Blackberry leaves are also a food for certain Lepidoptera caterpillars. See List of Lepidoptera that feed on Rubus Subdivisions See Taxonomy of Lepidoptera and Lepidopteran diversity. ... This article is about a form of an insect. ...

Cultivation and uses

The soft fruit is popular for use in desserts, jams, seedless jellies and sometimes wine. Since the many species form hybrids easily, there are many cultivars with more than one species in their ancestry. Jam from berries Jam (also known as jelly or preserves) is a type of sweet spread or condiment made with fruits or sometimes vegetables, sugar, and sometimes pectin if the fruits natural pectin content is insufficient to produce a thick product. ... For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ... This article is about a biological term. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

Blackberry flowers are good nectar producers, and large areas of wild blackberries will yield a medium to dark, fruity honey. The nectar source in a given area depends on the type of vegetation present and the length of their bloom period. ... For other uses, see Honey (disambiguation). ...

Blackberry flower.

The blackberry is known to contain polyphenol antioxidants, naturally occurring chemicals that can upregulate certain beneficial metabolic processes in mammals. It is not advisable to use or eat blackberries growing close to busy roads due to the accumulated toxins from the traffic.^[3] The astringent blackberry root is sometimes used in herbal medicine as a treatment for diarrhea and dysentery.^[4] The related but smaller European dewberry (R. caesius) can be distinguished by the white, waxy coating on the fruits, which also usually have fewer drupelets. (Rubus caesius) is in its own section (Caesii) within the subgenus Rubus. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2487x1875, 3134 KB) Other versions File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Blackberry User:Lviatour/Images/Plants Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2487x1875, 3134 KB) Other versions File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Blackberry User:Lviatour/Images/Plants Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital... Molecular structure of apigenin, a polyphenol antioxidant A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure. ... A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry: A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more chemical elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. ... Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος(metavallo), the Greek word for change), in the most general sense, is the ingestion and breakdown of complex compounds, coupled with the liberation of energy, and the consequent generation of waste... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria For the folk-rock band see The Mammals. ... For other uses, see Road (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Toxin (disambiguation). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... A bottle of tannic acid, an astringent Astringent medicines cause shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed tissues and are often used internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous secretions. ... The term Herbalism refers to folk and traditional medicinal practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. ... In medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), refers to frequent loose or liquid bowel movements. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and blood in the feces and is typically the result of unsanitary water containing micro-organisms which damage the intestinal lining. ... Species See text The Dewberries (Rubus sect. ...

In some parts of the world, such as in Australia, Chile, New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest region of North America, some blackberry species, particularly Rubus armeniacus (syn. R. procerus, 'Himalaya') and Rubus laciniatus ('Evergreen') are naturalised and considered an invasive species and a serious weed.^[1] The Pacific Northwest from space The Pacific Northwest, abbreviated PNW, or PacNW is a region in the northwest of North America. ... Binomial name Focke Rubus armeniacus (Armenian Blackberry or Himalayan Blackberry; syn. ... Rubus laciniatus (Cutleaf Evergreen Blackberry or Evergreen Blackberry) is a species of Rubus introduced from Europe to North America. ... In biology, naturalisation is the process when foreign or cultivated plants have spread into the wild, where they multiply by natural regeneration. ... Lantana invasion of abandoned citrus plantation; Moshav Sdey Hemed, Israel The term invasive species refers to a subset of introduced species or non-indigenous species that are rapidly expanding outside of their native range. ... Yellow starthistle, a thistle native to southern Europe and the Middle East that is an invasive weed in parts of North America. ...

As there is forensic evidence from the Iron Age Haraldskær Woman that she consumed blackberries some 2500 years ago, it is reasonable to conclude that blackberries have been eaten by humans over thousands of years. Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... Haraldskær Woman in glass covered coffin, Velje, Denmark The Haraldskær Woman (or Haraldskaer Woman) is a well-preserved Iron Age bog body naturally preserved in a bog in Jutland, Denmark. ...

Commercial cultivars

Black Butte blackberry.

Numerous cultivars have been selected for commercial and amateur cultivation. Recommended cultivars^[1] in the United Kingdom include 'Ashton Cross' (vigorous, thorny), 'Bedford Giant' (heavy cropping, vigorous, thorny), 'Black Satin' (vigorous, thornless), 'Dirksen' (thornless, very hardy), 'Thornless Evergreen' (heavy crops of high quality fruit; thornless), 'Fantasia' (very large fruit; vigorous), 'Hull Thornless' (heavy cropping), 'Loch Ness' (thornless, semi-erect canes), 'Marion' (vigorous, thorny; good flavour), 'Smoothstem' (thornless), and 'Thornfree' (moderate vigour, thornless). Download high resolution version (640x810, 100 KB)Black Butte is a new blackberry release by ARS scientists in Corvallis, Oregon. ... Download high resolution version (640x810, 100 KB)Black Butte is a new blackberry release by ARS scientists in Corvallis, Oregon. ...

'Marion' (marketed as "Marionberry") is an important cultivar and is from a cross between 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' (commonly called "olallieberry") berries. It is claimed to "capture the best attributes of both berries and yields an aromatic bouquet and an intense blackberry flavor".^[5]. The Marionberry was introduced by G.F. Waldo with USDA-ARS in Corvallis, Oregon in 1956. Adapted to western Oregon, the Marionberry is named after Marion County, Oregon, in which it was tested extensively. Olallie in turn is a cross between loganberry and youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' are just three of the many trailing blackberry cultivars developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) blackberry breeding program at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. The most recent cultivars released from this program are the thornless cultivars 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl' and 'Nightfall' as well as the very early ripening 'Obsidian' and 'Metolius'. Some of the other cultivars from this program are 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata Berry', 'Pacific' and 'Cascade'. Trailing blackberries are vigorous, crown forming, require a trellis for support, and are less cold hardy than the erect or semi-erect blackberries. In addition to the Pacific Northwest of the USA, these types do well in similar climates such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Chile, and the Mediterranean countries. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ... Corvallis (IPA: ) is a city located in central western Oregon, USA. It is the county seat of Benton CountyGR6 and the principal city of the Corvallis, Oregon Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Benton County. ... Marion County is a county located in the state of Oregon. ... The olallieberry (pronounced oh-la-leh, sometimes spelled ollalieberry, olallaberry, olalliberry, ollalaberry or ollaliberry) is a cross between the loganberry and the youngberry, each of which is itself a cross between blackberry and another berry (raspberry and dewberry, respectively). ... Binomial name Rubus loganobaccus L.H. Bailey The loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus) is a hybrid produced from crossing a blackberry and a raspberry. ... Youngberry () is a hybrid between a blackberry and a dewberry of the rose family, first cultivated in the western United States. ... USDA redirects here. ... The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ... Oregon State University (OSU) is a coeducational, public research university located in Corvallis, Oregon, United States. ... Corvallis (IPA: ) is a city located in central western Oregon, USA. It is the county seat of Benton CountyGR6 and the principal city of the Corvallis, Oregon Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Benton County. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

Semi-erect, thornless blackberries were first developed at the John Innes Centre in Norwich, UK, and subsequently by the USDA-ARS in Beltsville, Maryland. These are crown forming, very vigorous, and need a trellis for support. Cultivars include 'Black Satin' 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' and 'Triple Crown'. Recently, the cultivar 'Cacanska Bestrna' (also called 'Cacak Thornless') has been developed in Serbia and has been planted on many thousands of hectares there. The John Innes Centre (JIC) in Norwich, Norfolk, England is Europes premier independent centre for research and training in plant and microbial science. ... For other places with the same name, see Norwich (disambiguation). ... Beltsville is a census-designated place (CDP) in extreme northern Prince Georges County, Maryland, United States. ...

The University of Arkansas has developed cultivars of erect blackberries. These types are less vigorous than the semi-erect types and produce new canes from root initials (therefore they spread underground like raspberries). There are thornless and thorny cultivars from this program, including 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho' and 'Kiowa'. They are also responsible for developing the primocane fruiting blackberries. In raspberries, these types are called primocane fruiting, fall fruiting, or everbearing and have been around for some time. Prime-Jim and Prime-Jan were released in 2004 and are the first cultivars of primocane fruiting blackberry. They grow much like the other erect cultivars described above, however the canes that emerge in the spring, will flower in mid-summer and fruit in late summer or fall. The fall crop has its highest quality when it ripens in cool climates. The University of Arkansas is a public co-educational land-grant university. ... Cultivated raspberries The raspberry (plural, raspberries) is the edible fruit of a number of species of the genus Rubus. ...

'Illini Hardy' a semi-erect thorny cultivar introduced by the University of Illinois is cane hardy in zone 5, where traditionally blackberry production has been problematic, since canes often failed to survive the winter. A Corner of Main Quad The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, or simply Illinois), is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious campus in the University of Illinois system. ...

The blackberry tends to be red during its unripe ("green") phase, hence the old expression that "Blackberries are red when they're green".

In various parts of the United States, wild blackberries are sometimes called "Black-caps", a term more commonly used for black raspberries, Rubus occidentalis. Binomial name Rubus occidentalis L. Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America. ...

Blackberry production in Mexico has exploded in the past decade. While this industry was initially based on the cultivar 'Brazos' it is now based on 'Tupi'. 'Brazos' was an old erect blackberry cultivar developed in Texas in 1959. 'Tupi' was developed in Brazil and released in the late 1990s. 'Tupi' has the erect blackberry 'Comanche' and 'Uruguai' as parents ^[6]. In order to produce these blackberries in these areas of Mexico where there is no winter chilling to stimulate flower bud development, chemical defoliation and application of growth regulators are used to bring the plants into bloom.

Superstition and myths

13 August 2007, Manchester, England. Bramble; in background unripe fruit on second-year side shoots; late flowers from tip-flowering of first-year growth

Superstition in the UK holds that blackberries should not be picked after Michaelmas (29 September) as the devil has claimed them, having left a mark on the leaves by urinating on them. There is some value behind this legend as after this date wetter and cooler weather often allows the fruit to become infected by various moulds such as Botryotinia which give the fruit an unpleasant look and may be toxic.^[7][8] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,024 × 768 pixels, file size: 125 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) 13 August 2007, Manchester, England. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,024 × 768 pixels, file size: 125 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) 13 August 2007, Manchester, England. ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... For the first term of many universities in the British Isles, see Michaelmas Term. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This is an overview of the Devil. ... Moldy cream cheese Molds (British English: moulds) are various fungi that cover surfaces as fluffy mycelium and usually produce masses of asexual, sometimes sexual spores. ... Botryotinia is a genus of ascomycete fungi causing several plant diseases. ...

See also

• Black Raspberry, a North American fruit sometimes confused with blackberries.
• Kotata Berry, Oregon State University hybridized.
• Redberry mite, a common pest of North American blackberry crops.

Binomial name Rubus occidentalis L. Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Binomial name Acalitus essigi Hassan The redberry mite (Acalitus essigi Hassan), is an eriophyid mite which is a serious pest of commercially-produced blackberries in the United States. ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... This article is about the day of the year. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Blackberry

Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on

Blackberry

• Nutritional values of Blackberry
• Ways to Process and Use Blackberries An article on historical uses and ways to process blackberries
• Blackberry Pollination Images
• h2g2 article on Blackberries
• Botanical Information
• USDA Plants Classification Report
• From Idea to Supermarket:The Process of Berry Breeding Article on berry breeding including pictures of blackberry emasculation and pollination

Ripening blackberry fruit Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x714, 151 KB)Blackberry fruits Taken by User:Fir0002 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Many ripe blackberries Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x672, 361 KB)A blackberry bush in fruit Taken by User:Fir0002 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Thorns Download high resolution version (1024x768, 142 KB)Spines on a blackberry bush Taken by User:Fir0002 File links The following pages link to this file: Defense Plant Blackberry Categories: GFDL images ...

Pollinated, developing blackberry Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1800x1868, 1416 KB) Well pollinated blackberry blossom begins to develop fruit I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...